Hey! We're here with Jim Holstein, who's the— you're the collection manager... - Collection manager, right.

嘿！我們旁邊這位是吉姆‧荷斯汀，是位...你是庫藏品經理... - 庫藏品經理，對。

- of meteorites. - Meteorites, mineralogy, jewelry, and gemstones.

- 管隕石的。 - 隕石、礦物、珠寶，還有寶石。

But mainly meteorites 'cause that's our most popular exhibit.

但主要還是隕石啦，因為那是我們最熱門的展示品。

- What is a meteorite? - What do you think a meteorite is?

- 什麼是隕石？ - 你認為什麼是隕石呢？

- A meteorite is a part of a planet that was blasted off, that came through space, through the atmosphere, and landed on Earth.

隕石是一顆行星噴出來的一小部份，飛過太空，穿越大氣層，再掉到地表上。

- Okay, that's... - Is that kinda close? - That's close enough.

- 好吧，那個... - 多少有點接近吧？ - 很接近了。

I mean you could have my job- that's all you need to know, actually. That's it. - That's— oh, alright.

我是說你有資格接我的工作了...知道這樣就很夠了。就這樣。 - 那真是...哦，好吧。

- But meteorites, yeah, these are the rocks that fall from space when they're found on the surface of the earth.

- 那隕石啊，這個，就是從外太空飛來的石頭然後在地表被找到。

We have three terms: a meteoroid is when it's floating around in space;

我們有三個術語：流星體是還在太空飄的；

when it's making that streak through the atmosphere, they call that a meteor;

當它劃過天際而下，那是流星；

and then when you pick up the rock from the ground they call that a meteorite.

然後當你從地上撿起那個石頭這就叫隕石。

- Nice. And then there are different kinds of meteorites. - Right. There are three broad categories of meteorites.

- 很好。而隕石還分若干種類。 - 對的。隕石大致上分為三大類。

You have stony meteorites, which are made out of...? - Stone

有一種是石隕石，是由什麼構成的？ - 岩石。

- Iron meteorites which are made out of— - Iron. Iron. - Oh you're jumping ahead!

那鐵隕石是由什麼構成的？ - 鐵。鐵啦。 - 噢，你反應好快！

- And stony-iron meteorites which are made out of...? - Both stone and iron! - Yes!

那還有石鐵隕石是由什麼構成的？ - 又有石頭又有鐵！ - 嘿嘿...對！

- I am an expert! - You are an expert.

- 我是專家！ - 你的確是專家！

And so when these things were originally formed at the beginning of our solar system

那麼當這些東西剛形成於我們太陽系誕生時

about 4.5 billion years ago, you had two broad categories of stony meteorites.

大約四十五億年前，石隕石可粗分為兩類。

You have chonditic meteorites and achondritic meteorites

那就是球粒隕石和非球粒隕石。

- Okay, I don't know what those are. - Yeah. So now we're getting a little bit deeper now.

- 好吧，這些我就不知道了。 - 對。我們現在比較深入一點了。

Chondritic meteorites are from planetary bodies that are undifferentiated.

球粒隕石來自還沒有分化的星體。

- Now what does that mean? - Yeah I don't know what that means. - Let's go to the board!

- 那是什麼意思呢？ - 我不知道那是什麼意思。 - 讓我們去白板畫給你看。

- Yay!

好耶！

- Ok, so in the middle of the earth, you have what is called the...? - Core.

好吧，地球正中央的東西叫做什麼？ - 地核。

- Yes. Core. - I didn't know I was going to be quizzed today.

對，地核。 - 我不知道今天有抽考欸。

- You have to earn this. Outside the core you have the what?

嘻嘻嘻...天下沒有白吃的午餐嘛。地核的外面是什麼？

- Uh, not the mantle...

呃，應該不是地函吧...

- No, you're right, it is the mantle - Is it? It is the mantle? Ok.

其實你是對的，就是地函。 - 真的哦？真的是地函？好吧。

- And that's my good spelling. And on the outside, the very thin layer, we call that— - The crust!

我的拼字還好啦。再往外層，很薄的一層，就叫做... - 地殼。

- The crust. So core, mantel, crust. That's a differentiated body.

地殼。所以是地核、地函和地殼。這是已分化的星體。

Some of these meteorites actually came from differentiated bodies out in the solar system.

有些隕石其實來自太陽系中已分化的星體。

These are differentiated bodies that broke apart.

也就是已分化的星體分裂出來的部份。

So for example we talked about the three basic types— the iron, the stony, and the stony-iron meteorites.

以我們談過的三種主要隕石型態(鐵隕石、石隕石、石鐵隕石)而言...

The iron meteorites are actually samples of the cores of these planetary bodies that are differentiated.

鐵隕石其實就是已分化的星體的地核樣本。

- So how do you get a core from a planet? I mean that'd have to be a pretty gigantic impact,

怎麼樣才能得到一個星球的地核樣本啊？我是說，那一定得是很巨大的撞擊才行。

or is it like spit up? -Yeah, absolutely. No no, ok so back to the board again.

還是它自己裂開來的？ - 對，正是。不，不是這樣，讓我們回到白板。

What's a good color for the sun?

要畫太陽什麼顏色比較好？

- Red.

紅色。

- I guess, I don't have any yellow.

我猜也是，反正我也沒有黃筆。

So here we have the sun. S. - That's a tiny sun.

所以這是太陽...S。 - 好小一顆太陽噢。

- And we'll do the planets in blue.

然後用藍色畫行星。

Then we have closest to the sun, we have an orbit, and a planet called Mercury, right? - Mercury.

在最靠近太陽的地方，畫個軌道，有個行星叫水星，對吧？ - 水星。

And that is, what? - Venus. - Venus.

那這是什麼？ - 金星。 - 金星。

And after that we have - It's earth - Yeah it is earth. Yeah, yeah, clearly it's earth.

接下來是... - 是地球。 - 對呀就是地球。對，對，很明顯就是地球。

And then beyond earth, we have what? - Mars.

那在地球外面是什麼？ - 火星。

- Mars, the red planet, Mars.

火星，紅色行星，火星。

And then out beyond Mars we have what? What's the next one after Mars?

然後在火星外面是什麼？火星的下一個是什麼？

- Um, see I have to keep going through "my very enthusiastic mother"... Jupiter.

嗯看來我得要用行星聯想口訣了...木星。 (My Very Enthusiastic Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas) (Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto)

- Jupiter!

木星！

Jupiter is out here. But there's this gap here between Mars and Jupiter.

木星在外面。但是火星跟木星中間有空隙。

And in this gap is the asteroid belt

而這個空隙就是小行星帶。

so we have asteroids, and these are all these failed planetary bodies that broke apart.

所以這些是小行星，而它們是未成形的行星體的破碎殘骸。

And a lot of these were impacting each other.

而它們之間很多互相撞來撞去。

And these are all in orbit around the sun at this point.

而它們目前都繞著太陽轉。

So when they get impacted by another asteroid, it puts it on a different orbit

所以當某個小行星被另外一個撞到，運行軌道就會改變

which puts it in an elliptical around the sun, and sometimes,

成為一個繞著太陽的橢圓形軌道，有時候呢，

that elliptical orbit crosses the earth's orbit, so when the earth is going around

那個橢圓形軌道和地球的軌道交叉，所以當地球繞著

its own orbit, it would sometimes hit the orbit of one of these asteroids, or meteoroids

自己的軌道，它有時候會撞進那個改變了方向的小行星(也就是流星體)的軌道

and then you have a very frowny-faced Earth

這時候地球的臉就臭了

Awww - that gets hit by an asteroid.

噢 - 因為它被一顆小行星撞到了。

We have about 80,000 tons of material that enters the atmosphere every single year.

每一年大概有八萬噸的物體進入我們的大氣層。

Really - Most of it is dust size.

真的噢 - 絕大部份跟塵埃一樣小。

And you have maybe one or two events, car size object that hits the earth, and most of it hits the ocean.

大概有一兩次，大小跟車子一樣大的東西撞到地球，不過多數是掉進海裡。

Differentiated bodies: core, mantel, crust. - Yeah

分化的星體：地核、地函、地殼。 - 是的。

- But that doesn't comprise the majority of meteorites that we have.

但是這並不涵蓋絕大部份我們擁有的隕石。

The majority of meteorites we have are these stony chondritic meteorites which come from undifferentiated bodies

我們擁有的隕石絕大部份都是這種球粒石隕石，是由未分化的星體來的

- So one all homogeneous lump? - One all homogeneous things

所以質地是一致的？ - 一整個相同質地。

And these comprise of about, almost 90% of all meteorites that are found on earth.

它們占了大約，幾乎所有地表找到的隕石的九成。

- Wow. Oh, well that's pretty.

哇。哦，這個漂亮。

- And what's special about those is that um, it didn't differentiate, which means

而它們特殊的地方在於，嗯，沒有分化，也就是說

that it has all the metal still in the rock.

它的金屬都還在石頭裡面。

It's a very homogeneous piece of all metals, minerals, all mixed together

它的質地非常一致地把金屬跟礦物都混在一起

If you hold it in the right light - Yeah You see little flakes of metal in there

如果你拿著對好光線 - 對呀 你會在這裡看到細小的金屬閃爍光芒

- It's shiny. - It's very sparkly.

它好亮噢。 - 它非常閃閃發光。

- Can you see it? Why is it dark on the outside?

看得到嗎？為什麼外面是黑色的？

- That's called fusion crust, and that's what happens when the thing enters the atmosphere.

那叫做熔凝殼，是進入大氣層之後的結果。

And as the atmosphere gets super heated, melts the outside and that becomes black.

大氣摩擦造成高溫，把外層融化使它變黑。

You also get those indentations you see on the outside

這也會造成外面看得到的那些凹痕

those indentations are caused by atmospheric heating as well.

那些凹痕也是大氣摩擦帶來的高溫所導致的。

And so that these undifferentiated meteorites

所以啊這些未分化的隕石

are the most common ones, and um,

是最普通的，而...

back in early history of the solar system, these would eventually in some cases heat up,

在太陽系的早期歷史哩，它們本來是該變熱的，

and become differentiated. Earth was an undifferentiated body at one time,

然後開始分化。地球本來也曾經是未分化的，

and then it heated up to the point where all the metal went to the core

然後它溫度升到了所有金屬沉入地核的程度...被萬有引力拉進去了

and by mass it all sort of differentiated out, it separated itself out.

然後，呃，它的成份都自動分化出來了。

- Wow. That is amazing. My mind is being blown right now.

哇。這太神奇了。現在我的頭快昏了。

- So stony iron meteorites.

這是石鐵隕石。

These comprise of less than 1% of all falls or finds.

它們只佔所有已發現隕石的百分之一還不到。

- And this is the one that has both rock and iron in it? - Mhm.

而它同時有岩石和鐵在裡面？ - 嗯哼。

- It's beautiful. - You can see these uh, nicely formed mineral grains.

它好漂亮。 - 你可以看到這些，呃，完美成型的礦物顆粒。

These are actually crystals, they're actually gemstones that are embedded in this metal matrix.

那些其實是結晶，其實是龕在金屬格子裡的寶石。

- So what kind of gem stones are you-- - You usually see olivine, and it's a very common gemstone on earth.

你指的是哪種寶石... - 你通常看得到橄欖石，那是種地球上非常普遍的寶石。

These are formed deep in the mantel, and a meteorite like that, one of the theories is that

它們在地函非常深的地方形成，而對這一種隕石有個理論認為

it was actually formed at the core mantel boundary, so

它其實形成於地核和地函交界處，因此

we had the illustration of the differentiated bodies--the core and mantel

我們就有了地核和地函的差異處的側寫

The idea is that you get intermixing between the core and mantel, and when that body fell apart, that's how they harden

它的主張是這是地核和地函的混和物，而當這物質分裂出來後就變硬了

they harden they cool, they crystalize, and they um, froze out with the minerals embedded in the metal.

它因為冷卻而變硬並且產生結晶，然後，嗯，冷掉時也把礦物質卡在金屬裡。

Let's talk about Mars! - I wanna talk about Mars.

讓我們談談火星！ - 我想談談火星。

Ok, so we talk about the rarity of these things,

好吧，我們談到了這些東西有多罕見，

and I talk about how the stony irons are the rarest of the three broad categories

而且我也談到了石鐵隕石是三大類隕石中最罕見的

but there's rarer objects still, and these Martian meteorites are in fact

但是還有比這個更罕見的，而這些火星隕石其實就是

- Oh my gosh. - One of the rarest types of meteorites.

我的天啊 - 最稀有的隕石之一

- This is a piece of Mars. - That is a piece of Mars. This fell in 2011 in Morocco.

這是火星的一部份 - 它是火星的一部份。它在2011年掉到摩洛哥。

- So what does this tell you about Mars?

這說明了關於火星的什麼事？

- So basically when an object hits Mars, it actually excavates a part of Mars out of it

基本上就是當有東西撞到火星，它真的從火星挖走了一部份

and this actually came all the way from Mars so it tells a lot about the mineralogy.

然後還大老遠從火星遠道而來，告訴了我們很多關於火星礦物學的事

How do we know it's from Mars? That's the biggest question.

我們怎麼知道它是從火星來的？這是個最大的疑問。

- Yeah. - For example, the lunar meteorites that we have collected on earth

- 對呀。 呃，比方說，在地表收集到的月球隕石

we're able to match those up geochemically to the lunar meteorites brought back by the Apollo astronauts.

我們能夠拿來跟阿波羅登月計畫得到的月球岩石做地質化學比較。

- Ok. - But we don't have any Martian rocks.

- 好吧。 但是我們沒有任何火星岩石。

- Because we haven't been to Mars. - We haven't been to Mars.

因為我們還沒登陸火星。 - 是還沒有。

- What the Mars rover up to lately?

那火星漫遊車最近都在幹嘛？

- It is looking at things very much similar to this right now.

它正在檢視跟這傢伙非常類似的東西。

But, what we do know a lot about is the Martian atmosphere.

但是啊，我們對火星大氣層可是摸的一清二楚的。

We know what it's made out of, and what this has inside of it

我們知道它的成份有什麼，而這個東西裡面

is a sample of the Martian atmosphere.

就含有火星大氣的樣本。

So that could be extracted and is an exact match to the Martian atmosphere.

把它抽取出來就發現跟火星大氣完全吻合。

- So it's like a finger print, like atmosph-- - It's a fingerprint.

所以這像是指紋，像大氣... - 這像是指紋。

Atmospheres have fingerprints.

大氣層裡的指紋。

- That's amazing! - CSI Meteorites.

太神奇了！ - CSI隕石

- That's amazing! - That's what we do here.

太神奇了！ - 我們的工作就是這樣。