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  • Hello everyone, this is Andrew

  • from Crown Academy of English and today we are going to do

  • a grammar lesson and

  • we are going to discuss nouns in

  • the plural. So we are going to look at

  • some regular nouns and

  • some irregular nouns. So

  • let's get started! So,

  • we're going to start with the easy ones.

  • So let's look at the regular nouns

  • and

  • the basic rule is that we simply

  • add an "s" to the end of

  • the noun to make it plural. So

  • for example, house

  • in the singular is

  • houses in the plural.

  • So you can see here, we simply

  • add an "s" to the end of house.

  • And some other examples...

  • coat, coats

  • dog, dogs

  • ship, ships

  • okay.. road,

  • roads and...

  • many more examples. So

  • this is the basic rule. This is probably

  • ... the majority of nouns in English

  • are just regular nouns and they follow this rule

  • where we simply add an "s" to the end okay.

  • Now since this lesson is

  • a grammar lesson and not a vocabulary lesson,

  • then I won't be defining

  • these words okay? So if you don't know

  • what these words mean, then

  • I suggest that you look in a dictionary okay?

  • That is not the aim of the lesson today.

  • The aim is to teach you the grammar rules not

  • to teach you the

  • vocabulary alright?

  • So the first exception to the rule.

  • So the first type of irregular noun is the group of nouns which end in

  • "ch", "sh", "s" (or an "s" sound), "x" or "z".

  • So for all of those nouns, in the plural,

  • we form the plural by adding "es" to the end.

  • So example: church, churches.

  • dish, dishes.

  • bus, buses.

  • box, boxes.

  • buzz, buzzes and many more.

  • So these are... these all have the same rule.

  • So we simply take the singular form and in the plural, we add "es".

  • So there is an extra syllable when we pronounce it.

  • So you should be able to hear it.

  • In the singular, there is one syllable "church" and in the plural, it's "church -es"

  • So 2 syllables: churches, dishes, buses, boxes, buzzes.

  • So it is important that we hear the extra syllable when you pronounce it.

  • So, now nouns which end in

  • the letter "y". First of all,

  • if the noun ends in

  • first of all in a consonant and then the letter "y",

  • then,

  • in that case, we change the "y" to an

  • "i" and then we add

  • "es" to the end. So

  • an example: lady,

  • ladies. So you can see here,

  • in the singular, the end of

  • it has a consonant. So the letter "d" is a consonant,

  • followed by the letter "y" and so we follow the rule:

  • We change this "y" to an

  • "i" and then we add "es".

  • So city,

  • cities. baby,

  • babies. ferry,

  • ferries and...

  • there are many more... ok?

  • Now, there is another

  • case here, there is another example of...

  • we can also have nouns that

  • end in a vowel

  • and then the letter "y"

  • And here this is just like a regular noun.

  • So we add a letter "s"

  • to the end.

  • So a reminder: a vowel

  • is the letter a, e, i,

  • o or u ok?

  • So boy, boys

  • day, days

  • key, keys

  • OK? And again, there are many many more.

  • So this is not...

  • these are not the only ones. This is just a very small

  • sample. There are many more examples here.

  • So the rule when the noun ends in "y" -

  • If it is a consonant and then the letter "y", then we must

  • add... we must change the "y" to "i"

  • and add "es" and for all the other cases when it

  • ends in a vowel first, then we just add the letter "s".

  • Ok... and this time we are going to look

  • at nouns which end in

  • a letter "f" or "fe"

  • at the end. Ok...

  • so there are a list of nouns now

  • that I am going to give you which you must learn

  • because these are irregular. So

  • the nouns which you're going to see now... the rule

  • is that we change...

  • we replace the letter "f" or if it is

  • "fe", we replace that with "ves". Example:

  • leaf, leaves

  • shelf, shelves

  • And listen to the pronunciation ok? The pronunciation - we...

  • we must hear the letter "v" in the plural.

  • life, lives

  • wife, wives

  • calf, calves

  • elf, elves

  • half, halves

  • knife, knives

  • loaf, loaves

  • self, selves

  • thief, thieves

  • wolf, wolves

  • Alright, so in all of

  • these examples that you can see here,

  • this... they follow this rule. So

  • we changed the "f" to... "ves"

  • Or if it ends in "fe" like here...

  • "knife" then the "fe"

  • changes to "ves" and we say

  • knives.

  • So...

  • these are the exceptions,

  • and for most of the other nouns,

  • okay, so pretty much the rest of the nouns

  • which end in "f" or "fe"

  • then they are just regular nouns...

  • and we just add "s" to the end.

  • So just two examples:

  • roof, roofs

  • and giraffe, giraffes

  • and many more ok?

  • So my advice for you, for nouns

  • ending in "f" or "fe",

  • my advice is for you to learn this list here

  • at the top. These are the most

  • common examples of nouns

  • where you have to change the "f" (or "fe")

  • into "ves" okay? So

  • if you learn this list

  • at the top, then you know

  • all the other nouns are just regular

  • okay? So this list at the top

  • is the exceptions okay?

  • These are the ones where you have to change it to "ves"

  • and all the others, or most of the others

  • we just add an "s" ... okay?

  • Let's carry on.

  • Now, nouns ending in the letter

  • "o" This is a little bit more

  • complicated. So we'll start with the

  • easy part first. So the easy part

  • is the nouns which end

  • in a vowel and then the letter "o"

  • So, those are the vowels..

  • and this is easy. We just add the letter

  • "s" to the end. So we

  • ... we treat them like a regular noun.

  • So just a couple of examples here. There aren't many examples of this

  • so we have radio and

  • this becomes radios in the plural. So we just

  • add an "s". So we can see here -

  • The end of the noun

  • has a vowel. The vowel is the letter "i"

  • followed by the letter "o"... and so we follow this rule. We

  • add a letter "s". So radio is

  • radios

  • and zoo

  • is zoos in the plural

  • So again, the letter "o" is a vowel

  • followed by an "o" and so we just add a letter "s"

  • There are a few

  • other examples of this but there aren't very many

  • to be honest with you.

  • The important one is nouns

  • ending in

  • the letter "o" with a consonant.

  • So a consonant plus the letter "o"

  • We have, first of all, we have some

  • irregular nouns...

  • and for the list that you're going to see

  • we add "es" to the end.

  • So you must remember this list okay? You must

  • learn this list of nouns.

  • So potato, potatoes

  • So the pronunciation is the same. There is no difference in their pronunciation.

  • It is the same pronunciation as

  • if there was just an "s" at the end.

  • tomato, tomatoes

  • hero, heroes

  • echo, echoes

  • veto, sorry veto,

  • vetoes

  • or veto / veto. Yes it's pronounced veto in fact

  • and vetoes. torpedo,

  • torpedoes

  • embargo,

  • embargoes

  • buffalo,

  • buffaloes

  • domino,

  • dominoes. mosquito,

  • mosquitoes.

  • Alright, so

  • just before we carry on, so all of these

  • nouns on the left, again

  • you must learn this list okay?

  • These are the exceptions. These

  • are the irregular nouns

  • which end in the letter "o". So

  • for all the others, okay.. so for

  • all the other nouns - Some of them...

  • some of the others... we must

  • just add a letter "s". So

  • some up the others... they are just regular.

  • We just add a letter "s" ... and

  • some of the others, we can choose to

  • either add a letter "s" OR

  • "es" okay? So both

  • would be correct. Either would be correct.

  • So since both would be correct,

  • then to make it

  • easy for us, then

  • we are just going to add

  • an "s" for all the others because that makes it more

  • easy ok? So for example:

  • casino,

  • casinos. photo,

  • photos. solo,

  • solos. volcano,

  • volcanos. tornado,

  • tornados

  • and

  • many more ok? So

  • again, just to summarise, learn

  • this list on the left okay... so that you know

  • these nouns here, in this list,

  • in the plural, you have to add "es"

  • and in all

  • the other cases... in all the

  • other nouns, then just

  • add the latter "s" ok? That makes it easy for you. Just

  • add a letter "s". And

  • in fact these words here, this list

  • will always stay the same because these are quite

  • old words in the English

  • language. All new nouns,

  • all new words which

  • end in "o" in the English language,

  • they follow this rule

  • on the right. So we will always

  • add "s" to new nouns

  • which end in "o". So all you need to do is just to learn

  • this list and any other nouns,

  • just add an "s" to.

  • Now in the English language, there are

  • sometimes... we have a few words which come from

  • Latin and in fact

  • Greek as well. So we have to...

  • they have a slightly different rule in the plural.

  • So there are some

  • Latin nouns which end in "us"

  • and for those

  • nouns, the plural...

  • it is a Latin plural. And

  • the Latin plural, we add a letter "i"

  • So we change the "us" to "i"

  • And there are a few examples here:

  • So nucleus,

  • is nuclei

  • cactus, cacti

  • fungus, fungi

  • radius, radii

  • stimulus, stimuli

  • Whoops! So you can see there again,

  • we change the "us",

  • and we change it to "i"

  • There are maybe... maybe a few other examples but

  • these are probably the most common

  • ok? So just a reminder - These

  • are English words but they have

  • a Latin origin to them. So

  • we use the Latin rules to make the plural.

  • And we also have another

  • group of foreign words

  • which end in "is"

  • in the singular. And for those words,

  • the plural, we change the "is"

  • to "es".

  • So example: axis,

  • becomes axes. So we pronounce it EES

  • at the end. axis,

  • axes.

  • analysis sorry! analysis,

  • becomes analyses.

  • crisis, crises

  • diagnosis,

  • diagnoses

  • hypothesis, hypotheses

  • thesis, theses

  • Again, these are... these are NOT very

  • common words. So

  • do not panic! Do not worry too much

  • about these but it is important that you

  • you know thats these words,

  • in the singular, when it is "is",

  • that they become "es". It's..

  • it is useful if you see these words written,

  • that you know for example, if you see the word...

  • analyses ("es"),

  • that you know it has come from the word analysis

  • ("is") in the singular. And

  • all of these are Greek except the top one.

  • This axis is Latin and all the others are

  • ... Greek in fact. They have a Greek origin to them.

  • And finally for the foreign nouns,

  • we have some nouns which

  • in the singular end in "ix"

  • or "ex"...

  • and in those cases, we change the

  • "ix" or the "ex"

  • and we replace it with "ices".

  • So for example: appendix,

  • appendices. So you can see here the

  • "ix" here. We have

  • removed that and we have replaced it with

  • "ices".

  • Listen to the pronunciation

  • matrix, matrices

  • So "ices" We pronounce it "ices" matrices

  • index, indices

  • vertex,

  • vertices

  • So again, do not worry!

  • These are not very common words.

  • Well, perhaps index - that is probably the most common.

  • And again these are Latin

  • words. They are from the Latin language

  • and so we follow the Latin grammar rules in the plural

  • for these words.

  • There are perhaps a few other examples as well,

  • but these four are the most common.

  • There are maybe another four or five examples

  • in the English language...

  • but nothing too important okay?

  • And irregular nouns.

  • So there are some nouns in English which

  • do not follow any rules at all...

  • and you simply just have to learn these nouns.

  • They are completely irregular.

  • So foot,

  • feet. child,

  • children

  • man, men

  • woman,

  • women. goose,

  • geese. mouse,

  • mice. person,

  • people. tooth,

  • teeth.

  • ox, oxen

  • Again, there is nothing

  • really that I can explain here.

  • There is no logic or

  • rules here. You simply have to learn this list ok?

  • So again, look in the dictionary

  • if you want to know the meaning of these words.

  • And a lot of these words... these words are actually very common....

  • ok... apart from...

  • ox is an animal and it's not very common

  • but the rest are

  • very common words in fact. So this list is important.

  • Okay I recommend that you learn this list.

  • And...

  • finally there are some nouns

  • in English which are exactly the same

  • in the singular and the plural. Okay it's quite a

  • unique situation but there are a few.

  • So:

  • aircraft. We can say one aircraft

  • or three aircraft.

  • it's the same. spacecraft

  • one spacecraft, three spacecraft.

  • hovercraft, hovercraft.

  • So you can see here, any word which

  • ends in craft, craft,

  • craft. It is the same in the singular

  • and the plural. sheep,

  • sheep. So one sheep

  • or three sheep. It's the same. fish,

  • fish. So you never say

  • fishes for example, and you never say sheeps.

  • "Sheeps" - that would be wrong ok? one sheep, two sheep.

  • One fish, two fish. deer,

  • deer. So these are all animals.

  • We've got sheep, fish, deer. moose,

  • moose. Okay

  • so... I'll just go back very quickly... so

  • again there are a few others here that

  • exist as well but these are the most common.

  • These are the most common nouns which are the same

  • in the singular and the plural.

  • So that is the

  • end of the lesson. There,

  • in the lesson, we have seen probably ninety percent

  • of all the rules for how we form

  • the plural for nouns okay? So we have seen

  • ninety percent of the most common examples...

  • and the other 10 percent

  • aren't very important so ...

  • if I had to explain all of them, then

  • the lesson would take hours and hours and hours!

  • But that is most of the examples.

  • So there we are. That is the

  • end of the lesson I hope you have enjoyed it.

  • If you want to subscribe, then go ahead and

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  • And here we have just two other videos which

  • you might perhaps want to watch. You can click on the screen here as well.

  • This is a listening lesson on the left,

  • and on the right, that is a vocabulary lesson.

  • So there we are. That is the end of today's

  • grammar lesson. I hope you enjoyed it.

  • Thank you very much for watching. My name is Andrew

  • from Crown Academy of English.

  • Thank you very much. Bye bye and I'll see you next time :)

Hello everyone, this is Andrew

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B1 中級

複數中的不規範名詞|英語語法規則 (Irregular nouns in the plural | English grammar rules)

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    楊鎧瑄 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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