what exactly autism is.

自閉症是什麼做為開場

Autism is a very big continuum

自閉症是非常大的範疇

that goes from very severe -- the child remains non-verbal --

從非常嚴重　小朋友不會說話

all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers.

到天才的科學家及工程師

And I actually feel at home here,

事實上我覺得這裡像家一樣

because there's a lot of autism genetics here.

因為在這有許多有自閉症基因的

You wouldn't have any...

各位不會有任何....

(Applause)

鼓掌

It's a continuum of traits.

這是連續的特徵

When does a nerd turn into

一個書呆子何時變成

Asperger, which is just mild autism?

亞斯柏格　這只是中等自閉症

I mean, Einstein and Mozart

愛因斯坦　莫札特

and Tesla would all be probably diagnosed

和特斯拉在今日都有可能被診斷為

as autistic spectrum today.

自閉症者

And one of the things that is really going to concern me is

現在我真正擔心的一件事是

getting these kids to be the ones that are going to invent

如何培育這些

the next energy things,

負責打造未來的孩子們

you know, that Bill Gates talked about this morning.

這問題比爾蓋茲今早有談到

OK. Now, if you want to understand

現在若你想了解

autism, animals.

自閉症 動物

And I want to talk to you now about different ways of thinking.

我要跟各位談談不同的思考模式

You have to get away from verbal language.

你必須忘記文字語言

I think in pictures,

我是以圖像為思考

I don't think in language.

我不以語言為思考

Now, the thing about the autistic mind

自閉兒的腦

is it attends to details.

是專注於細節

OK, this is a test where you either have to

這是一個你必須選擇

pick out the big letters, or pick out the little letters,

大字母或小字母的測試

and the autistic mind picks out the

而自閉症的腦子

little letters more quickly.

選出小字母比較快

And the thing is, the normal brain ignores the details.

正常的腦子忽略細節

Well, if you're building a bridge, details are pretty important

若你要建造一座橋 細節是很重要的

because it will fall down if you ignore the details.

若你忽視細節　橋會垮掉

And one of my big concerns with a lot of policy things today

我最大的疑慮是現今的多數的政策

is things are getting too abstract.

使事物變得太抽象

People are getting away from doing

人們漸漸遠離

hands-on stuff.

親手實作

I'm really concerned that a lot of the schools have taken out

我真的很擔心許多學校取消了

the hands-on classes,

動手實作的課程

because art, and classes like that,

因為藝術及這類課程

those are the classes where I excelled.

是我表現最好的課程

In my work with cattle,

當我研究牛時

I noticed a lot of little things that most people don't notice

我注意到許多大部分人不注意的小事

would make the cattle balk. Like, for example,

那些會讓牛畏懼　比如像

this flag waving, right in front of the veterinary facility.

獸醫中心前方飄揚的旗幟

This feed yard was going to tear down their whole veterinary facility;

這會讓牠們想把整座獸醫中心拆除

all they needed to do was move the flag.

人們只需要遷移旗杆

Rapid movement, contrast.

快速的遷移

In the early '70s when I started, I got right down

在70年代早期我剛開始時 　我親自去

in the chutes to see what cattle were seeing.

陡槽觀察牛隻看到什麼

People thought that was crazy. A coat on a fence would make them balk,

別人認為我很瘋狂　大衣掛在圍籬上會使牛群畏懼

shadows would make them balk, a hose on the floor ...

陰影會讓他們畏怯 地上的水管也是

people weren't noticing these things --

人們不去注意這些事

a chain hanging down --

這些都是連鎖反應

and that's shown very, very nicely in the movie.

電影裡都是美化的

In fact, I loved the movie, how they

事實上我很喜愛電影劇情中他們

duplicated all my projects. That's the geek side.

複製所有我的研究專案的方式　那是我怪咖的一面

My drawings got to star in the movie too.

我的手繪圖也在電影裡客串一角

And actually it's called "Temple Grandin,"

這電影叫做「天寶葛蘭汀」

not "Thinking In Pictures."

不是「圖像思考」

So, what is thinking in pictures? It's literally movies

所以 什麼是圖像思考　按照字面的意思是

in your head.

你腦中的電影

My mind works like Google for images.

我腦子的運作就像是Google搜尋圖片

Now, when I was a young kid I didn't know my thinking was different.

當我還小時　我不知道我的思考和別人不同

I thought everybody thought in pictures.

我以為每個人都是以圖像來思考

And then when I did my book, "Thinking In Pictures,"

後來當我寫「圖像思考」時

I start interviewing people about how they think.

我開始訪談一些人看他們如何思考

And I was shocked to find out that

我很訝異的發現我的思考方式

my thinking was quite different. Like if I say,

是非常不同的　就像我說的

"Think about a church steeple"

「想像一下教堂的尖頂」

most people get this sort of generalized generic one.

大部分的人得到的是一般普通的尖頂

Now, maybe that's not true in this room,

或許對現場的各位不是如此

but it's going to be true in a lot of different places.

但在許多不同地方卻是如此

I see only specific pictures.

我只看得到特定的圖像

They flash up into my memory, just like Google for pictures.

它們由我記憶中跳出 就像Google搜尋到的圖片

And in the movie, they've got a great scene in there

在電影中 有一幕很棒的場景

where the word "shoe" is said, and a whole bunch of '50s and '60s shoes

當「鞋」這一字被說出時 一大堆50及60年代的鞋子

pop into my imagination.

就跳入我腦海中

OK, there is my childhood church,

這是我小時候的教堂

that's specific. There's some more, Fort Collins.

很明確 還有更多　像科林斯堡

OK, how about famous ones?

那些有名氣的又如何呢

And they just kind of come up, kind of like this.

它們會出現 有點像這樣

Just really quickly, like Google for pictures.

只是非常快速 像Google搜尋圖片

And they come up one at a time,

它們一次出現一張

and then I think, "OK, well maybe we can have it snow,

然後我會想 　或許我們可以有點雪

or we can have a thunderstorm,"

或是來場暴風雨

and I can hold it there and turn them into videos.

我們可以定格然後轉為影片

Now, visual thinking was a tremendous asset

圖像思考在我設計牛隻管理中心時

in my work designing cattle-handling facilities.

是巨大的資產

And I've worked really hard on improving

我非常努力的在研究改良

how cattle are treated at the slaughter plant.

牛隻在屠宰廠的待遇

I'm not going to go into any gucky slaughter slides.

我不會介紹任何噁心屠宰的幻燈片

I've got that stuff up on YouTube if you want to look at it.

若各位想看的話我把那些都放在Youtube上了

But, one of the things that I was able to do in my design work

在我的設計工作中

is I could actually test run

我可以在腦海中直接測試

a piece of equipment in my mind,

看它是否可行

just like a virtual reality computer system.

就像一台虛擬實境的電腦系統

And this is an aerial view

這是一幅娛樂中心的鳥瞰圖

of a recreation of one of my projects that was used in the movie.

在電影中有提到　它是我進行的其中一項計畫

That was like just so super cool.

這是非常酷的

And there were a lot of kind of Asperger types

有許多亞斯柏格症的人

and autism types working out there on the movie set too.

和自閉症的人也在電影場景中工作

(Laughter)

笑聲

But one of the things that really worries me

其中有件事讓我很擔心的是

is: Where's the younger version of those kids going today?

今日的孩子們將被帶往何處

They're not ending up in Silicon Valley, where they belong.

他們不會被帶到矽谷　矽谷才是他們的地方

(Laughter)

笑聲

(Applause)

鼓掌

Now, one of the things I learned very early on because I wasn't that social,

我不是很社會化　所以我在很早期學到的一件事就是

is I had to sell my work, and not myself.

我必須販賣我的作品　而不是我本身

And the way I sold livestock jobs

我想獲得和家畜有關的工作

is I showed off my drawings, I showed off pictures of things.

用的方式是展現我的繪稿　我用繪畫的說明

Another thing that helped me as a little kid

另一個對我有幫助的是　當我還小時

is, boy, in the '50s, you were taught manners.

在50年代　你被教導要有禮貌

You were taught you can't pull the merchandise off the shelves

你被教導不能在商店裡隨便拿貨加上的商品

in the store and throw it around.

又隨處亂放

Now, when kids get to be in third or fourth grade,

當小朋友在三或四年級時

you might see that this kid's going to be a visual thinker,

你可以發現這小孩將成為一位圖像思考者

drawing in perspective. Now, I want to

以透視法來作圖　我要強調

emphasize that not every autistic kid

並非所有的自閉症兒

is going to be a visual thinker.

都是圖像思考者

Now, I had this brain scan done several years ago,

我許多年前做過腦部掃描

and I used to joke around about having a

我以前常開玩笑說

gigantic Internet trunk line

我有這條很粗的網路幹線

going deep into my visual cortex.

深入我的視覺皮層

This is tensor imaging.

這是張量造影

And my great big internet trunk line

我的巨大的網路幹線

is twice as big as the control's.

比控制組的大兩倍

The red lines there are me,

紅線是我的

and the blue lines are the sex and age-matched control.

藍線是性別及年齡和我相符的控制組

And there I got a gigantic one,

我有這條巨大的幹線

and the control over there, the blue one,

對照組的是藍色線

has got a really small one.

很細

And some of the research now is showing

目前有些研究顯示

is that people on the spectrum actually think with primary visual cortex.

自閉症的人　以視覺皮層為主要的的思考

Now, the thing is, the visual thinker's just one kind of mind.

重點是 視覺思只是其中一種思考方式

You see, the autistic mind tends to be a specialist mind --

自閉症通常擁有比較特別的心智

good at one thing, bad at something else.

往往在某一方面很好　但在其他方面很糟

And where I was bad was algebra. And I was never allowed

我的代數很糟　我無法選擇

to take geometry or trig.

幾何學或三角函數的課程

Gigantic mistake: I'm finding a lot of kids who need to skip algebra,

這是很嚴重的錯誤　我發現許多孩童需要跳過代數

go right to geometry and trig.

直接學幾何或是三角函數

Now, another kind of mind is the pattern thinker.

另外一種思考方式是模式思考者

More abstract. These are your engineers,

更抽象 就像是工程師

your computer programmers.

電腦程式師

Now, this is pattern thinking. That praying mantis

這是模式思考　那隻祈禱的螳螂

is made from a single sheet of paper --

是由單一的一張紙做出來的

no scotch tape, no cuts.

沒膠帶 沒裁剪

And there in the background is the pattern for folding it.

後面就是折疊的圖案

Here are the types of thinking:

思考的種類如下：

photo-realistic visual thinkers, like me;

圖像寫實視覺思考 像我就是

pattern thinkers, music and math minds.

模式思考者 音樂家及數學家的心智

Some of these oftentimes have problems with reading.

這類的人常有閱讀上的問題

You also will see these kind of problems

你也會發現有朗讀問題的孩童

with kids that are dyslexic.

也會有這方面的特徵

You'll see these different kinds of minds.

你將發現這些不同種類的心智

And then there's a verbal mind, they know every fact about everything.

還有口語的心智　 他們知道所有事情的理論

Now, another thing is the sensory issues.

另一個議題是感知問題

I was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face.

我對必須戴這裝備很憂慮

And I came in half an hour beforehand

我在開場前半小時就到場

so I could have it put on and kind of get used to it,

將設備安裝好　並且習慣它

and they got it bent so it's not hitting my chin.

為了不要碰到我的下巴 他們還把它折彎了

But sensory is an issue. Some kids are bothered by fluorescent lights;

感知是個問題 　有些孩童會被日光燈干擾

others have problems with sound sensitivity.

有些則有聲音敏感的問題

You know, it's going to be variable.

各類型的問題都有

Now, visual thinking gave me a whole lot of insight

視覺思考讓我了解很多

into the animal mind.

動物的想法

Because think about it: An animal is a sensory-based thinker,

想想看 動物是一種以感知為基礎的思考者

not verbal -- thinks in pictures,

不是以文字　而是以圖像

thinks in sounds, thinks in smells.

以聲音來思考 以氣味來思考

Think about how much information there is there on the local fire hydrant.

想想看　路邊的消防栓上有多少的資訊

He knows who's been there, when they were there.

牠知道誰去過那裡 知道何時去那裡

Are they friend or foe? Is there anybody he can go mate with?

是友是敵 有誰可以當伴的嗎

There's a ton of information on that fire hydrant.

消防栓有數以萬計的訊息

It's all very detailed information,

全都是非常細節的資訊

and, looking at these kind of details

觀察這種細節

gave me a lot of insight into animals.

讓我更深入了解動物

Now, the animal mind, and also my mind,

動物的思考與我的思考

puts sensory-based information

都是將感官的訊息

into categories.

歸類處理

Man on a horse

人騎在馬上

and a man on the ground --

和站在地上

that is viewed as two totally different things.

視為完全不同的事物

You could have a horse that's been abused by a rider.

一匹被騎士虐待過的馬

They'll be absolutely fine with the veterinarian

獸醫檢查過沒問題

and with the horseshoer, but you can't ride him.

也可以釘馬蹄鐵　但你就是不能騎牠

You have another horse, where maybe the horseshoer beat him up

另一匹馬　也許馬夫打過牠

and he'll be terrible for anything on the ground,

牠將永遠對地上的事物感到恐懼

with the veterinarian, but a person can ride him.

即使獸醫也不例外　但人們可以騎牠

Cattle are the same way.

牛隻也不例外

Man on a horse,

騎在馬上的人

a man on foot -- they're two different things.

與站在地上的人　被視為兩件絕然不同的事

You see, it's a different picture.

你看這是不同的圖片

See, I want you to think about just how specific this is.

各位想想看　這是多麼具體的細節

Now, this ability to put information into categories,

這種將資訊歸類的能力

I find a lot of people are not very good at this.

我發覺許多人並不擅長這種能力

When I'm out troubleshooting equipment

當我去察看問題設備

or problems with something in a plant,

或農場東西有問題時

they don't seem to be able to figure out, "Do I have a training people issue?

他們似乎是無法發覺問題所在 「我有人力訓練的問題嗎？」

Or do I have something wrong with the equipment?"

或是「我的設備有問題嗎？」

In other words, categorize equipment problem

換句話說 將問題歸類於設備

from a people problem.

或是人力的問題

I find a lot of people have difficulty doing that.

我發現很多人不會這麼做

Now, let's say I figure out it's an equipment problem.

這樣說吧！這是設備問題

Is it a minor problem, with something simple I can fix?

一個小的，簡單的我就可以處理的問題？

Or is the whole design of the system wrong?

還是這是整個系統的錯誤設計？

People have a hard time figuring that out.

人們很難分辨

Let's just look at something like, you know,

讓我們來看看這個

solving problems with making airlines safer.

如何解決問題讓飛機更安全

Yeah, I'm a million-mile flyer.

是的 我是個飛行常客

I do lots and lots of flying,

我常在飛行

and if I was at the FAA,

我若是任職FFA

what would I be doing a lot of direct observation of?

我會把觀察重點放在哪裡呢？

It would be their airplane tails.

飛機的機尾

You know, five fatal wrecks in the last 20 years,

過去20年間有5次嚴重的失事

the tail either came off or steering stuff inside the tail broke

不是機尾脫落就是機尾內導向的零件故障

in some way.

形式不一

It's tails, pure and simple.

就是機尾 簡單明瞭

And when the pilots walk around the plane, guess what? They can't see

當駕駛員檢查時 他們就是看不出來

that stuff inside the tail.

機尾的問題

You know, now as I think about that,

現在當我思考那問題時

I'm pulling up all of that specific information.

我提出所有確切的資訊

It's specific. See, my thinking's bottom-up.

很明確的　所以 我的思考是從細節到全體

I take all the little pieces and I put the pieces together like a puzzle.

我將所有的小片段放在一起就像拼圖一樣

Now, here is a horse that was deathly afraid

這是一隻非常害怕

of black cowboy hats.

黑色牛仔帽的馬

He'd been abused by somebody with a black cowboy hat.

牠曾被戴黑色牛仔帽的人虐待過

White cowboy hats, that was absolutely fine.

白色牛仔帽則完全沒問題

Now, the thing is, the world is going to need

這世界將需要

all of the different kinds of minds

各種型態心智的人

to work together.

一起合作

We've got to work on developing all these different kinds of minds.

我們必須合力開發所有類型的心智

And one of the things that is driving me really crazy,