I could show you what recently was

我可以給大家看看

on television as a high quality video:

最近在電視上播出評價很高

60 Minutes, many of you may have seen it.

「60分鐘」，大部分的人應該都有看過

And it was the now director of the entire piece of the

主角是現任的退伍軍人協會會長

veteran's administration--

主角是現任的退伍軍人協會會長

who, himself, had lost an arm 39 years ago in Vietnam--

他在39年前，在越南失去了一條手臂

who was adamantly opposed to these crazy devices that don't work.

他很固執地拒絕使用以前那種不好用的義肢

And it turns out that with 60 Minutes cameras rolling in the background,

當「60分鐘」一開始採訪他的時候

after he pretty much made his position clear on this --

他立即表明他的立場

he had his hook and he had his --

雖然他有那種有鈎子的義肢

he wore this arm for less than two hours

他換上新式義肢不到二個小時

and was able to pour himself a drink and got quite emotional over the fact that, quote --

他就能自己倒水了，他激動地說

his quote --

他說

it's the first time he's felt like he's had an arm in 39 years.

這是他39年來第一次覺得自己的手臂又長回來了

But that would sort of be jumping to the middle of the story,

我好像講得太快了... 都跳到故事中段去了

and I'm not going to show you that polished video.

我今天不想放那段修飾過的影片

I'm going to, instead, in a minute or two,

我想要放的是更早之前拍的

show you an early, crude video

一段較為寫實的一至二分鐘影片

because I think it's a better way to tell a story.

我覺得這段影片更能表達出真實的故事

A few years ago I was visited by the guy that runs DARPA,

幾年前，國防部高等計畫研究局的局長來找我

the people that fund all the advanced technologies that

他們贊助的先進科技

businesses and universities probably wouldn't take the risk of doing.

是許多企業或大學認為不值得投資的科技

They have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers.

他們對可以協助軍人的科技特別感興趣

I get this sort of unrequested -- by me anyway -- visit,

就這樣，我見了這個不速之客

and sitting in my conference room is a very senior surgeon

陪同局長坐在我的會議室的，是軍中的一位資深外科手術醫生

from the military and the guy that runs DARPA.

陪同局長坐在我的會議室的，是軍中的一位資深外科手術醫生

They proceed to tell me a story

他們告訴我一件事

which comes down to basically the following.

那就是接下來基本上所說的

We have used such advanced technologies now

我們現在所使用的科技非常先進

and made them available in the most remote places that we put soldiers:

就連遠在阿富汗、伊拉克 山岳裡的軍人，也都可以使用

hills of Afghanistan, Iraq ...

就連遠在阿富汗、伊拉克 山岳裡的軍人，也都可以使用

They were quite proud of the fact that you know,

他們對此感到很驕傲

before the dust clears,

因為在戰事過後

if some soldier has been hurt they will have collected him or her,

如果有士兵受傷了

they will have brought him back,

他們很快就能把士兵救回來

they will be getting world-class triage emergency care faster than you and I would be getting it

送到醫院， 讓受傷的士兵接受世界級的急救醫療

if we were hurt in a car accident in a major city in the United States.

其速度之快，比你我在美國各大都市發生車禍受傷， 被送到醫院接受急救還要快

That's the good news.

這很不錯

The bad news is

糟糕的是

if they've collected this person and he or she is missing an arm or

若他們救回來的士兵， 斷了一條手臂

leg, part of the face, it's probably not coming back.

斷了一條腿、 或毀容了，就很難回復到原來的狀況

So, they started giving me the statistics on how many of these kids had lost an arm.

他們告訴我這些士兵斷掉手臂的統計數據

And then the surgeon pointed out, with a lot of anger,

外科手術醫生則氣沖沖地說

he said, "Why is it?

他說：為什麼？

At the end of the Civil War, they were shooting each other with muskets.

在南北戰爭的時候， 大家用的是毛瑟槍

If somebody lost an arm,

如果有人斷了手臂

we gave them a wooden stick with a hook on it.

我們就幫他們裝上一支木棍，外加一個鈎子

Now we've got F18s and F22s, and if somebody loses an arm,

我們現在都已經改用F18和F22戰機了，為什麼每當有人手臂斷掉時

we give them a plastic stick with a hook on it."

我們還是只給他們一支塑膠棍子外加一個鈎子呢？

And they basically said, "This is unacceptable,"

他們覺得這樣很不合理

and then the punchline:

最後他們說

"So, Dean, we're here because you make medical stuff.

迪恩， 我知道你有製作醫療器材

You're going to give us an arm."

你一定要幫我們做出一支手臂來。

And I was waiting for the 500 pages of bureaucracy, paperwork and DODs.

那時我想，或許他們會給我一份高達500頁的官樣文章

No, the guy says,

結果沒有。局長說

"We're going to bring a guy into this conference room,

我們會請一位斷了手臂的士兵來這裡

and wearing the arm you're going to give us,

試戴你為我們設計的義肢

he or she is going to pick up a raisin or a grape off this table.

他要能用那支義肢拿起桌上的葡萄乾或葡萄

If it's the grape, they won't break it."

而不會把葡萄捏碎

Great he needs efferent, afferent, haptic response sensors.

哦！他們要的就是要具備傳出、傳入的功能，還要有觸覺

"If it's the raisin, they won't drop it."

而要不會把葡萄乾掉在地上

So he wants fine motor control:

義肢要能控制細部動作

flex at the wrist, flex at the elbow, abduct and flex at the shoulder.

手腕要能彎曲， 手肘要能彎曲，肩膀要能彎曲和伸展

Either way they were going to eat it.

不管怎樣就是要把食物送進嘴裡就是了

"Oh, by the way Dean.

對了，迪恩

It's going to fit on a 50th percentile female frame --

我們要的是一般女人尺寸的義肢

namely 32 inches from the long finger -- and weigh less than nine pounds.

也就是從肩膀到手指長約80公分，重量不超過4公斤的義肢

" 50th percentile female frame."

也就是一般女人的尺寸，裡面要有所有的功能

"And it's going to be completely self contained including all its power.

當然還要包含電力供應系統。

So, they finished that. And I, as you can tell, am a bashful guy.

他們說完了。但我，你看得出來...我是個靦腆的人

I told them they're nuts.

我告訴他們，他們瘋了

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

They've been watching too much "Terminator." (Laughter)

他們大概看太多「魔鬼終結者」了 (笑聲)

Then, the surgeon says to me,

接著，外科手術醫生告訴我

"Dean, you need to know more than two dozen of these kids have come back bilateral.

迪恩，你必須知道， 有超過24個士兵 是雙臂全斷的

"Now, I cannot imagine -- I'm sorry, you may have a better

我真的很難想像， 你們可能比我

imagination than I do -- I can't imagine losing my arm,

更能想像吧... 我不能想像失去手臂的感覺

and typically at 22 years old.

尤其是在22歲這麼年輕的時候

But compared to that, losing two?

但失去一條手臂和失去雙臂比起來

Seems like that would be an inconvenience.

似乎只是稍微有點不方便而已

Anyway, I went home that night. I thought about it. I literally could not sleep

總之，我那晚回到家，我思考著這件事， 無法入眠

thinking about, "I wonder how you'd roll over with no shoulders."

因為我在想，如果沒有肩膀，要怎麼翻身？

So, I decided we've got to do this.

因此，我決定要開發這種義肢

And trust me, I've got a day job, I've got a lot of day jobs.

相信我，我那時有白天的工作，有好幾個白天的工作

Most of my day job keeps me busy funding my fantasies like FIRST and water and power ....

這些工作主要是為我手上的幾個專案籌募資金，像是創新專案和水電專案等

And I've got a lot of day jobs.

雖然我已經有這麼多事要做

But I figured I gotta do this.

但我想：「這件事一定要做。」

Did a little investigation, went down to Washington, told them

我做了一些調查， 然後我跑到華盛頓去告訴他們

I still think they're nuts but we're going to do it.

我還是覺得他們瘋了，但我們會盡力開發

And I told them I'd build them an arm.

我告訴他們我會開發這種義肢

I told them it would probably take five years to get through the FDA,

然後大概要等上五年FDA(食品藥物管理局)才會通過

and probably 10 years to be reasonably functional.

我估計大概要十年才能讓義肢運作

Look what it takes to make things like iPods.

你看看iPod花了多少時間才上市

"Great," he said, "You got two years."

局長說：「很好，你只有二年時間。」

I said, "I'll tell you what.

我說：這麼說吧

I'll build you an arm that's under nine pounds that has all that capability in one year.

開發這個不到4公斤的義肢，裡面還要有這麼多功能，只需要一年時間

It will take the other nine to make it functional and useful.

但要讓義肢變得好用並順利運作，得花另外九年的時間

" We sort of agreed to disagree.

我們都瞭解彼此的看法了

I went back and I started putting a team together,

我回去組了一個團隊

the best guys I could find with a passion to do this.

團隊裡都是具有無比熱情的菁英份子

At the end of exactly one year we had a device with 14 degrees of freedom,

在一年過去之後，我們開發出一個擁有14個自由度的義肢

all the sensors, all the microprocessors, all the stuff inside.

裡面有好幾組感知器和微處理器， 還有各項必備零件

I could show you it with a cosmesis on it that's so real it's eerie,

我可以給你們看包覆了人工皮膚之後的樣子， 看起來就像真的手臂一樣

but then you wouldn't see all this cool stuff.

但你們就看不到裡面那些很酷的零件了

I then thought it would be years before we'd

我接著想到或許還要好幾年

be able to make it really, really useful.

才能把這種義肢修正到真正好用的狀況

It turned out, as I think you could see in Aimee's capabilities and attitudes,

但後來，從艾美(Aimee Mullins)的能力和態度 我想你們也看得到

people with a desire to do something are quite remarkable and nature is quite adaptable.

只要有心就能把事情做得很棒， 人們有很強的適應力

Anyway, with less than 10 hours of use, two guys -- one that's bilateral.

總之，有二個人試用了不到十小時， 其中一個人雙臂斷掉

He's literally, he's got no shoulder on one side,

有一邊連肩膀也沒有

and he's high trans-humeral on the other. And that's Chuck and Randy together,

另一邊則齊肩斷掉。 這二位是恰克和藍迪

after 10 hours -- were playing in our office.

十個小時之後，他們就在我們的辦公室玩起來了

And we took some pretty cruddy home movies.

於是我們幫他們錄下了一些可愛的片段

At the end of the one I'm going to show,

在這部接下來要播的影片的最後

it's only about a minute and a couple of seconds long,

我要播放的影片大概只有一分多鐘

Chuck does something that to this day I'm jealous of, I can't do it.

恰克做了一件讓我到現在都還很嫉妒的事，因為我做不到

He picks up a spoon, picks it up,

他把一支湯匙拿起來

scoops out some Shredded Wheat and milk,

挖出一些燕麥糊

holds the spoon level as he translates it, moving all these joints simultaneously, to his mouth,

把湯匙放平，然後想辦法同時移動所有的關節， 把東西送進嘴裡

and he doesn't drop any milk.

連一滴燕麥糊也沒有掉下來

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I cannot do that.

我就做不到

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

His wife was standing behind me.

他太太那時站在我後面

She's standing behind me at the time and she says, "Dean,

就站在我後面， 她說：迪恩

Chuck hasn't fed himself in 19 years.

恰克已經有19年沒有自己吃東西了

So, you've got a choice:

所以你有兩個選擇

We keep the arm, or you keep Chuck."

把義肢交給我們，或是我們把恰克留給你 (笑聲)

(Laughter)

(掌聲)

(Applause)

現在可以看影片了嗎？

So, can we see that?

現在恰克在示範如何同時控制所有的關節

This is Chuck showing simultaneous control of all the joints.

他在對我們的控制工程師出拳

He's punching our controls guy.

在他身後的人是我們的工程師兼外科醫生

The guy behind him is our engineer/surgeon,

有他在身邊我們比較放心

which is a convenient guy to have around.

這是藍迪，他們二個在互傳一個橡膠球

There's Randy, these guys are passing a rubber little puck between them.

就如同我旗下的創新基金會的成立宗旨一樣， 這具有高尚、專業的精神，他們很自豪

And just as in the spirit of FIRST, gracious professionalism, they are quite proud of this,

所以決定來喝一杯

so they decide to share a drink.

這可不是一件簡單的事

This is a non-trivial thing to do, by the way.

想像一下，如果你的義肢是一枝木棍外加一個鈎子，你能做到這些事嗎？

Imagine doing that with a wooden stick and a hook on the end of it, doing either of those.

現在，恰克要做一件了不起的事

Now Chuck is doing something quite extraordinary,

而我從來都做不來這件事

at least for my limited physical skill.

現在，他要做的是國防部要求我要做到的

And now he's going to do what DARPA asked me for.

就是要拿起一顆葡萄，他沒有落掉那顆葡萄， 也沒有捏碎它， 他要把它放進嘴裡了

He's going to pick up a grape -- he didn't drop it, he didn't break it -- and he's going to eat it.

這就是我們開發了15個月的成果

So, that's where we were at the end of about 15 months.

(掌聲)

(Applause)

但是，我從理察那裡知道

But, as I've learned from Richard,

技術、處理器、感知器和馬達這一類的東西，全都不重要

the technology, the processors, the sensors, the motors, is not the story.

我還沒見識過整個醫療體系的厲害呢！

I hadn't dealt with this kind of problem or frankly,

我還沒見識過整個醫療體系的厲害呢！

this whole segment of the medical world.

我來告訴各位一些我們在開發過程中，所遇到的各種令人驚訝的事

I'll give you some astounding things that have happened as we started this.

在我們以為自己的設計沒什麼問題之後

After we were pretty much convinced we had a good design,

我們做了許多工程上的標準取捨程序

and we'd have to make all the standard engineering trade-offs you always make --

也就是在四種東西裡面選出三種好的

you can always get three out of four

像是在重量、大小、成本和功能之中進行挑選

of anything you want; the weight, the size, the cost, the functionality --

我把大家都送上我的飛機， 然後告訴他們

I put a bunch of guys in my plane and I said,

我們要飛到華特里德醫院，和那些受傷的士兵訪談

"We're flying down to Walter Reed, and we're going talk to these kids,

老實說，我們喜不喜歡那些義肢並不重要

because frankly it doesn't matter whether we like this arm.

國防部喜不喜歡也不重要

It doesn't matter whether the Department of Defense likes this arm.

當然，當我告訴國防部這個事實時，他們並不高興

"When I told them that they weren't entirely enthusiastic, but

但我告訴他們，他們的意見並不重要

I told them, "It really doesn't matter what their opinion is.

我們只重視一種意見，就是那些受傷士兵的意見，他們想不想用才重要

There is only one opinion that matters, the kids that are either going to use it or not."

我告訴我們的工程師：「我們現在要去華特里德醫院

I told a bunch of my engineers, "Look we're going to walk into Walter Reed,

你們會看到很多失去手腳的人

and you're going to see people, lots of them, missing major body parts.

他們可能會很生氣、憤怒或沮喪

They're probably going to be angry, depressed, frustrated.

我們應該要支持他們，給他們鼓勵

We're probably going to have to give them support, encouragement.

但我們要從他們那裡知道我們到底做得對不對。」

But we've got to extract from them enough information to make sure we're doing the right thing."

當我們走進華特里德醫院之後，我才發現我大錯特錯

We walked into Walter Reed and I could not have been more wrong.

我們確實看到很多人，很多失去手腳的人

We did see a bunch of people, a lot of them missing a lot of body parts,

有人殘餘的肢體有燒傷的痕跡，有人半邊臉不見了，有人的耳朵被燒掉了

and parts they had left were burned; half a face gone, an ear burned off.

他們都圍坐在一張桌子邊

They were sitting at a table.

他們是為我們的到訪而聚集在那裡

They were brought together for us.

所以我們開始問他們問題

And we started asking them all questions.

像是：「我們還沒辦法做到跟天生的肢體一樣

"Look," I'd say to them, "We're not quite as good as nature yet.

但我可以讓你做到細部動作控制，或是讓你拿起20公斤重的東西

I could give you fine motor control, or I could let you curl 40 pounds;

但沒辦法同時做這二件事

I probably can't do both.

我可以用低耗損率的齒輪讓你快速控制你的義肢

I can give you fast control with low reduction ratios in these gears,

或是讓你產生力量，但沒辦法同時做到這二者

or I can give you power; I can't give you both.

我們希望他們全都能幫我們瞭解他們的需求

And we were trying to get them to all help us know what to give them.

但他們表現得太積極了，他們不斷地想

Not only were they enthusiastic, they kept thinking

有什麼可以幫助我們的

they're there to help us.

「嗯，如果我這樣做，可以幫到你們嗎？」

"Well, would it help if I ..."

各位，你們給的夠多了

"Guys, and woman, you've given enough.

我們是來幫助你們的，我們需要你們提供資料，我們要知道你們想要什麼

We're here to help you. We need data. We need to know what you need."

經過一個半小時之後，有個坐在桌子另一頭的人， 他一直沒有說太多話

After a half an hour, maybe, there was one guy at the far end of the table who wasn't saying much.

他斷了一條手臂

You could see he was missing an arm.

就用另一條手臂撐著

He was leaning on his other arm.

我對著桌子另一頭說

I called down to the end,

「嘿，你沒有說什麼話耶， 有沒有什麼是你需要的？」

"Hey, you haven't said much.

「嘿，你沒有說什麼話耶， 有沒有什麼是你需要的？」

If we needed this or this, what would you want?"

他說：「你知道嗎？ 我算是這裡面幸運的了

And he said, "You know, I'm the lucky guy at this table.

我斷的是右手， 還好我是左撇子。」

I lost my right arm, but I'm a lefty."

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

所以，他沒有什麼好說的

So, he wouldn't say much.

他的態度很令人敬佩，就像其他人一樣令人敬佩

He had a great spirit, like all the rest of them had great spirits.

他後來發表了一些評論

And he made a few comments.

然後會議就結束了

And then the meeting ended.

我們和這些人一一道別

We said goodbye to all these guys.

那個人則把自己從椅子上推離開桌子，我們才發現他沒有雙腳

And that guy pushed himself back from the table ... he has no legs.

我們離開了那裡

So, we left.

我那時在想

And I was thinking,

我們一點也沒有給予他們支持，也沒有鼓勵他們

"We didn't give them support and encouragement;

反而是他們鼓勵了我們

they gave it to us.

他們還不斷地提供我們意見

They're not finished giving yet."

這真是太驚人了！

It was astounding.

所以，我們回到實驗室

So, we went back.

工作得更加勤奮、更加快速

And I started working harder, faster.

接下來我們去拜訪了布魯克軍人醫院

Then we went out to Brooke Army Medical Center.

我們也看到許多年輕的士兵

And we saw lots of these kids,

很令人吃驚 ...

lots of them. And it was astounding

他們的態度真的很令人敬佩

how positive they are.

我們又回到了實驗室

So, we went back,

我們又工作得更加勤奮

and we've been working harder yet.

現在我們在進行臨床實驗，有五個人參與實驗

We're in clinical trials, we've got five of them on people.