actually interacts with our daily life.

恐怖主義與日常生活的關係

15 years ago I received a phone call from a friend.

15年前我接到一通朋友打來的電話

At the time he was looking after the rights of political prisoners

當時他致力於確保義大利政治犯

in Italian jails.

在監獄的權利

He asked me if I wanted to interview the Red Brigades.

他問我想不想訪問「赤軍」

Now, as many of you may remember,

各位應該都記得

the Red Brigades was a terrorist, Marxist organization

「赤軍」是馬克思主義的恐怖組織

which was very active in Italy

1960年代到1980年中期

from the 1960s until the mid-1980s.

在義大利非常活躍

As part of their strategy

他們的策略之一

the Red Brigades never spoke with anybody, not even with their lawyers.

就是絕不開口，就算是跟他們的律師也一樣

They sat in silence through their trails,

在法庭上完全靜默

waving occasionally at family and friends.

偶爾與家人朋友揮揮手

In 1993 they declared the end of the armed struggle.

1993年他們宣布停止武裝鬥爭

And they drew a list of people with whom they would talk,

並列出一張名單，他們只與名單上的人說話

and tell their story.

說出他們的故事

And I was one of those people.

我是其中一個人

When I asked my friend why the Red Brigades want to talk to me,

我問我朋友，為什麼赤軍想找我

he said that the female members of the organization

他說，他們有個女成員

had actually supported my name.

替我背書

In particular, one person had put it forward.

不只如此，她還推薦我

She was my childhood friend.

她就是我童年好友

She had joined the Red Brigades

她加入赤色軍團

and became a leader of the organization.

還變成領導者之一

Naturally, I didn't know that

當然，她被逮前

until the day she was arrested.

我完全不曉得

In fact, I read it in the newspaper.

我還是看報紙才知道的

At the time of the phone call

當時接到電話時

I just had a baby,

我才剛生完小孩

I successfully completed a management buyout

替公司處理完一筆

to the company I was working with,

管理層收購交易

and the last thing I wanted to do was to go back home

我最不想做的

and touring the high-security prisons.

就是到高度保全的監獄

But this is exactly what I did

但我就這麼做了

because I wanted to know

因為我想知道

what had turned my best friend

為什麼我的好朋友

into a terrorist,

會是恐怖份子

and why she'd never tried to recruit me.

還有，她為什麼從不試著徵召我

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

So, this is exactly what I did.

所以我到了監獄

Now, I found the answer very quickly.

馬上就知道答案了

I actually had failed

因為我不符合

the psychological profiling of a terrorist.

恐怖份子的性格特徵

The center committee of the Red Brigades

赤軍的高層

had judged me too single-minded

認為我做事太專一

and too opinionated to become a good terrorist.

意見太多，所以不能當恐怖份子

My friend, on the other hand, she was a good terrorist

我的朋友，相反地，非常稱職

because she was very good at following orders.

因為她服從命令

She also embraced violence.

也喜歡暴力

Because she believed that the only way

因為她認為，

to unblock what, at the time,

脫離義大利當時

was known as a blocked democracy,

封閉式民主的唯一方法－

Italy, a country run by the same party for 35 years

當時同一政黨統治長達35年

was the arms struggle.

－只有武裝鬥爭

At the same time, while I was interviewing the Red Brigades,

所以當時我訪問著赤軍

I also discovered that their life was not ruled

我發現驅使他們的並不是

by politics or ideology,

政治或意識型態

but actually was ruled by economics.

而是經濟

They were constantly short of cash.

他們常常沒錢花

They were constantly searching for cash.

常常需要現金

Now, contrary to what many people believe,

和大家認知正好相反

terrorism is actually a very expensive business.

恐怖組織是個很花錢的行業

I'll give you an idea.

給大家個概念

In the 1970s, the turnover of the Red Brigades

1970年代，赤軍的週轉額

on a yearly basis

每年是

was seven million dollars.

7百萬美金

This is roughly between 100

現在的話大約是

and 150 million, today.

1億到1億5千萬

Now, you know, if you live underground

如果你是地下集團

it's really hard to produce this amount of money.

是很難籌出這筆錢的

But this also explains why, when I was interviewing the Red Brigades,

這也解答了為什麼後來我訪問赤軍

and then, later on, other arms organizations,

以及其他武裝組織時

including members of al-Zarqawi group in the Middle East,

包括了中東的基地組織

everybody was extremely reluctant

大家都不願意談到

to talk about ideology, or politics.

意識型態或政治

Because they had no idea.

因為他們根本不懂

The political vision of a terrorist organization

恐怖組織的政治觀

is decided by the leadership,

是由領導層決定的

which, generally, is never more than five to seven people.

通常只有5到7人，不會超過

All the others do, day in and day out,

那其他人，就整天在外

is search for money.

想辦法籌錢

Once, for example, I was interviewing

有一次，我訪問了

this part-timer from the Red Brigades.

赤軍一位兼差的成員

It was a psychiatrist. He loved sailing.

他是精神科醫生，喜歡航海

He was a really keen sailor. And he had this beautiful boat.

非常厲害的水手，自己也有艘船

And he told me that the best time of his life

他說他生命中最棒的一段日子

was when he was a member of the Red Brigades

就是加入赤軍的時候

and he went sailing, every summer, back and forth

因為他每年夏天，可以乘船來回

from Lebanon, where he would pick up

黎巴嫩，負責從巴勒斯坦解放組織那

Soviet weapons from the PLO,

將蘇聯的武器

and then carry them all the way to Sardinia

一路運到薩丁尼亞

where the other arms organization from Europe would go

然後歐洲其他武裝組織

and take their share of the arms.

共同分領那些武器

For that service the Red Brigades were actually paid a fee,

替赤軍賺取一些佣金

which went to fund their organization.

後來拿做成立組織的資金

So, because I am a trained economist

所以，由於我是經濟學家

and I think in economic terms,

我用經濟學術語思考

all of the sudden I thought,

我突然想到

maybe there is something here.

也許兩者之間

Maybe there is a link, a commercial link,

組織與組織之間

between one organization and another one.

是有商業關聯的

But it was only when I interviewed

直到我訪問了

Mario Moretti, the head of the Red Brigades,

赤軍的領導者馬里奧·莫雷蒂(Mario Moretti)

the man who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro,

－他綁架、殺害了義大利前總理

Italian former prime minister,

阿爾多·莫羅(Aldo Moro)—

that I finally realized

最終，我才了解到

that terrorism is actually business.

恐怖主義其實是一種商業活動

I was having lunch with him

我在高度戒備的

in a high-security prison in Italy.

義大利監獄與他午餐會談

And as we were eating,

我們吃著

I had the distinct feeling

我馬上有種

that I was back in the city of London,

回到倫敦街頭

having lunch with a fellow banker or an economist.

和我銀行家朋友吃飯的感覺

This guy thought in the same way I did.

他和我有相同的思考模式

So, I decided that I wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism.

所以，我決定調查恐怖組織的經濟

Naturally, nobody wanted to fund my research.

當然，沒有人想贊助我

In fact, I think many people thought that I was a bit crazy.

大家都覺得我瘋了

You know, that woman that goes around to foundations

這女人到處籌錢

asking for money, thinking about the economics of terrorism.

竟然是想研究恐怖主義經濟學

So, in the end, I took a decision

最後，我的決定

that, in retrospect, did change my life.

後來想想，改變我一生的決定

I sold my company,

我賣掉我公司

and funded the research myself.

自己贊助自己

And what I discovered

我發現他們

is this parallel reality,

其實是個平行世界

another international economic system,

與我們國際經濟體系

which runs parallel to our own,

平行的世界

which has been created by arms organizations

從二次大戰開始

since the end of World War II.

由武裝組織運作的世界

And what is even more shocking

更吃驚的是

is that this system

他們的運作

has followed, step by step, the evolution

與我們西方資本主義

of our own system,

的運作過程

of our Western capitalism.

是一樣的

And there are three main stages.

總共有三階段

The first one is the state sponsor of terrorism.

第一階段，政府贊助的恐怖行動

The second one is the privatization of terrorism.

第二階段，恐怖組織民營化

And the third, of course, is the globalization of terrorism.

第三階段，當然就是恐怖主義全球化

So, state sponsor of terrorism,

政府贊助的恐怖行動－

feature of the Cold War.

冷戰的寫照

This is when the two superpowers were fighting

當時美國和蘇聯一邊忙著打

a war by proxy,

代理人戰爭

along the periphery of the sphere of influence,

一邊忙著利用武裝組織

fully funding arms organizations.

來鞏固勢力範圍

A mix of legal and illegal activities is used.

結合一切合法、非法行動

So, the link between crime and terror

所以犯罪與恐怖行動的聯繫

is established very early on.

其實很早就存在了

And here is the best example,

最好的例子就是

the Contras in Nicaragua, created by the CIA,

CIA創造出的尼加拉瓜反抗軍

legally funded by the U.S. Congress,

檯面上由美國國會合法贊助

illegally funded by the Reagan administration

檯面下是雷根政府

via covert operation, for example, the Iran-Contra Affair.

透過像是伊朗門事件的秘密行動非法贊助

Then comes the late 1970s, early '80s,

後來1970年代晚期，1980年代初期

and some groups successfully carry out

有些組織成功的將

the privatization of terrorism.

恐怖組織民營化

So, they gain independence from the sponsor,

他們從贊助人那裡獨立

and start funding themselves.

自己創造資金

Now, again we see a mix of legal and illegal activities.

再次看到結合法、非法行動的結合

So, Arafat used to get a percentage

阿拉法特(巴解組織領袖)

of the smuggling of hashish

從貝卡谷－

from Bekáa Valley, which is the valley between Lebanon and Syria.

黎巴嫩與敘利亞間的的山谷－走私大麻來抽成

And the IRA, which control the private transportation system

還有愛爾蘭共和軍(IRA)，他們掌控北愛的

in Northern Ireland, did exactly the same thing.

民營運輸系統，也是相同的

So, every single time

所以每一次

that somebody got into a taxi in Belfast

有人在貝爾法斯特(Belfast)搭計程車

without knowing, actually,

其實都無形地

was funding the IRA.

在資助 IRA

But the great change came, of course,

當然，透過全球化與去管制化