rarely makes the front pages.

很少登上新聞頭條

It, however, is enormous

這問題並非不重要，相反的，

in both scale and importance.

它在規模上、重要性都要大的多

Look, you all are very well traveled;

各位一定經常旅遊

this is TEDGlobal after all.

畢竟這是TED全球論壇

But I do hope to take you to some places

但我希望帶你們到一些

you've never been to before.

你們從未見過的地方

So, let's start off in China.

先從中國開始

This photo was taken two weeks ago.

這張照片是兩週前拍的

Actually, one indication is that little boy on my husband's shoulders

開玩笑的，坐在我丈夫肩上的小男孩

has just graduated from high school.

現在已經高中畢業了

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But this is Tiananmen Square.

這裡是天安門廣場

Many of you have been there. It's not the real China.

很多人可能去過，但這不是真正的中國

Let me take you to the real China.

讓我帶各位到真正的中國

This is in the Dabian Mountains

這是大巴山

in the remote part of Hubei province in central China.

中國湖北省偏遠地區

Dai Manju is 13 years old at the time the story starts.

故事從戴滿菊13歲開始

She lives with her parents,

她與父母親同住

her two brothers and her great-aunt.

家中還有兩個兄弟和姑婆

They have a hut that has no electricity,

他們住的小屋沒有電

no running water,

沒有自來水

no wristwatch, no bicycle.

沒有手錶、沒有腳踏車

And they share this great splendor

家裡還有一隻豬

with a very large pig.

與他們共賞美景

Dai Manju was in sixth grade when her parents said,

戴滿菊六年級的時候，父母告訴她

"We're going to pull you out of school

「我們無法讓妳上學了，」

because the 13-dollar school fees are too much for us.

「因為13元的學費我們付不起。」

You're going to be spending the rest of your life in the rice paddies.

「反正妳長大後也是去稻田工作，」

Why would we waste this money on you?"

「那為什麼還要花這筆錢呢？」

This is what happens to girls in remote areas.

這就是偏遠地區的女孩子所面臨的

Turns out that Dai Manju was

但，戴滿菊是全年級

the best pupil in her grade.

成績最好的學生

She still made the two-hour trek to the schoolhouse

她每天跋涉兩小時到學校上學

and tried to catch every little bit of information

不放過任何學習的機會

that seeped out of the doors.

把握她所能擁有的

We wrote about her in The New York Times.

我們將她的故事刊上紐約時報

We got a flood of donations --

收到了很多捐款

mostly 13-dollar checks

大多都是13元捐款

because New York Times readers are very generous

因為我們紐約時報的讀者對於這種小額捐款

in tiny amounts

非常大方

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

but then, we got a money transfer

後來，我們收到一筆

for $10,000 --

一萬元捐款

really nice guy.

很大方

We turned the money over to that man there, the principal of the school.

我們將這筆錢交給照片中的男子，也是校長

He was delighted.

他開心極了

He thought, "Oh, I can renovate the school.

他想：「這筆錢可以整修學校，」

I can give scholarships to all the girls,

「可以提供獎學金給女孩子們。」

you know, if they work hard and stay in school.

他們在學校都非常用功

So Dai Manju basically

戴滿菊後來

finished out middle school.

念到中學畢業

She went to high school.

上了高中

She went to vocational school for accounting.

她到職業學校念會計

She scouted for jobs down in Guangdong province in the south.

後來到南部的廣東省找工作

She found a job, she scouted for jobs

她找到工作後，還幫她的同學們

for her classmates and her friends.

留意工作機會

She sent money back to her family.

將賺來的錢寄回家裡

They built a new house,

他們蓋了新房子

this time with running water,

這次有自來水

electricity, a bicycle,

有了電、一台腳踏車

no pig.

沒有豬了

What we saw was a natural experiment.

這是一個自然實驗

It is rare to get an exogenous investment

女孩子的教育，能有外界的幫助

in girls' education.

是很少見的

And over the years, as we followed Dai Manju, we were able to see

這幾年，我們看到的是戴滿菊

that she was able to move out of a vicious cycle

脫離惡性循環

and into a virtuous cycle.

進入了良性循環

She not only changed her own dynamic,

她不只改變了自己

she changed her household, she changed her family, her village.

她改變她們全家的生活環境、她的村子

The village became a real standout.

後來整個村莊都繁榮起來

Of course, most of China was flourishing at the time,

當然，當時中國正繁榮發展

but they were able to get a road built

但他們有辦法向外建造道路

to link them up to the rest of China.

連結到中國其他地方

And that brings me to my first major

這是我的書《她們，和她們的希望故事》中

of two tenets of "Half the Sky."

兩大原則之一

And that is that

這就是

the central moral challenge

本世紀

of this century

最大的道德挑戰－

is gender inequity.

性別不平等

In the 19th century, it was slavery.

19世紀的挑戰是奴隸制度

In the 20th century, it was totalitarianism.

21世紀的挑戰是極權主義

The cause of our time

我們現今的挑戰

is the brutality that so many people

就是世界上這們多人因為性別

face around the world because of their gender.

遭受暴力的不平等對待

So some of you may be thinking,

各位可能在想

"Gosh, that's hyperbole.

「她講的太誇張了吧，」

She's exaggerating."

「才沒這麼嚴重。」

Well, let me ask you this question.

那麼我先問各位

How many of you think there are more males or more females in the world?

現在社會中，男生多還是女生多？

Let me take a poll. How many of you think there are more males in the world?

來投票好了，認為男生多的請舉手。

Hands up, please.

謝謝

How many of you think -- a few -- how many of you there are more females in the world?

看到一些手了，那麼，認為女生多的請舉手。

Okay, most of you.

大部分的人

Well, you know this latter group, you're wrong.

這些人你們錯了

There are, true enough,

事實上，

in Europe and the West,

在歐洲、西方

when women and men

男人和女人

have equal access to food and health care,

擁有一樣的權利、福利

there are more women, we live longer.

女生還活的比較久一點

But in most of the rest of the world, that's not the case.

但世界其他地方，就不是如此了

In fact, demographers have shown

事實上，人口學家統計

that there are anywhere between 60 million

世界上約有六千萬

and 100 million

到一億的女性

missing females in the current population.

是處於失蹤狀態

And, you know, it happens for several reasons.

有幾個原因

For instance, in the last half-century,

其中一個，是上半世紀

more girls were discriminated to death

女性因性別歧視死亡的人數

than all the people killed on all the battlefields

加起來比整個20世紀，男性死於戰場的人數

in the 20th century.

還要多

Sometimes it's also because of the sonogram.

另一個原因，是因為超音波

Girls get aborted before they're even born

由於資源不夠，知道懷的是女嬰

when there are scarce resources.

父母親就選擇墮胎

This girl here, for instance,

照片中這女孩

is in a feeding center in Ethiopia.

在衣索比亞的一間餵養中心

The entire center was filled with girls like her.

餵養中心裡，多的是像她一樣的女孩子

What's remarkable is that her brothers, in the same family,

令人吃驚的是，她的哥哥

were totally fine.

卻健康的很

In India, in the first year of life,

在印度，嬰兒第一年

from zero to one,

0到1歲時，

boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate

男女的生存比率略微相同

because they depend upon the breast,

因為他們都喝母乳

and the breast shows no son preference.

母乳並不會偏心

From one to five,

1到5歲時，

girls die at a 50 percent higher mortality rate

女孩的死亡率，比男孩多了一半

than boys, in all of India.

這是全印度的數據

The second tenet of "Half the Sky"

《她們，和她們的希望故事》第二原則

is that, let's put aside the morality of all the right and wrong of it all,

我們先將道德是非擺一邊

and just on a purely practical level,

從實際觀點來看

we think that

我們認為

one of the best ways to fight poverty and to fight terrorism

打擊貧窮、恐怖主義最好的方法

is to educate girls

就是教育女孩子

and to bring women into the formal labor force.

以及提供女性工作機會

Poverty, for instance.

先談貧窮

There are three reasons why this is the case.

我提出三個原因

For one, overpopulation is one of

第一，人口過剩是

the persistent causes of poverty.

持續平窮的原因之一

And you know, when you educate a boy,

當你教育男孩子

his family tends to have fewer kids,

他的家庭會有較少的子女

but only slightly.

但只有少一點

When you educate a girl,

當你教育女孩子

she tends to have significantly fewer kids.

她減少生育的數量大的多

The second reason is

第二個原因

it has to do with spending.

與花費有關

It's kind of like the dirty, little secret of poverty,

這算是貧窮的一個小祕密

which is that,

就是

not only do poor people

貧窮的人

take in very little income,

不止收入少

but also, the income that they take in,

他們的收入

they don't spend it very wisely,

還不會好好利用

and unfortunately, most of that spending is done by men.

因為，負責花錢的是男性

So research has shown,

研究顯示

if you look at people who live under two dollars a day --

觀察那些一天花不到2元的人

one metric of poverty --

他們的花費都一樣

two percent of that take-home pay

收入的2%

goes to this basket here, in education.

是教育

20 percent goes to a basket that is a combination of

20%的花費是

alcohol, tobacco, sugary drinks --

買酒、菸、飲料、

and prostitution and festivals.

和妓女

If you just take four percentage points

其實這20%裡，

and put it into this basket,

只要將4%分到教育

you would have a transformative effect.

就能有轉變作用

The last reason has to do

最後一個理由就是

with women being part of the solution, not the problem.

女人是解決辦法，不是麻煩

You need to use scarce resources.

必須學會利用有限資源

It's a waste of resources if you don't use someone like Dai Manju.

不用戴滿菊這樣的女孩子，就是浪費資源

Bill Gates put it very well

比爾蓋茲說的很好

when he was traveling through Saudi Arabia.

他當時到沙烏地阿拉伯旅遊

He was speaking to an audience much like yourselves.

當時有場類似現在這樣的演講

However, two-thirds of the way there was a barrier.

然而，場地三分之二有個隔閡

On this side was men,

這邊坐男人

and then the barrier, and this side was women.

另一邊作女人

And someone from this side of the room got up and said,

其中一位觀眾問比爾

"Mr. Gates, we have here as our goal in Saudi Arabia

「蓋茲先生，我們沙烏地阿拉伯有個目標」

to be one of the top 10 countries

「就是想在科技領域」

when it comes to technology.

「名列世界前十名」

Do you think we'll make it?"

「你覺得我們有能力嗎？」

So Bill Gates, as he was staring out at the audience, he said,

比爾蓋茲就掃了一下觀眾，說

"If you're not fully utilizing half the resources in your country,

「如果你們不善用國家全部的資源，」

there is no way you will get anywhere near the top 10."

「那麼你們的離目標還差的遠。」

So here is Bill of Arabia.

這是阿拉伯比爾

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

So what would some of the specific challenges

那麼真正的挑戰到底

look like?

是什麼？

I would say, on the top of the agenda

我認為，最嚴重的就是

is sex trafficking.

色情人口販賣

And I'll just say two things about this.

關於這點，我提兩件事就好

The slavery at the peak of the slave trade

奴隸販賣在1780年代

in the 1780s:

最為盛行

there were about 80,000 slaves

當時約有八萬名奴隸

transported from Africa to the New World.

從非洲被賣到美洲

Now, modern slavery:

現在的奴隸

according to State Department rough statistics,

根據國務院初步統計資料，

there are about 800,000 -- 10 times the number --

有80萬人，當時十倍的數量

that are trafficked across international borders.

在國際間販賣

And that does not even include those

這數字還不包括

that are trafficked within country borders,

那些國內販賣人口

which is a substantial portion.

也是蠻驚人的數字

And if you look at

當你看

another factor, another contrast,

其他因素、其他對比

a slave back then is worth

以前一個奴隸

about $40,000

約值現在的幣值

in today's money.

4萬元左右

Today, you can buy a girl trafficked

今天，你買一個女生

for a few hundred dollars,

只要幾百塊

which means she's actually more disposable.

她根本毫無價值可言

But you know, there is progress being made

但是，在柬埔寨和泰國

in places like Cambodia and Thailand.

已經有些行動了

We don't have to expect a world

我們再也不必看到

where girls are bought and sold or killed.

女孩子們被買賣、殺害

The second item on the agenda

我要談的第二點，

is maternal mortality.

就是婦女難產死亡率

You know, childbirth in this part of the world

西方世界，孩子的出生

is a wonderful event.

是多美妙的一件事

In Niger, one in seven women

但在尼日，七個懷孕婦女

can expect to die during childbirth.

有一個死於難產

Around the world,

全世界，

one woman dies every minute and a half from childbirth.

每一分半鐘，一位母親死於難產

You know, it's not as though

我們並不是沒有

we don't have the technological solution,

實際的解決方法

but these women have three strikes against them:

而是這些母親們，被三振出局

they are poor, they are rural

她們窮、她們住的偏遠、

and they are female.

她們是女性

You know, for every woman who does die,

一個死亡的難產婦女

there are 20 who survive

就有另外20個

but end up with an injury.

嚴重受傷

And the most devastating injury

最嚴重的就是

is obstetric fistula.

生殖瘻管受傷

It's a tearing during obstructed labor

這是阻礙性分娩時，

that leaves a woman incontinent.

產生的撕裂傷，導致的大小便失禁

Let me tell you about Mahabuba.

分享Mahabuba的故事

She lives in Ethiopia.

她住在衣索比亞

She was married against her will at age 13.

13歲時被迫結婚

She got pregnant, ran to the bush to have the baby,

後來懷孕，孩子是在草叢裡出生的

but you know, her body was very immature,

但她的身體尚未成熟

and she ended up having obstructed labor.

所以生產時寶寶的頭太大，無法通過產道

The baby died, and she ended up with a fistula.

後來嬰兒死了，她的生殖瘻管受傷

So that meant she was incontinent;

大小便失禁

she couldn't control her wastes.

她無法控制排泄

In a word, she stank.

全身發臭

The villagers thought she was cursed; they didn't know what to do with her.

村民都以為他被詛咒了，不知如何是好

So finally, they put her at the edge of the village in a hut.

後來他們把她丟到村莊外圍的小屋

They ripped off the door

把門拆掉

so that the hyenas would get her at night.

晚上放鬣狗咬她

That night, there was a stick in the hut.

那晚，屋內正好有根棍子

She fought off the hyenas with that stick.

她用棍子抵抗

And the next morning,

隔天早上

she knew if she could get to a nearby village where there was a foreign missionary,