It's what we call binary information.

就是所謂的二進制信息。

This is how computers talk.

這是電腦溝通的方式。

It's how they store information.

這是它們收集資料的方式。

It's how computers think.

這是電腦的思考方式。

It's how computers do

這就是電腦的運作

everything it is that computers do.

會做的所有事情。

I'm a cybersecurity researcher,

我是一個網路安全研究員,

which means my job is to sit down with this information

我的工作就是研究該信息,

and try to make sense of it,

和把該信息弄清楚,

to try to understand what all the ones and zeroes mean.

嘗試去明白1和0的意思。

Unfortunately for me, we're not just talking

不幸的是，我們不只討論

about the ones and zeros I have on the screen here.

我這裡這個屏幕的1和0。

We're not just talking about a few pages of ones and zeros.

我們不只是說著幾頁的1和0。

We're talking about billions and billions

我們說的是上億個

of ones and zeros,

1和0，

more than anyone could possibly comprehend.

是超過任何人所能理解的。

Now, as exciting as that sounds,

現在，令人感興趣的是

when I first started doing cyber —

當我剛開始做網路

(Laughter) —

— (歡笑聲) —

when I first started doing cyber, I wasn't sure

當我剛開始做網路, 我並不確定

that sifting through ones and zeros

探討1和0

was what I wanted to do with the rest of my life,

是我一辈子想做的事。

because in my mind, cyber

因為在我的腦海裡，網路是在

was keeping viruses off of my grandma's computer,

防止病毒侵略我奶奶的​​電腦，

it was keeping people's Myspace pages from being hacked,

防止Myspace的網頁被駭客入侵，

and maybe, maybe on my most glorious day,

也許在我最輝煌的日子，

it was keeping someone's credit card information from being stolen.

它防止人們的信用卡資料被盜用。

Those are important things,

這些都是重要的因素，

but that's not how I wanted to spend my life.

但這不是我想度過我人生的方式。

But after 30 minutes of work

但工作三十分鐘之後

as a defense contractor,

作為一名國防承包商，

I soon found out that my idea of cyber

我開始發現我的網路概念

was a little bit off.

有點不對勁。

In fact, in terms of national security,

事實上，在國防眼裡，

keeping viruses off of my grandma's computer

防止病毒侵略我奶奶的​​電腦

was surprisingly low on their priority list.

在他們的列表裡實在不重要。

And the reason for that is cyber

原因是網路

is so much bigger than any one of those things.

比任何上述事件還來得大。

Cyber is an integral part of all of our lives,

網路是我們生活中不可或缺的東西，

because computers are an integral part of all of our lives,

因為電腦是我們生活中不可或缺的東西

even if you don't own a computer.

就算你沒擁有電腦。

Computers control everything in your car,

電腦掌控你車上的一切，

from your GPS to your airbags.

從全球定位系統到安全氣囊，

They control your phone.

它控制你的電話。

They're the reason you can call 911

你之所以能撥911

and get someone on the other line.

與別人連線都因為它。

They control our nation's entire infrastructure.

它掌控了國家的整個基礎建設,

They're the reason you have electricity,

之所以你能使用電,

heat, clean water, food.

使用熱能、飲用水、食物,

Computers control our military equipment,

電腦也掌控了軍用設備,

everything from missile silos to satellites

從飛彈基地到衛星

to nuclear defense networks.

一直到核能防禦系統,

All of these things are made possible

上述所有事情的運作

because of computers,

都依賴著電腦,

and therefore because of cyber,

所以網路極為重要

and when something goes wrong,

當其中一個環節出錯,

cyber can make all of these things impossible.

網路也能使所有事情無法運作。

But that's where I step in.

但這就是我踏進網路世界的地方。

A big part of my job is defending all of these things,

我工作的主要任務是保護全部的東西,

keeping them working,

確保它們能運作,

but once in a while, part of my job is to break one of these things,

但有些時候，我需要破壞其中的一些東西,

because cyber isn't just about defense,

因為網路不光只有保護,

it's also about offense.

它也包括破壞。

We're entering an age where we talk about

我們現在來到了

cyberweapons.

網路武器的時代。

In fact, so great is the potential for cyber offense

事實上，訝異的是網路武器

that cyber is considered a new domain of warfare.

的範疇已經擴大到了戰爭的地步。

Warfare.

戰爭。

It's not necessarily a bad thing.

它不一定是壞事。

On the one hand, it means we have whole new front

在一方面，它意味著我們需要有

on which we need to defend ourselves,

全新的戰線來保護自己，

but on the other hand,

但另一方面，

it means we have a whole new way to attack,

也表示我們有一種全新的攻擊方式，

a whole new way to stop evil people

全新的辦法來阻止邪惡的人

from doing evil things.

做邪惡的事情。

So let's consider an example of this

讓我們用完全理論的例子

that's completely theoretical.

來考慮這一點。

Suppose a terrorist wants to blow up a building,

假設恐怖分子要炸毀一座建築物，

and he wants to do this again and again

他想在未來一次又一次的

in the future.

做到這一點。

So he doesn't want to be in that building when it explodes.

所以在該建築物爆炸時他並不想在場。

He's going to use a cell phone

他會使用手機

as a remote detonator.

作為遙控引爆。

Now, it used to be the only way we had

以往, 唯一制止

to stop this terrorist

這種恐怖份子,

was with a hail of bullets and a car chase,

便是我們必須槍林彈雨和汽車追逐，

but that's not necessarily true anymore.

但現在這未必需要了。

We're entering an age where we can stop him

我們正在進入這樣的一個時代，

with the press of a button

按一個鈕阻止他

from 1,000 miles away,

從1000英里外，

because whether he knew it or not,

因為無論他知道與否，

as soon as he decided to use his cell phone,

只要他決定用他的手機，

he stepped into the realm of cyber.

他便走進網路的領域。

A well-crafted cyber attack could break into his phone,

一個精心製作的網路攻擊可以侵略他的手機，

disable the overvoltage protections on his battery,

對他的電池禁用過壓保護，

drastically overload the circuit,

大幅度的電路超載，

cause the battery to overheat, and explode.

導致電池過熱和爆炸。

No more phone, no more detonator,

沒有手機，沒有引爆器，

maybe no more terrorist,

也許恐怖分子都沒了，

all with the press of a button

按一個按鈕

from a thousand miles away.

全都是千里之外。

So how does this work?

那麼這是如何運作呢？

It all comes back to those ones and zeros.

這一切都回到那些1和0。

Binary information makes your phone work,

二進制信息使你的手機的運作，

and used correctly, it can make your phone explode.

正確使用它，可以讓你的手機爆炸。

So when you start to look at cyber from this perspective,

因此，當你開始從這個角度來看網路，

spending your life sifting through binary information

篩選二進制信息過生活

starts to seem kind of exciting.

開始似乎有點剌激。

But here's the catch: This is hard,

但這裡才是大問題：這是很艱苦的，

really, really hard,

真的，真的很艱苦，

and here's why.

原因如下。

Think about everything you have on your cell phone.

想想你在手機裡擁有的一切。

You've got the pictures you've taken.

你擁有你所拍攝的照片。

You've got the music you listen to.

你擁有你聽的音樂。

You've got your contacts list,

你擁有你的聯絡人清單，

your email, and probably 500 apps

你的電子郵件，大概500個應用程序，

you've never used in your entire life,

你在這一生從來沒有用過，

and behind all of this is the software, the code,

這背後的一切是軟體，代碼，

that controls your phone,

控制你的手機，

and somewhere, buried inside of that code,

在某一處，埋藏裡面的代碼，

is a tiny piece that controls your battery,

是控制你電池的一小片，

and that's what I'm really after,

那就是我真正找的東西，

but all of this, just a bunch of ones and zeros,

但這一切，只是一堆1和0，

and it's all just mixed together.

而這全部都混在一起。

In cyber, we call this finding a needle in a stack of needles,

在網路中，我們稱這是在一堆針裡找出一支針，

because everything pretty much looks alike.

因為所有東西都非常相似。

I'm looking for one key piece,

我在尋找關鍵的一塊，

but it just blends in with everything else.

但它混在其中。

So let's step back from this theoretical situation

讓我們退後一步

of making a terrorist's phone explode,

走出製造恐怖手機爆炸這類理論的情況，

and look at something that actually happened to me.

看看真實發生在我身上的事。

Pretty much no matter what I do,

幾乎不管我做什麼，

my job always starts with sitting down

我的工作總是坐下來

with a whole bunch of binary information,

從一大堆的二進制信息，

and I'm always looking for one key piece

一直做一些具體的事情

to do something specific.

尋找一個關鍵的部分。

In this case, I was looking for a very advanced,

在這種情況下，我要尋找一種非常先進，

very high-tech piece of code

非常高科技的一行代碼，

that I knew I could hack,

我知道我能破解的代碼，

but it was somewhere buried

但它埋藏在

inside of a billion ones and zeroes.

十億個1和0的內部的某處。

Unfortunately for me, I didn't know

不幸的是，我不知道

quite what I was looking for.

我究竟在找什麼。

I didn't know quite what it would look like,

我不知道它看起來像什麼，

which makes finding it really, really hard.

這使得要發現它真的，真的很辛苦。

When I have to do that, what I have to do

當我這樣做，

is basically look at various pieces

我基本上是要看

of this binary information,

各種二進制信息，

try to decipher each piece, and see if it might be

嘗試破解每一行信息，看看這是否

what I'm after.

是我要找的。

So after a while, I thought I had found the piece

過了一段時間後，我想我已經找到了

I was looking for.

一直在尋找的那一塊。

I thought maybe this was it.

我想這也許是它。

It seemed to be about right, but I couldn't quite tell.

這似乎是對的，但我也不太肯定。

I couldn't tell what those ones and zeros represented.

我不知道這些1和0代表什麼。

So I spent some time trying to put this together,

所以我花了一些時間，試圖把它解決，

but wasn't having a whole lot of luck,

但沒運氣，

and finally I decided,

最後我決定，

I'm going to get through this,

我要克服它，

I'm going to come in on a weekend,

我要在一個週末回來，

and I'm not going to leave

我要搞清楚這代表什麼

until I figure out what this represents.

才會離開。

So that's what I did. I came in on a Saturday morning,

我就這樣做。我在一個星期六的早晨，

and about 10 hours in, I sort of had all the pieces to the puzzle.

花約10小時，點滴匯集所有資料。

I just didn't know how they fit together.

我只是不知道它們是如何結合在一起的。

I didn't know what these ones and zeros meant.

我不知道這些1和0的意思。

At the 15-hour mark,

整整歷經15小時，

I started to get a better picture of what was there,

我開始更了解什麼在那裡，

but I had a creeping suspicion

但我心存疑慮

that what I was looking at

我一直在整理的資料

was not at all related to what I was looking for.

實際上與我要找的無關。

By 20 hours, the pieces started to come together

20小時後，進度開始

very slowly — (Laughter) —

非常緩慢 —（笑聲） —

and I was pretty sure I was going down

我敢肯定

the wrong path at this point,

我走錯路，

but I wasn't going to give up.

但我不會放棄。

After 30 hours in the lab,

在實驗室30小時後，

I figured out exactly what I was looking at,

我明白我一直在整理的是什麼，

and I was right, it wasn't what I was looking for.

事實證明，我是對的，這並不是我所期待的。

I spent 30 hours piecing together

我花了30小時拼湊

the ones and zeros that formed a picture of a kitten.

這些1和0, 形成一張小貓的照片。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I wasted 30 hours of my life searching for this kitten

我浪費我生命中30小時尋找這隻小貓,

that had nothing at all to do

跟我試圖

with what I was trying to accomplish.

完成的任務無關。

So I was frustrated, I was exhausted.

我很沮喪，我精疲力竭。

After 30 hours in the lab, I probably smelled horrible.

30小時在實驗室後，我聞起來可能滿身汗臭。

But instead of just going home

但我沒有放棄而回家，

and calling it quits, I took a step back

而是後退了一步，

and asked myself, what went wrong here?

問自己，哪裡出了問題呢？

How could I make such a stupid mistake?

我怎麼會犯這樣一個愚蠢的錯誤？

I'm really pretty good at this.

我在這方面很能幹。

I do this for a living.

我靠這個謀生。

So what happened?

到底發生什麼事？

Well I thought, when you're looking at information at this level,

嗯，我想，當你在這個層面上看信息，

it's so easy to lose track of what you're doing.

是很容易迷失軌跡的。

It's easy to not see the forest through the trees.

當你在樹林之中是不容易見到森林的。

It's easy to go down the wrong rabbit hole

很容易就會不小心偏離正軌。

and waste a tremendous amount of time

而浪費大量時間

doing the wrong thing.

做著錯誤的事情。

But I had this epiphany.

不過，我有這個頓悟。

We were looking at the data completely incorrectly

我們從第一天開始已經

since day one.

完全不正確地看數據。

This is how computers think, ones and zeros.

電腦就是這樣思考的，1和0。

It's not how people think,

這不是人的思考方式，

but we've been trying to adapt our minds

但我們一直在努力地適應我們的頭腦

to think more like computers

像電腦一樣思考，

so that we can understand this information.

這樣我們就可以理解這些信息。

Instead of trying to make our minds fit the problem,

我們不應該試圖讓頭腦適應問題，

we should have been making the problem

而是應該使問題

fit our minds,

符合我們的頭腦,

because our brains have a tremendous potential

因為大腦有着巨大的潛力

for analyzing huge amounts of information,

分析大量的信息，

just not like this.

但不是這樣。

So what if we could unlock that potential

如果我們能夠將這類信息

just by translating this

做正確的翻譯

to the right kind of information?

而發掘潛能呢？

So with these ideas in mind,

抱著這些想法，

I sprinted out of my basement lab at work

我從工作的地下室實驗室

to my basement lab at home,

衝到了我家裡的實驗室,

which looked pretty much the same.

實際上看起來幾乎是一樣。

The main difference is, at work,

主要的區別是，在工作時，

I'm surrounded by cyber materials,

我被網路上的材料包圍，

and cyber seemed to be the problem in this situation.

而這種情況下網路似乎是一個問題。

At home, I'm surrounded by everything else I've ever learned.

在家裡，我卻是被我所學到一切包圍。

So I poured through every book I could find,

所以，我翻遍每一本我能找到的書，

every idea I'd ever encountered,

每一個我曾有過的想法，

to see how could we translate a problem

看看我們如何才能將問題轉域

from one domain to something completely different?

換到完全不同的東西？

The biggest question was,

最大的問題是，

what do we want to translate it to?

我們想將它翻譯成什麼？

What do our brains do perfectly naturally

有什麼是我們的大腦

that we could exploit?

能夠自然的利用？

My answer was vision.

我的答案是視像。

We have a tremendous capability to analyze visual information.

我們有巨大的能力來分析視覺信息。

We can combine color gradients, depth cues,

我們可以將顏色色層，深度線索，

all sorts of these different signals

這些種種不同的信號到我們周圍的世界

into one coherent picture of the world around us.

成為一個連貫的畫面。

That's incredible.

實在是難以置信。

So if we could find a way to translate

因此，如果我們能找到一種方法

these binary patterns to visual signals,

把這些二進制模式轉換為視覺信號，

we could really unlock the power of our brains

我們才能真正解開我們的大腦功能

to process this stuff.

來處理這些東西。

So I started looking at the binary information,

於是我開始看看這些二進制信息，

and I asked myself, what do I do

我問自己，當我第一次

when I first encounter something like this?

遇到這樣的事情我會怎麼辦？

And the very first thing I want to do,

我想要做的第一件事，

the very first question I want to answer,