The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal

全球浪費食物的醜行

started for me when I was 15 years old.

我買了幾頭豬，當時我住在英格蘭薩西克斯郡

I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex.

而我用最傳統

And I started to feed them in the most traditional

最環保的方式飼養牠們

and environmentally friendly way.

我去我們學校的廚房跟他們說：

I went to my school kitchen, and I said,

「給我一些同學們不屑吃的

"Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned

連聞都不想聞的廚餘吧。」

their noses up at."

我去附近的麵包店拿不新鮮的麵包

I went to the local baker and took their stale bread.

我去蔬果攤，我去找農夫

I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer

去拿他們要丟掉的馬鈴薯，因為這些馬鈴薯

who was throwing away potatoes because they were

不符合超市收購所要求的形狀或尺寸

the wrong shape or size for supermarkets.

這方法棒極了。我的豬把那些本來會浪費掉的食物

This was great. My pigs turned that food waste

轉變成好吃的豬肉。我把這些豬肉

into delicious pork. I sold that pork

賣給同學的父母，而我因此

to my school friends' parents, and I made

賺了一筆為數不錯的零用錢，口袋豐滿了不少

a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.

但我注意到我給豬吃的大多數食物

But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs

事實上都還可以給人吃

was in fact fit for human consumption,

我還注意到我只是看到事實的表面

and that I was only scratching the surface,

也注意到整條食物供給鏈

and that right the way up the food supply chain,

從超市、蔬果攤、麵包店、我們的家

in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes,

到工廠及農場，我們簡直是食物大出血

in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food.

超市根本就不想跟我談

Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me

他們到底浪費了多少食物

about how much food they were wasting.

我曾繞到店家的後面，看著一桶又一桶滿滿的食物

I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food

被鎖在那裡，然後被垃圾車載到掩埋場

being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites,

所以我想，應該還有更合理的方法

and I thought, surely there is something more sensible

可以處理這些食物，而不是扔掉

to do with food than waste it.

有一天早上，我在餵豬的時候

One morning, when I was feeding my pigs,

注意到有一片看起來很好吃的蕃茄乾土司

I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf

這樣的土司偶爾會出現在廚餘裡

that used to crop up from time to time.

我趕快把它撿起來

I grabbed hold of it,

坐下，與我的豬共進早餐（笑聲）

sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter)

這是我第一次實踐不消費主義（freeganism） 這是我後來學到的名詞

That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism,

這顯示了我們如何錯待廚餘

really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste,

同時也爲如何處理廚餘提供解答

and the provision of the solution to food waste,

其實就是坐下來吃掉這些食物

which is simply to sit down and eat food,

不要把它丟掉

rather than throwing it away.

這真的變成要面對面挑戰

That became, as it were, a way of confronting

那些浪費食物的大型企業

large businesses in the business of wasting food,

更重要的，是對大眾揭露

and exposing, most importantly, to the public,

當我們談論被丟棄的食物

that when we're talking about food being thrown away,

我們不是在說壞掉的食物，我們不是在說

we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about

那些超過保存期限的東西

stuff that's beyond the pale.

我們是在談那些還很好還很新鮮的食物

We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted

就這樣被大量的浪費掉

on a colossal scale.

我後來終於決定寫書

Eventually, I set about writing my book,

來告訴大家這個問題的嚴重程度

really to demonstrate the extent of this problem

已經到了全球化的規模。這裡顯示的是

on a global scale. What this shows is

以國家來細分，這世上每一個國家

a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level

浪費食物的可能程度

of food waste in each country in the world.

不幸的是，實證數據，那些很好很紮實的統計數據並不存在

Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist,

所以為了證明我的觀點，我首先必須找出

and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find

一些能夠揭露

some proxy way of uncovering

有多少食物已經被浪費掉的替代方法

how much food was being wasted.

所以我把每一個國家的食物供給量

So I took the food supply of every single country

與那個國家的實際食物消費量

and I compared it to what was actually likely

拿來作比較

to be being consumed in each country.

這數據是以調查飲食攝入量及肥胖程度為基本

That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on

以及一系列讓你能粗略地估算

levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors

到底有多少食物

that gives you an approximate guess

真的被吃掉的因素為基準所得到的結果

as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths.

那條在圖中間的黑線

That black line in the middle of that table

是大概能吃掉多少的量

is the likely level of consumption

其中已經加了一些不可避免的浪費量

with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste.

總是會有浪費，我沒有那麼不實際

There will always be waste. I'm not that unrealistic

認為我們可以活在完全沒有浪費的世界

that I think we can live in a waste-free world.

所以那條黑線顯示了一個國家的食物供給量

But that black line shows what a food supply should be

應該是多少，假設他們能提供良好、穩定又安全的

in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure,

營養食物給國家裡的每一個人

nutritional diet for every person in that country.

所以超過這條線的點，你很快就會注意到

Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that

這世上大多數的國家都在此線之上

that includes most countries in the world,

這代表著不必要的糧食過剩，而且大致能反映

represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect

每一個國家的浪費程度

levels of waste in each country.

當國家變得更富有，商店及餐廳的

As a country gets richer, it invests more and more

食物過剩現象

in getting more and more surplus

也愈來愈明顯

into its shops and restaurants,

正如你所見，大部分的歐洲

and as you can see, most European

及北美洲國家

and North American countries

都落在人口營養需求量的

fall between 150 and 200 percent

百分之一百五到二百之間

of the nutritional requirements of their populations.

意思是像美國這樣的國家，有超過兩倍以上

So a country like America has twice as much food

美國人實際所需的食物

on its shop shelves and in its restaurants

擺在店架及餐廳裡

than is actually required to feed the American people.

但是真正讓我震驚的是

But the thing that really struck me,

當我把這些資料畫成圖時，這是很大一批數據

when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers,

你可以看到它趨緩的走勢

was that you can see how it levels off.

這些國家迅速達到150這個點

Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark,

然後持平，不再完全如你所預期的

and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising

繼續上升

as you might expect.

所以我決定進一步研究這些數據

So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further

看看到底這種走勢是反應事實還是假象

to see if that was true or false.

而這是我得到的結果

And that's what I came up with.

如果你把商店及餐廳的食物

If you include not just the food that ends up

以及人們拿去餵牲畜的食物

in shops and restaurants, but also the food

都包括在裡面

that people feed to livestock,

也就是你把玉米、黃豆、麥子 這些本來是人類可以吃的食物

the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat

拿去養肥牲畜以生產

but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce

更多量的肉品及奶製品

increasing amounts of meat and dairy products,

那麼你會發現大部分的富裕國家

what you find is that most rich countries

有三到四倍那麼多

have between three and four times the amount of food

餵飽他們的人口所需的食物

that their population needs to feed itself.

而像美國這個國家有著它所需

A country like America has four times the amount of food

四倍的食物

that it needs.

當大家在討論是否需要增加全球

When people talk about the need to increase global

糧食生產以餵飽預計到2050年

food production to feed those nine billion people

會增長到九十億的全球人口

that are expected on the planet by 2050,

我總是想到我的這些圖表

I always think of these graphs.

事實上，在富裕的國家

The fact is, we have an enormous buffer

我們有足以因應飢荒的食物

in rich countries between ourselves and hunger.

這麼龐大數量的多餘糧食是前所未見的

We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before.

從很多角度來看這是個成功的人類文明發展故事

In many ways, this is a great success story

是個在一萬兩千年前人類就想要達到的

of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses

農業盈餘目標

that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago.

這是個成功的故事，一直以來都是

It is a success story. It has been a success story.

但是現在我們必須承認，我們

But what we have to recognize now is that we are

正朝著地球所能容忍的生態發展限制邁進

reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear,

當我們砍下森林來種植更多的糧食

and when we chop down forests, as we are every day,

現在我們每天都這麼做

to grow more and more food,

當我們從日漸乾涸的水庫取水

when we extract water from depleting water reserves,

當我們排放石化燃料廢氣以尋求

when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest

能種植更多的糧食的同時

to grow more and more food,

我們卻丟掉這麼多的糧食

and then we throw away so much of it,

我們必須思考該如何開始節約糧食

we have to think about what we can start saving.

昨天我去一家附近的超市

And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets

我常常去那裡查看 --

that I often visit to

你可以這麼說 -- 他們丟了哪些食物

inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away.

我找到了好幾包餅乾，混在

I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst

那些被丟棄的水果蔬菜

all the fruit and vegetables and everything else

及其他的東西裡

that was in there.

我就在想，嗯，這可以當我今天的教材

And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.

所以我現在要你想像一下這九片

So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits

我在垃圾桶裡找到的餅乾，代表着全球糧食供給

that I found in the bin represent the global food supply,

可以嗎？我們從九片開始

okay? We start out with nine.

這代表全球的全年作物種植量

That's what's in fields around the world every single year.

在作物還沒離開農場出貨前

The first biscuit we're going to lose

我們就要先拿掉一片餅乾

before we even leave the farm.

這問題的主因與

That's a problem primarily associated with

農工發展有關。可能是因為

developing work agriculture, whether it's

缺乏基礎設施，沒有冰箱，沒有殺菌設備

a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization,

穀物保存不當，甚至是缺乏最基本的水果箱

grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means

所以這部分的作物在從農場出貨前就已經浪費掉了

that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields.

接下來的三片餅乾代表著那些我們決定

The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide

拿來餵牲畜的糧食，玉米、麥子、黃豆

to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya.

不幸的是這些牲畜是效率很低的動物

Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals,

牠們把三分之二的糧食轉成糞便及熱能

and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat,

所以我們要拿掉兩片，只留下一片在這

so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one

代表着肉品及乳製品

in meat and dairy products.

接下來我們要直接丟掉兩片到垃圾桶裡

Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins.

這就是我們所認知的

This is what most of us think of when we think

糧食浪費，即那些被丟到垃圾桶裡的

of food waste, what ends up in the garbage,

那些被超市丟棄的

what ends up in supermarket bins,

還有那些被餐廳丟棄的食物，我們為此丟掉兩片餅乾

what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two,

所以現在我們只剩下四片餅乾能拿來吃

and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on.

這真的不是利用全球資源最有效的方法

That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources,

尤其是當你想到全球已經有上億的人口

especially when you think of the billion hungry people

處在飢餓下

that exist already in the world.

我已經解釋過了我的數據，現在我要

Having gone through the data, I then needed

告訴你們那些被浪費的食物去了哪裡

to demonstrate where that food ends up.

你知道那些食物去了哪裡？我們看慣了

Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff

食物裝在盤子裡，但是那些

on our plates, but what about all the stuff

沒有出現在盤子裡的食物呢？

that goes missing in between?

超市是個很容易舉的例子

Supermarkets are an easy place to start.

這是我的好習慣的結果

This is the result of my hobby,

就是非正式的垃圾桶檢查（笑聲）

which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter)

你可能覺得奇怪，但是如果你真能相信企業

Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations

所宣稱他們在店後面所做的事

to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores,

我們就不需要偷偷摸摸地繞到後面去

we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back,

打開垃圾桶，然後看看裡面到底有什麼

opening up bins and having a look at what's inside.

但這就是你在英國、歐洲、北美洲的

But this is what you can see more or less on

街角或多或少會看見的景象

every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America.

這代表著龐大的糧食浪費

It represents a colossal waste of food,

但在我寫書時我發現到

but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book

這罪證確鑿的浪費景象

was that this very evident abundance of waste

其實只是冰山的一角

was actually the tip of the iceberg.

當你循著供應鏈向源頭走

When you start going up the supply chain,

你就會發現我們正以

you find where the real food waste is happening

龐大的規模浪費食物

on a gargantuan scale.

請舉一下手

Can I have a show of hands

如果你家裡有一條切好的土司麵包

if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house?

誰會把土司麵包皮 --

Who lives in a household where that crust --

就是土司的第一片及最後那一片硬皮 --

that slice at the first and last end of each loaf --

誰會把土司麵包皮吃掉？

who lives in a household where it does get eaten?

很好，大多數都會，雖然不是每一個人，但大多數都會

Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people,

我很高興地說這也是我在全球看到的現象

and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world,

但是在這世界上，誰在超市或三明治店裡

and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop

看過他們拿麵包皮來做三明治？

anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches

（笑聲）

with crusts on it? (Laughter)

我可從來沒看過

I certainly haven't.

所以我老在想，到底那些皮去了哪裡？（笑聲）

So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter)

很不幸的，這就是答案

This is the answer, unfortunately:

光是這家工廠每一天就要丟掉一萬三千片

13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of

新鮮的麵包皮。剛做好的麵包

this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread.

我去參觀這家工廠的同一年

In the same year that I visited this factory,

我也去了巴基斯坦。2008年時那裡的人正餓著肚子

I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry

說是因為全球糧食供給短缺

as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies.

我們也在這短缺上有份

We contribute to that squeeze

因為無論是在英國這裡或在世界其他地方

by depositing food in bins here in Britain

我們都把食物丟到垃圾桶裡，我們把

and elsewhere in the world. We take food

那些飢餓的人所仰賴的食物從貨架上取走！

off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.

再沿供給鏈向上走一步，去看看那些農夫

Go one step up, and you get to farmers,

有時候他們丟掉三分之一或更多的

who throw away sometimes a third or even more

收成，只因為外表不符收購標準

of their harvest because of cosmetic standards.

舉個例子，這位農夫投資了一萬六千英磅

This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds

來種植波菜，但是他一片也沒收成

in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested,

因為有一些野草長在其中

because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it.

這些長相不完美的馬鈴薯

Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect,

通通拿來餵豬

all going for pigs.

而這些長的太小，不合超市規格的歐洲防風草根（類似蘿蔔）

Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications,

西班牙特內里夫的番茄

tomatoes in Tenerife,

佛羅里達州的柳橙

oranges in Florida,

還有厄瓜多爾產的香蕉，都是如此。去年我還去過那裡

bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year,

這是厄瓜多爾一處香蕉農園

all being discarded. This is one day's waste

一天所丟掉的香蕉量

from one banana plantation in Ecuador.

這些通通被丟掉，完全可食用

All being discarded, perfectly edible,

只因為它們的形狀或尺寸不對

because they're the wrong shape or size.

如果我們可以這樣處理水果蔬菜

If we do that to fruit and vegetables,

沒錯我們也可以這樣處理動物

you bet we can do it to animals too.

肝臟、肺部、頭、尾巴

Liver, lungs, heads, tails,

腎臟、睪丸

kidneys, testicles,

這些東西在烹飪學裡

all of these things which are traditional,

都是既傳統又美味營養的東西

delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy

我們卻把它丟掉。過去30年英國及美國

go to waste. Offal consumption has halved

內臟食用量少了一半

in Britain and America in the last 30 years.

結果就是，最好的情況是拿去餵狗

As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best,

要不然就只好燒掉了

or is incinerated.

這位仁兄在中國西部新疆省的喀什噶爾

This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China,

賣一種國民飲食

is serving up his national dish.

叫做「麵肺子和米腸子」的羊內臟食品

It's called sheep's organs.

這很美味很營養

It's delicious, it's nutritious,

而且我去喀什噶爾時學到

and as I learned when I went to Kashgar,