Name: 【科學知識】 心理學速成班：了解你的大腦 （Meet Your Master: Getting to Know Your Brain - Crash Course Psychology #4）
Uploaded: 2015-12-18T15:49:57.000Z
Duration: 12 min 34 s

In the early 1800's, German physician, Franz Joseph Gall spent a lot of time running his

在西元1800早期，一位德國醫師，Franz Joseph Gall 用手指在陌生人的頭皮上下了許多功夫。

fingers over the scalps of strangers. He wasn't a hairdresser, he wasn't a masseuse,

他不是一位美髮師，也不是按摩師

he wasn't just like a big fan of heads. He was a phrenologist, he was the first phrenologist.

他也不是特別喜歡頭皮。他是一位顱相學家，世上第一個顱相學者

Gall believed that a persons personality was linked to their skull morphology, that its bumps and ridges

Gall 相信個人特質與的頭骨形狀有關，藉由突起和隆起

indicated aspects of their character. Amazingly this "science" actually caught on,

可以看出人的各種特性。後來這門"科學"意外地大為流行

was widely practiced for decades, and Gall became something of a celebrity.

被廣為實行了數十年，而Gall 則因此成了名人

Well, with a head like his, one can see how he might have been a little bit fixated with skull shape.

有著Gall 那樣的頭型，可想而知他多少有點迷戀骨相

Eventually, phrenology was dismissed as a cult pseudoscience because it turns out your

cranial contours tell us exactly nothing about what's happening inside the brain.

因為實驗證實顱骨輪廓與腦中的東西完全沒有關係

And yet! Gall was actually on to something big, something that we knew nothing about.

但先等等，Gall 其實開了一扇門，門後的東西是人們以前不了解的

Remember, at this point we were just starting to get consensus that the brain was the source

請記得，在當時人們才剛了解腦才是自我意識的所在

of self and not like the soul or the heart or whatever. His lasting and correct proposition

而不是靈魂或心臟。他正確且至今仍在使用的假說

was that different parts of the brain control specific aspects of our behavior.

主張在於不同區域的腦分別掌控我們行為的不同層面

Like we talked about last time, there is a strong link between biological activity and psychological events.

就像我們上次談到的，生物行為與心理層面息息相關

But in addition to the interplay of chemicals like neurotransmitters and hormones,

但除了化學物質，像是神經傳遞物和荷爾蒙的影響之外

a lot of this has to do with that localized parts of the brain have specific functions,

有很大部分是因為腦中特定部位負責不同的功能

like vision, movement, memory, speech, and even facial recognition.

像是視覺、移動、記憶、演說、甚至是臉孔辨識

If you could stimulate different parts of my brain in any way you wanted to

如果你能隨心所欲地刺激我腦中的任何部位

– and if you ask me nicely, I just might let you– you could control my movements, my memories,

(如果你客氣地向我請求的話，我也許會答應) 那你就能控制我的動作、記憶

and even my personality. Poke my brain over here and my arm would twitch, poke here and

甚至個性。從我腦部的這邊戳下去，我的手會抽動；戳這邊

I'd remember my first kiss, do it up here and suddenly I'd be filled with a tremendous Hulk-like rage!

我會想起我的初吻；這邊的話，突然間一股浩克般巨大的狂怒充斥我的胸口

This is the link between the brain, that physical hunk of gunk between the ears, and the mind,

這正是腦(就像一沙一世界般可分成無數區塊)與耳朵和意識之間的連結

the thing that is us, our consciousness, our behavior, our decisions, our memories, our selves.

這些構成了我們，我們的意識、我們的行為、我們的抉擇、我們的記憶、我們本身

Some neuroscientists like to say that the mind is what the brain does, so one of

正如一些神經學家常說意識棲於腦中

the driving questions of psychology and, like, the human experiment is "How do our brains'

一個心理學一直在探討的核心問題及相關實驗便是 "我們的腦部功能

functions tie to the behavior of the mind?" And you can't even ask the right questions,

與意識之間有什麼關聯" 。然而，在你理解大腦之前，你甚至無法準確地問出合適的問題，

let alone get at some of the answers, until you get to know the brain.

You might have a passing familiarity with your nervous system, like, "The brain bone

你可能對你的神經系統已經有一些了解，像是頭骨

is connected to the spinal cord bone, and the spinal cord bone is connected to the motoneuron bone."

與脊椎骨相連，或者脊椎骨與動作神經元"骨"相連之類

That's your central nervous system, and there aren't actually any bones.

那其實是你的中樞神經系統，另外它們也不是骨頭

Your central nervous system, or just CNS, is what makes your bodies big decisions.

你的中樞神經系統，或者簡稱為CNS，是你身體的主宰

This system is the command center, and if you mess with it, things are gonna get weird.

該系統是下指令的中心，如果你讓它壞去，那事情可能會變得有點糟糕

There's also the peripheral nervous system, which is composed of scout-like sensory neurons

另外還有周邊神經系統，由宛如偵查兵一般的感覺神經組成

that gather information and report it back to the central nervous system.

負責搜集訊息並回報給中樞神經系統

To get a handle on just how physical the roots of your mind and personality are,

為了理解你的生理如何影響你的心理和個性

how concretel your nervous system makes you you, let me tell you a story. The curious case of Phineas Gage.

以及你的神經系統如何造就你這個人，讓我告訴你一個故事。關於Phineas Gage的奇特經歷

In 1848, a genial chap named Phineas Gage was working on the railroad,

在1848年，有一個親切近人的小夥子叫做 Phineas Gage，當時他正在鐵路上工作著

tamping gunpowder into a blasting hole with an iron rod, but the gunpowder ignited.

他負責用鐵桿將火藥放進火藥孔中，但火藥卻點燃了

The resulting explosion caused the rod to shoot like a bullet up through his left cheek and out of the top of his head.

爆炸使得鐵桿像子彈一般射入他的臉頰，從他頭頂穿出

There's brain in between those two places, by the way.

順帶一提，腦就在臉頰和頭頂的中間

Amazingly, he stood up after the accident, and walked over to a cart, described what had happened,

意外地，事後他還能站起來，並走到馬車旁，描述剛才發生的事情

and then they drove him back to his house, all while he was conscious.

之後其他人載他回到他家，而他全程都保持清醒

So the doctor came to examine him, and refused to believe that a rod had in fact passed through his head, understandably.

之後醫生來替他檢查，但可想而知，醫生拒絕相信有根鐵桿穿過他的頭

Until Phineas started coughing and an amount of brain that the doctor described

直到 Phineas開始咳嗽並將一部分的腦(根據醫生描述

as a teacup-ful fell out of his head, and the doctor had to accept indeed what had happened.

大約一茶杯那麼多)咳出他的頭殼，於是醫生也只好接受眼前所見

After a few months of convalescing, he was pretty much healed up and moving around

經過數個月的治療後，他幾乎康復了並可以到處跑

like he used to. But his friends were saying that Phineas was no longer like himself.

就像他以前一樣。但他的朋友都說 Phineas不再像以前的他了

Yes he had his memories and his mental abilities, and he walked and talked and looked the same,

沒錯，他的記憶跟思維能力都完好，而且他走路跟他說話的樣子都沒變

minus an eyeball, whereas the old Phineas was mild-mannered and soft-spoken, the post-spike-to-the-brain Phineas

除了少了一顆眼球。然而，從前的 Phineas是溫和並輕聲細語的人，而被鐵桿插過之後的 Phineas

was surly and mean-spirited and vulgar. People started to describe him as "no longer Gage"

卻變得陰沉、惡毒而粗俗。人們開始描述他 "不再是原來的Gage"

Phineas moved away from America, the scientific establishment lost contact with him

Phineas 後來搬離美國，科學機構失去了他的消息

and 12 years later, after a series of seizures he died at the age of 36.

直到12年後，在一連串的痙攣後，他於36歲死亡

Phineas is a great, if extreme, example of how function is localized in the brain and how physical and biological

Phineas 是個很好(但也很極端)的例子來解釋大腦不同部位的分工，以及解釋生理狀況

factors can be reflected in psychological ways. Of course he is also an excellent example

會對心理狀況造成影響。當然他也是一個經典的個案

of how individual studies are not particularly useful, especially since we have very little

說明個案研究並不是特別有用，尤其是因為我們只有很少的

data on what Phineas was actually like before or even after his accident.

資料關於從前的 Phineas是怎樣的人，甚至是意外過後的資料也不多

Most accounts are from the months directly after the accident, and many of them conflict.

大多數的相關報告都集中在意外發生後的數個月，許多報告之間也互相矛盾

It's completely possible that he continued to heal and lived his remaining years as a happy and productive citizen.

他搞不好其實有持續接受治療並在剩下來的日子中活得好好的

Intro-psychology texts often paint the simple picture of Phineas just so we can have a clear

介紹心理學的教材常常把Phineas描繪得太過簡單，好讓我們可以有一個清楚的

example of the moment when physicians realized that messing with the brain was messing with the mind,

案例來映證當時醫師們普遍相信腦部受損心智狀態也會受損的想法

but it is of course all much more complicated and Phineas was an actual, real life person,

但是，當然地，事情遠比這複雜得多，Phineas是一個有血有肉的人

I feel that we should give him the nuance and mystery that he deserves.

我認為我們該把他理應具有的細節以及神秘都忠實呈現才是

Now you might have heard that we only used about 10 percent of our brains,

你之前可能聽過下列的說法 ，"我們平常只使用了大腦的10%"，

and oh if that were true, Phineas would lose a quarter of his and he'd be just fine. And if we could

(假設那是對的那就表示Phineas失去了他整整四分之一的腦卻仍然活跳跳)。"如果我們

just harness the rest of that gray mush, we'd be able to mind read and levitate and get all Professor X.

可以充分利用剩下的那部分大腦灰質，我們將可以讀心或者浮在空中，讓大家都成為X教授"

It's an exciting thought, as exciting as the idea that I can tell what

這樣的想法相當有趣，就好比我可以知道你喜歡怎樣的茶

kind of tea you like by feeling the bumps on your head. It is also exactly as wrong.

因為我可以感覺到你腦中所想。但這其實是錯誤的

After watching an hour or so of reality TV, you'd be forgiven for thinking that some people

看過了一小時左右的實境秀之後，你大概已經忘了人們只使用

are only working at 10 percent brain capacity. But in actual reality, brain scans show that

10%的腦這件事情。但在現實生活裡，腦部掃描顯示

nearly every region of the brain lights up during even simple tasks like walking and talking.

幾乎腦中所有的區域都發亮，即使當受試者只是做一些簡單事情像是走路和說話

Not only that, but the brain itself requires 20 percent of all the body's energy,

不僅如此，腦本身就消耗20%身體的總能量

and it would make little evolutionary sense to throw much energy away at something that is only minimally active.

在一個只需要最低限度活動狀態的器官上投資如此大量的能量，從演化上看是相當沒道理的

As animals, our capabilities have developed in part from our brain structures.

身為動物，我們的行為能力部分源自於我們的腦部結構

We're actually able to trace our evolutionary history as we come to understand these structures.

我們甚至可以藉由理解腦部結構來追溯我們演化的歷史

Less complex animals have simpler brains designed for basic functioning and survival:

較不複雜的動物腦部相對簡單，僅為了基本功能和生存，諸如：

rest, breathe, eat. Whereas more complex animals like many mammals possess brains that feel,

休息、呼吸、進食。相對而言，較複雜的動物像是哺乳類的腦，可以感覺、

remember, reason, and predict. These animals don't have all new systems.

記憶、推論以及預測。這些動物其實沒有整組新的神經系統

They have new brain systems built upon old brain systems. The brain is kind of like a set of Russian nesting dolls.

他們的新腦部系統建立在舊腦部系統之上，這樣的腦就像是俄羅斯娃娃一樣

The outermost wooden doll is the newest, most detailed and most complex,

最外層的木質娃娃是最新型、最精細也是最複雜的

but as you go deeper, the dolls become older and smaller, and simpler, and more generic.

但是當你逐漸深入，娃娃越變越老舊而且越小、越簡單也越通用

The innermost wooden doll is the oldest, most basic. It's like a fossil in your head.

而最內層的木質娃娃是最老舊的、最基本的。就像是你腦中的化石一樣

This inner core of the brain, sometimes called the "old brain" still performs for us much

這是腦部的內層核心，也被稱作"舊的腦"，截至目前仍在為我們工作著

as it did for our early evolutionary ancestors. It's anchored by the brainstem, the most ancient

就像以前它為我們演化上的祖先工作一般。它位在腦幹之中，腦幹是最古老

and central core of the brain where the spinal brain enters the skull. Above it, at the base

也是最核心的腦，同時也是脊椎連結顱部的位置。在其上方，位於顱骨的底層

of the skull, is the medulla. Here, old brain functions happen automatically without any conscious effort:

是延腦。在這裡腦幹的功能自動運作著，完全不用費心，包括：

the beating of hearts, the breathing of lungs, that sort of thing.

心臟的跳動、肺部的呼吸等諸如此類

The pons is perched on the medulla, and it helps coordinate movement. Above the pons,

橋腦連接著延腦，它幫助協調動作。位於橋腦之上

at the top of the brainstem, is the thalamus, a pair of egg-shaped structures that take in

腦幹的上方是丘腦，它是一對蛋型結構，負責接受

sensory information related to seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting. The reticular formation is a

感官資訊像是視覺、聽覺、觸覺和味覺。網狀體是一個

finger-shaped nerve network inside the brain stem that's essential for arousal,

指型的神經網絡，位於腦幹之中，是警醒的關鍵

which isn't necessarily what you feel upon seeing a particularly nice-looking human, but instead refers to

它與你看見一個外貌出眾的人時的反應沒什麼關係，但是

things like sleeping and walking and pain perception; other important functions.

與睡眠、走路以及痛覺等重要的功能相關

The baseball-sized cerebellum, or "little brain", swells from the bottom of the brain stem and

棒球大小的小腦，是腦幹底部附近的突起

is responsible for non-verbal learning and memory, the perception of time, and modulating motions,

它負責非語言相關的學習與記憶，對時間的感知並調整肢體動作

it controls voluntary movement like your sweet dance moves, but it also gets impaired

它調控自主移動像是你甜美的舞步，但也很容易受到損害

easily under the influence of alcohol, hence the term "tipsy".

特別容易受酒精影響。因此才有"微醺"這個字(因酒醉而傾斜不穩)

So the old brain systems keep our body's basic functions running smoothly; the sort of stuff any animal might need.

所以是舊的腦系統在維持身體的基本功能運作良好，就是那些任何動物都需要的基本功能

This is pretty much where the brain stops for reptiles.

這系統可說是還停在爬蟲類階段的設計

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【科學知識】心理學速成班：了解你的大腦（Meet Your Master: Getting to Know Your Brain - Crash Course Psychology #4）

doll

grey

doctor

body

【科學知識】 心理學速成班：了解你的大腦 （Meet Your Master: Getting to Know Your Brain - Crash Course Psychology #4）

doll

grey

doctor

body

【科學知識】心理學速成班：了解你的大腦（Meet Your Master: Getting to Know Your Brain - Crash Course Psychology #4）