Milk does a body something. But even if you GOT it, do you WANT it?

牛奶對身體是有那麼點幫助，但是就算你同意了，你真的需要它嗎?

Television has run commercials asking if we have milk and if we are drinking milk for our strong bones,

電視廣告一直以來告訴我們，我們是否有攝取牛奶以增強骨骼

but science is starting to look at this and say, "hold up."

不過以科學的角度來看，開始有新的聲音說:「等等，別急著喝。」

A study from Uppsala University in Sweden looked at how the amount of milk consumed can affect

瑞典的Uppsala大學的一項研究指出，牛奶攝取的多寡如何長久地

health in the long term of various people, and according to their results, mo milk, is mo problems.

長遠影響不同人的健康，根據研究的結果，懵懵(哞哞)懂懂地喝，問題默默(哞哞)地浮現

Their study, which followed over 100,000 men and women aged 39 to 79 years.

他們的研究，長期追蹤10萬個年齡位在39到79歲的男女，

The women were followed for 20 years, and then men for 11, on average. Overall, their results found that

平均來看，女性追蹤達20年之久，男性則有11年。整體來看，結果發現

people who drank three or more glasses of milk per day died at almost TWICE the rate

一天內攝取三杯以上牛奶的人，比起一天攝取不到一杯牛奶的人

of those who drank less than one. So… that's huge. The study, published in BMJ, says the

幾乎多了「兩」倍的死亡機率，看來有相當大的差距。在BMJ的一項研究指出

reason for the increase in death MAY be because galactose // which SOUNDS like an awesome

死亡率增加的原因「可能」是因為半乳糖的關係 (聽起來像90年代漫畫裡的壞蛋)

bad guy from a 90s comic book, but it's not, it's a simple sugar found in milk. They picked

可惜不是，它是牛奶裡的一種糖分。他們之所以點名「半乳糖」

that sugar because of a separate study, where galactose was given to animals and

是因為另一則研究的動物實驗，他們將半乳糖餵食給動物，

they died faster thanks to oxidative stress and inflammation.

牠們因為氧化、發炎的反應而加速死亡

Basically, according to their findings, the risk of death rose 15 percent for every glass of milk consumed per day,

根據他們研究的發現，一天一杯牛奶的攝取，增加了15個百分比的死亡機率

and for women it actually INCREASED bone fractures, not decreased.

對女性來說，事實上骨質疏鬆反倒有增無減

BEFORE YOU FREAK OUT AND DUMP YOUR DAIRY. Cheese and yogurt and stuff might be okay.

在你驚恐，把乳製品銷毀以前，還有救星。起士、優格等等則沒有太大的問題。

They have little or no galactose. Their study also found women who ate fermented cheese products

因為半乳糖的成分少之又少，甚至沒有。研究也發現到，攝取發酵起士製品的女性

were LESS likely to die.

死亡機率比較少。

All this aside, the researchers ended their study by saying one of my favorite phrases:

此外，研究員下結論時，也說了一句我最喜愛的話，那就是:

MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED. I quote, "People should not change their dietary habits because of this study."

「需要更多的研究佐證。」恕我引用:「我們不應該因為這項研究，而改變攝取乳製品的飲食習慣。」

It's correlation, not causation.

關鍵在他們的關聯性，並非絕對的因果關係。

This got me thinking, why do we even drink moo juice in the first place? We're not the

這讓我想到，我們為何一開始要攝取那麼多乳汁呢? 雖然我們人類並非地球上

ONLY species on the planet to drink another species milk. There are nursing baby animals

攝取其他生物乳汁的唯一生物，仍有其他嗷嗷待哺的小動物

that drink milk from adopted lactating parents, but the thing is… they're all babies.

在牠們的哺乳期也從其他生物母體攝取乳汁；但我要說的是，因為牠們是幼獸啊。

Most animals stop drinking milk and lose the ability to digest it as they age.

多數的動物隨著年紀增加，牠們會斷奶也失去消化牛奶的能力。

However, another study, also from Uppsala University // the Swedes drink a lot of milk, I guess // reports

然而，然而，一樣來自Uppsala大學的研究指出 (我在猜，瑞典人同樣喝很多的牛奶)

ancient Iberian DNA might indicate why we drink milk at all! The enzyme that allows

從古時候伊比利亞人的DNA知道，為何我們後來會喝牛乳，是因為在一萬年前

us to drink milk, lactase, only evolved in the last 10,000 years (a blink of an eye in biological time)

有一種稱之為「乳糖酶」的演化，讓我們現在得以消化與吸收(一萬年對生物史僅僅是一眨眼的時間)

The reason it evolved is because of disaster -- a famine. It was either, adapt or die,

演化的原因出在一場飢荒。兩種可能: 適應生存下來或死路一條

and somehow the human body was able to form lactase persistence -- or the ability to digest lactose as an adult.

而人類體內的機制以一種方式，來抵抗「乳糖酶」，或者成人能夠消化「乳糖酶」

The drinking of milk would have allowed humans to gather vitamin D

牛奶的攝取讓人類得以吸收維他命D

and absorb calcium, keeping them alive and healthy -- similar to the newer study,

吸收鈣質，維持生命與健康；更新的研究也說道

they also say cheese and yogurt are better, mostly because they're easier to consume

起士、優格比較好攝取

due to lower levels of lactose due to fermentation.

主要是因為它們經過發酵而含有較少的乳糖。

Bottom line, maybe think about cutting down on milk servings and substitute it for some yogurt or cheese instead.

再重申一次，或許你會考慮減少牛乳份量的攝取、用一些起士或優格來替代

too much dairy can cause health risks like weight gain, diabetes, cancer and osteoporosis.

而過多乳製品的攝取會造成健康上的風險，例如: 體重增加、糖尿病、癌症和骨質疏鬆

It can also cause acne, digestive distress, allergies, asthma and more!

也有可能會造成面皰、消化不適、過敏、哮喘等等更多問題!

Dairy is controversial, simply because so many of us love it, but also because

乳製品爭議不斷，許多人愛不釋手，也因為

its popular consumption in the US is driven by lobbyists.

遊說者對美國乳製品廣受歡迎的消費現象所進行的遊說

You have to make your own decisions, so read the science and let us know what you think!

你自己做個決定，了解相 關的科學研究，讓我們知道你的想法是甚麼!

If you're interested in learning more about the food you'er shoving in your mouth, Audible.com

如果你對 送進嘴裡的食物 有更多的興趣，來Audible.com

massive library of downloadable digital audiobooks. They've got 150,000 titles and they work on ANY device.

有許多電子有聲書讓你下載，有15萬本書，任何裝置都可支援

There are fiction books, non-fiction books, bestsellers, and tons of other categories.

有小說類、非小說類、暢銷書，還有更多其他的類別

If you like food and haven't read Michael Pollan, check out In Defense of Food,

如果喜歡食物，還沒看過Michael Pollan的書，看看 In Defense of Food這本書

you'll never eat the same way again. Super interesting stuff. You can get any audiobook for free

你再也不會重蹈覆轍你現在的飲食方式了。更棒的是，有免費的有聲書要送給你

by going to audible.com/dnews and you'll also get a 30 day free trial!

只要你上audile.com/dnews，有30天免費試用期要送給你!