to how we would optimally function.

與人類理想生活方式悖離的事

And I'm not talking about a modern technological practice

我不是指現代科技影響下的行為

such as posting embarrassing snapshots of one's unsuspecting partner on Facebook.

像是偷拍朋友的丟臉照放上臉書

I'm talking about an integral human behavior.

我指的是人類不可或缺的行為

I'm talking about a deeply intimate behavior.

很私密的個人行為

Every day we engage in a behavior that requires us

這件我們每天都在做的事

to distort our thoughts, numb our feelings

扭曲我們的思想、麻木我們的情感

and act against our core values,

使我們悖離核心價值

and which enables a global atrocity

並掀起全球暴行

that can make even the most stoic of us weep in sorrow.

令情感淡薄之人為此悲傷哭泣

And every day we could choose not to engage in this behavior,

而我們能停止做這件事

except we don't realize that it's irrational.

除非我們不了解其不合理

We don't see that it's destructive and we don't even know we have a choice.

我們不明白其破壞性 甚至不知道能有所選擇

How can some of the most frequent and important choices we make,

這是人類所面臨 最頻繁也最重要的決定之一

appear not to be choices at all?

我們怎麼會毫無選擇？

How can the irrationality and destruction of a widespread behavior

這麼普遍的行為 當中的不合理及破壞性

be virtually invisible?

我們怎麼會覺察不到？

These are the questions I asked when I began my nearly two decades of research

我研究食肉心理學近20年

on the psychology of eating animals.

這些是我當初的疑問

And what I discovered was not at all what I had expected.

然而事實跟我想像的全然不同

As it turns out, there's a distinct underlying factor

事實上，有個明顯的潛在因素

that both drives our behavior and prevents us

催化我們行為的同時

from recognizing its irrationality and the destruction it causes.

也阻礙我們認清 這項行為的不合理和破壞性

I identified and codified this factor

我在研究中歸納出原因

and I'm here to share my findings with you.

今天在這裡與大家分享

And the good news is that simply becoming aware of this factor

好消息是只要意識到這項因素

enables us to reclaim our rationality and freedom of choice

就能使我們回歸理性與選擇自由

and become more active participants in creating a humane and just world.

主動創造人道與正義的世界

My journey of discovery began in 1968,

我的啟蒙之旅始於1968年

25 years before I set foot in my first Harvard lecture.

早在我在哈佛教第一堂課的25年前

And nearly fifty years before

和致力於全球非暴力運動

I received the Ahimsa Award at the British House of Commons

而獲得英國下議院和平獎的50年前

for my work on global non-violence.

就已經開始

I'm 48. Thank you.

如今我48歲 謝謝！

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

My family adopted a puppy we named Fritz.

我家以前領養了一隻狗，叫弗里茨

Now, Fritz was my first dog and he was also my first friend.

牠是我養的第一隻狗 也是我第一個朋友

We did everything together.

我們做什麼事都在一起

We played together. We napped together.

一起玩、一起睡覺

And we even vomited together once during a sickening road trip.

我們甚至曾在長途旅程中 一起嘔吐

And Fritz was also my first heartbreak

牠也讓我體會到第一次心碎

when he died at the age of 13 of liver cancer.

在我13歲時牠死於肝癌

What I didn't realize back then was that my connection with Fritz

當時我不知道 我與弗里茲的感情

would lead to a discovery that would transform my worldview.

會促使我從事研究 並改變我對世界的看法

So I cared about Fritz and I'm not unique.

我在乎弗里茨，但我不是特例

Most of us care about animals.

大多數人都關心動物

We teach our children to be kind to animals.

我們教導孩子要愛護動物

Our hearts leap when we witness them at play.

看到動物玩耍我們感到雀躍

We recognize the injustice and feel outraged when they are abused.

看到動物受虐待 我們感到不平並為之憤怒

We empathize with animals.

我們同情動物

We share their fear, their joy, their sorrow.

對牠們的害怕、喜悅和傷悲感同身受

And how many of you have cared about a certain animal in your life?

有多少人在生命中 曾經在乎過某隻動物？

Just raise your hand.

請舉手

Now look around the room.

現在環顧四周

That's a whole lot of caring.

這可是滿滿的關愛

So to explain how my connection with my dog

為了說明弗里茨跟我的感情

led me to this stage, I'd like to do a thought experiment.

如何帶領我站上這講台 我想做一個思想實驗

Imagine that you're a guest at a dinner party

想像你參加一場晚宴

and your host serves you a dish that looks like this.

主人提供你這樣的菜色

Consider whether you find this delicious or disgusting.

想想你會覺得美味還是噁心

For those who would find it delicious,

那些覺得美味的人

imagine you find it so delicious that you ask your host for the recipe.

想像一下你覺得太好吃 所以跟聚會主人要了食譜

And she replies the secret is in the meat.

她說美味的秘訣在於肉本身

You use three pounds of well-seasoned -

你得使用1.3公斤黃金獵犬的肉

Golden Retriever.

加以適當調味

Now take a moment to reflect on your thoughts and feelings.

現在花點時間注意你的想法與感受

Chances are, what you had just thought of as food,

可能你剛剛認為的食物

you now think of as a dead animal.

現在變成死去的動物

What you just felt was delicious, you now feel is disgusting.

剛剛感受到的美味 現在只剩下噁心

Chances are, your experience of the meat dramatically changed.

你對這塊肉的觀感很可能徹底改變

Even though nothing about the meat itself actually changed.

即使它實質上沒有變化

So what changed?

那是什麼改變了？

Well, what changed is your perception of the meat.

改變的是你對肉的認知

When it comes to eating animals our perception is shaped

說到肉食性

largely, if not entirely, by our culture.

我們的認知往往由文化形塑

In meat-eating cultures around the world,

全球肉食性文化中的

out of over seven million animal species,

七百多萬種動物裡

people tend to classify only a handful as edible.

人類只食用其中少部分

All the rest are inedible and disgusting.

其他的都不可食用且令人噁心

So the question is, why are we not disgusted

問題是那些歸類為可食的動物

by the select species we have learned to think of as edible?

為什麼我們不覺得噁心？

And why don't we ever ask why?

為什麼我們甚至不問為什麼？

Have you ever wondered why you might eat certain animals but not others?

你可曾想過為何你只吃特定某些動物？

Have you ever wondered why you haven't wondered?

你可曾想過為何自己不覺得奇怪？

For much of my life I never wondered about my choice to eat certain animals

在我大半生中，我都沒想過這些

because I never even knew I had a choice.

因為我不知道我有選擇

No one had ever asked me if I believed in eating animals.

也沒人問過我是否信服於吃肉

Eating animals was just a given.

吃肉與生俱來

So, I never thought about how strange it was

所以我從來沒去想

that I could pet my dog with one hand, while I ate a pork chop with the other.

我一邊逗弄小狗一邊吃豬排 是多麼奇怪的事

A pork chop that had once been an animal

一塊豬排也曾經是動物

who was at least as sentient and intelligent as my dog.

牠們的情感跟智力 至少跟我的狗一樣

And frankly I didn't want to think about this contradiction;

坦白說我不想去思考這樣的矛盾

it was just easier not to.

不去想比較容易

It wasn't until 1989 that I started asking why.

一直到1989年我開始尋求答案

I had been hospitalized after eating what would be my very last hamburger.

就在我吃了人生中最後一個漢堡 而住進醫院之後

A burger that was contaminated with the dangerous bacteria Campylobacter.

這塊漢堡肉嚴重受到曲狀桿菌感染

After being so sick I swore off meat.

大病一場後我發誓再也不吃肉

And then something interesting happened.

接著有趣的事發生了

When I stopped eating animals I had a paradigm shift.

當我停止吃肉，我產生了思想變遷

In other words, I didn't see different things,

也就是說，我看到的東西沒變

I saw the same things differently.

但我看待他們的方式改變了

Beef stew seemed no different than golden retriever stew.

燉牛肉跟燉黃金獵犬沒有兩樣

And everywhere I turned I saw people putting the bodies of dead animals

我到處看見人們若無其事地

into their mouth as though nothing at all were wrong.

將動物屍體放入口中

So I became very curious as to how rational caring people, like myself,

我難以理解
像我一樣 有理智、有愛心的人

could just stop thinking and feeling.

怎麼會這樣停止思考和感受

Well, two advanced degrees later, I had my answer.

在我取得另外兩個學位後，我有了答案

And this is what I discovered:

我發現

There is an invisible belief system or ideology

有股無形的信念或意識形態

that conditions us to eat certain animals.

制約我們吃某些動物

And I named the system: Carnism.

我稱之為「肉食主義」

We tend to assume that only vegans and vegetarians follow a belief system.

我們以為只有素食者才有這樣的信念

But when eating animals is not a necessity

然而當吃肉不是必須

- which is the case in much of the world today -

這在現今多數國家是成立的

then it is a choice.

那麼我們就有選擇

And choices always stem from beliefs.

選擇往往來自於信念

Now carnism is a dominant ideology.

如今肉食主義成為主流意識

Meaning that it's so widespread,

意味著它太過普遍

its doctrine is seen as a given rather than a choice.

以致於其學說被奉為圭臬，而非選擇

Eating animals is just the way things are.

所以我們自然而然地吃肉

And it is a violent ideology.

但這是暴力意識

Meat cannot be procured without violence.

暴行是取得肉品必經之路

And egg and dairy production cause extensive harm to animals.

生產蛋奶製品對動物造成巨大傷害

Ideologies such as carnism run counter to core human values.

肉食主義從邊緣走向人類的核心價值

Values such as compassion, justice and authenticity.

如同憐憫、正義與真誠

And so they need to use defense mechanisms

因此人類啟動防禦機制

that distort our thoughts and numb our feelings

來扭曲我們的思想、麻木我們的情感

so that we act against our values without fully realizing what we are doing.

如此我們才能昧著良心背道而馳

Now, the main defense of carnism is denial,

肉食主義的主要防禦機制是否認

which is expressed largely through invisibility.

而否認大多源於視而不見

The ideology itself is invisible

意識形態生而無形

and so are its victims.

其受害者也被視而不見

For instance, 1.2 billion farmed animals are slaughtered globally every week.

舉例來說
 全世界每週有12億隻農場動物被屠宰

So in one week more farmed animals are killed

動物一週被殺害的數量

than the total number of people killed in all wars throughout history.

遠多於人類戰爭史上的總死亡人數

But how many of these animals have you seen?

但是你們可曾見過這些動物？

Where are they?

牠們在哪裡？

Approximately 98 percent of the meat, eggs and dairy we eat

大約有98%的肉品、蛋奶製品

comes from animals who were raised in factory farms.

來自於豢養在農場中的動物

Windowless sheds in remote locations

處在偏遠地區不見天日的柵欄裡

that are virtually impossible to obtain access to.

根本不可能逃出去

Yet, although these animals are treated as commodities,

這些動物雖被視為商品

they are in fact sentient, intelligent individuals

但牠們實際上是有知覺 有智力的個體

with lives that matter to them.

擁有求生意志

In a moment I'm going to show a two-minute video

現在我要播放一段

of animal factories which can be difficult to watch.

兩分鐘的動物工廠影片 看了可能會不太舒服

So I want to remind you that my intention is simply to raise awareness.

我想提醒大家 我的目的是喚醒意識

So I have to make the invisible visible.

我要讓檯面下的事浮上檯面

I've selected material that I think is sufficient to inform you,

我選擇我認為足以喚醒各位

without traumatizing you.

但不至於太震驚的片段

But if it's too difficult to watch, just close your eyes and plug your ears.

如果實在看不下去 請閉上雙眼摀住耳朵

(Video)

（影片播放）

Piglets are castrated by workers who cut into their skin

小豬被工人剝皮、割除生殖器官

and rip out their testicles.

然後被扯下睪丸

(Piglet squeal)

（小豬尖叫聲）

Next the workers chop off their tail.

接著工人切掉牠們的尾巴

Once pigs have reached market weight, they are sent to slaughter.

當豬隻重量達到標準，便被送至屠宰場

At the slaughterhouse pigs are knocked in the head with a steal rod,

牠們在屠宰場被鋼條敲擊頭部

hung upside down and have their throats slit.

被倒吊和割喉

(Pig squeal)

（豬尖叫聲）

Improper stunning condemns many pigs

因為極不恰當的處理

to having their throats slit while they are fully conscious and suffering.

使豬隻被割喉時意識清醒，倍受折磨

Because male chicks don't lay eggs,

因為公雞不生蛋

and do not grow quickly enough to be raised profitably for meat,

生長速度也不足以量產圖利

they are killed within hours after hatching.

牠們孵化後幾小時內便被撲殺

The females have it even worse.

母雞的狀況更慘

Workers use a hot blade or laser to remove part of the chicks' beaks.

工人用熱鋸刀或雷射切除小雞的嘴巴

At the slaughter plant, the birds are dumped from their crates,

在屠宰場，工人將禽類從箱子裡丟出

then roughly snapped upside down

粗魯地將牠們脆弱的雙腳

into moving shackles by their fragile legs.

倒吊在移動鐐銬上

They are then pulled across a blade which slices their throats

接著牠們被利刃割喉

causing blood to pour from their necks.

大量血液從頸部濺出

Calves on dairy farms are dragged away from their mothers and violently killed.

農場中的小牛硬生生地與母親分離 並被殘忍的殺害

The majority of today's dairy cows are confined on factory farms.

現今多數乳牛被困在工廠化農場

Workers subject young cows to painful mutilations and amputations.

小牛遭受痛苦的截肢斷臂

Unreliable stunning practices at the slaughterhouse

屠宰場中不恰當的可怕程序

condemn many cattle to having their throats cut,

迫使小牛活生生地

their limps hacked off while still alive and conscious.

被割喉和肢解

Massive trawling nets indiscriminately drag hundreds of tons

巨大的捕魚網任意打撈

of fish and other animals along the ocean floor.

上百噸的海底魚群和其它動物

They are then tossed on board,

捕捉上岸之後

where the surviving fish either suffocate or are crushed to death.

奄奄一息的牠們不是窒息就是被輾死

Melanie Joy: Thank you.

瑪蘭妮．喬伊：謝謝各位

I know it can be painful to see that.

我知道這段影片令人難受

Fortunately for us the hard part is over.

還好最難熬的部分已經結束了

But before we move on I want to just point out

繼續下去之前我想說明

that this footage focuses on standard industry practices

這段影片著重於標準作業程序

including in so-called humane or bio facilities.

包括所謂的人道及生物處理

And I also want to point out that there is a gift in our pain.

我也想說人類的痛苦有其獨特性

Our pain is the mirror in which we can see the reflection of our humanity.

痛苦就像一面鏡子反映出人性

So, clearly the animals pay for our carnism.

很明顯，動物為肉食主義付出代價

But we are also victims of the system.

但人類也是體制下的犧牲者

We pay for our carnism with our health,

我們為了吃肉犧牲健康

as eating an animal-based diet can lead to serious disease,

因為肉食性飲食會導致嚴重疾病

while eating a plant-based or vegan diet can optimize health.

而吃素則有益健康

And we pay for our carnism with our hearts and with our minds,

為了吃肉我們付出心靈上的代價

with our dampened empathy and diminished objectivity.

削弱了我們的同理心和客觀性

But, of course, invisibility alone cannot maintain the system.

當然，視而不見不足以維持肉食主義

Hints of the truth surround us.

因為我們被真相圍繞

So another defense is necessary:

所以另一個防禦機制是必要的：

Justification.

合理化

And the way that we learn to justify eating animals is by learning to believe

我們藉由相信肉類與蛋奶類的謬誤資訊

that the myths of meat, eggs and dairy are the facts of meat, eggs and dairy.

來合理化吃肉

These myths are expressed largely through what I refer to as:

這些謬誤大部分訴諸於──我稱之為

The 3 N's of Justification.

「3N合理化」

Eating animals is - What do you think?

你認為吃肉是？

You're good. That. Great. Okay.

你厲害 很好，沒錯

Normal,

正常 (Normal)

Natural - and -

自然 (Natural)

Necessary.

必要 (Necessary)

And haven't we heard this somewhere before?

我們是不是曾經在哪聽過？

Slavery is normal, natural and necessary.

奴役制度是正常、自然、必要

Male dominance is normal, natural and necessary.

父權統治是正常、自然、必要

Heterosexual supremacy is normal, natural and necessary.

異性戀優越是正常、自然、必要

And as with other dominant violent ideologies,

如同其它主流暴力意識

the myths of carnism are institutionalized.

肉食主義迷思相當普遍

So carnistic bias is embedded within the very foundations of the system.

以致肉食偏好已貫徹體制根基

And when we are born into an institutionalized system, such as carnism,

當我們處於已確立的體制中 像是肉食主義

we inevitably internalize it;

我們不可避免地將之內化

we learn to look at the world through the lens of carnism.

我們習慣以肉食主義的角度看世界

And carnism uses a set of defenses

並啟動一系列防禦機制

that distort our perceptions of farmed animals.

扭曲我們對農場動物的認知

For instance, carnism teaches us to see farmed animals as abstractions,

譬如將農場動物視為抽象概念

as lacking any individuality or personality of their own.

缺乏個性及獨立性

A pig is a pig and all pigs are the same.