of the state of New Jersey.

總檢察長。

Before that, I'd been a criminal prosecutor,

在那之前，我擔任刑事檢察官，

first in the Manhattan district attorney's office,

一開始在曼哈頓區檢察官辦公室，

and then at the United States Department of Justice.

後來在美國司法部。

But when I became the attorney general,

但是當我成為總檢察長後，

two things happened that changed the way I see criminal justice.

發生了兩件事，改變我對刑事司法的看法。

The first is that I asked what I thought

第一件事是我提出了一些我認為

were really basic questions.

很基本的問題。

I wanted to understand who we were arresting,

我想了解我們逮捕誰、

who we were charging,

控告誰、

and who we were putting in our nation's jails

以及把誰關進我國的拘留所

and prisons.

和監獄。

I also wanted to understand

我也想了解

if we were making decisions

我們做決定的方式

in a way that made us safer.

是否能讓我們更安全。

And I couldn't get this information out.

我找不出答案。

It turned out that most big criminal justice agencies

結果是多數的大型刑事司法機關，

like my own

就像我工作的地方，

didn't track the things that matter.

沒有追蹤重要的事情。

So after about a month of being incredibly frustrated,

因此歷經大約一個月的強烈挫折感後，

I walked down into a conference room

我走進一間會議室，

that was filled with detectives

裡面擠滿警探

and stacks and stacks of case files,

和堆積如山的案件資料，

and the detectives were sitting there

警探坐在那，

with yellow legal pads taking notes.

手拿黃色標準便條紙在做筆記。

They were trying to get the information

他們試圖得到

I was looking for

我在找的資訊，

by going through case by case

逐一檢視

for the past five years.

過去五年的案件。

And as you can imagine,

如你所料，

when we finally got the results, they weren't good.

最後得到的結果不太好。

It turned out that we were doing

結論是我們辦了

a lot of low-level drug cases

很多低階的街頭毒品案件，

on the streets just around the corner

就在附近的街上，

from our office in Trenton.

離我們在翠登的辦公室不遠。

The second thing that happened

第二件發生的事情是

is that I spent the day in the Camden, New Jersey police department.

我在紐澤西肯頓警局待的那一天。

Now, at that time, Camden, New Jersey,

那時候紐澤西州肯頓

was the most dangerous city in America.

是全美最危險的城市，

I ran the Camden Police Department because of that.

這是我去肯頓警局的原因。

I spent the day in the police department,

我在警局待一整天，

and I was taken into a room with senior police officials,

被帶到一間房間，和資深警官在一起，

all of whom were working hard

他們都很努力

and trying very hard to reduce crime in Camden.

試著降低肯頓的犯罪率。

And what I saw in that room,

當我們討論如何降低犯罪率時，

as we talked about how to reduce crime,

我在那房裡看到

were a series of officers with a lot of little yellow sticky notes.

一大堆警官拿著很多黃色的小型便利貼。

And they would take a yellow sticky and they would write something on it

他們拿著一張黃色便利貼，在上面寫點東西，

and they would put it up on a board.

把它貼在公布欄上。

And one of them said, "We had a robbery two weeks ago.

其中一位會說：「兩個星期前有搶案。

We have no suspects."

沒有嫌犯。」

And another said, "We had a shooting in this neighborhood last week. We have no suspects."

另一位說：「上星期這附近有槍擊案。沒有嫌犯。」

We weren't using data-driven policing.

我們沒有運用任何數據處理治安。

We were essentially trying to fight crime

基本上，我們打算用黃色便利貼

with yellow Post-it notes.

來打擊犯罪。

Now, both of these things made me realize

這兩件事讓我了解

fundamentally that we were failing.

我們徹底失敗了。

We didn't even know who was in our criminal justice system,

我們甚至不知道誰在我們的刑事司法體系裡，

we didn't have any data about the things that mattered,

我們沒有重要資料的數據，

and we didn't share data or use analytics

也沒有共享數據、運用分析

or tools to help us make better decisions

或工具來幫助我們做更好的決定，

and to reduce crime.

並減少犯罪。

And for the first time, I started to think

我第一次思考

about how we made decisions.

我們是如何做決定。

When I was an assistant D.A.,

我擔任地區助理檢察官

and when I was a federal prosecutor,

和聯邦檢察官，

I looked at the cases in front of me,

研究眼前的案件時，

and I generally made decisions based on my instinct

幾乎都是靠直覺

and my experience.

和經驗做決定。

When I became attorney general,

當我成為總檢察長，

I could look at the system as a whole,

能夠全面檢視體制，

and what surprised me is that I found

讓我驚訝的是發現了

that that was exactly how we were doing it

我們就是那樣做，

across the entire system --

整個體制都是如此──

in police departments, in prosecutors's offices,

在警察局、檢察署、

in courts and in jails.

法院和監獄。

And what I learned very quickly

很快我就了解

is that we weren't doing a good job.

我們做得不好，

So I wanted to do things differently.

於是就想用不同的方式做事。

I wanted to introduce data and analytics

我想把數據、邏輯分析

and rigorous statistical analysis

和精密統計分析

into our work.

運用到工作上。

In short, I wanted to moneyball criminal justice.

簡而言之，我想用魔球的方式處理刑事司法。

Now, moneyball, as many of you know,

如在座許多人所知，

is what the Oakland A's did,

魔球是奧克蘭運動家隊所運用的策略，

where they used smart data and statistics

他們用數據和統計

to figure out how to pick players

找出選擇球員的方法

that would help them win games,

去幫助球隊贏球，

and they went from a system that was based on baseball scouts

他們從前根據棒球球探意見，

who used to go out and watch players

球探會出門去看球員，

and use their instinct and experience,

然後以直覺和經驗，

the scouts' instincts and experience,

球探的直覺和經驗，

to pick players, from one to use

去挑選球員，

smart data and rigorous statistical analysis

從運用數據和精密統計分析

to figure out how to pick players that would help them win games.

找出要怎麼選出能讓他們贏得比賽的球員。

It worked for the Oakland A's,

對奧克蘭運動家隊奏效了，

and it worked in the state of New Jersey.

對紐澤西州也奏效了。

We took Camden off the top of the list

我們讓肯頓不再名列

as the most dangerous city in America.

美國最危險城市之一。

We reduced murders there by 41 percent,

我們把當地兇殺案減少了 41%，

which actually means 37 lives were saved.

意謂著救了 37 條人命。

And we reduced all crime in the city by 26 percent.

我們將城裡各種犯罪活動減少了 26% 。

We also changed the way we did criminal prosecutions.

我們也改變刑事訴訟的方式，

So we went from doing low-level drug crimes

從處理低階的毒品犯罪，

that were outside our building

那些發生在我們的大樓外，

to doing cases of statewide importance,

轉變為遍及全州的重要案件，

on things like reducing violence with the most violent offenders,

像是減少高度危險暴力犯的再犯率、

prosecuting street gangs,

起訴街頭幫派、

gun and drug trafficking, and political corruption.

槍枝和毒品運送，以及政治貪汙。

And all of this matters greatly,

這一切帶來的影響甚大，

because public safety to me

因為公共安全對我來說

is the most important function of government.

是政府最重要的功能。

If we're not safe, we can't be educated,

如果我們不安全，我們就無法接受教育，

we can't be healthy,

就無法擁有健康，

we can't do any of the other things we want to do in our lives.

我們就無法做所有生活中想做的事。

And we live in a country today

今天我們居住的國家

where we face serious criminal justice problems.

正面對嚴重的刑事司法問題。

We have 12 million arrests every single year.

我們每年有 1,200 萬件逮捕案。

The vast majority of those arrests

這些逮捕案最大部分的是

are for low-level crimes, like misdemeanors,

低階犯罪，像是輕罪，

70 to 80 percent.

佔 70% 到 80%。

Less than five percent of all arrests

只有不到 5% 的逮捕

are for violent crime.

是暴力犯罪。

Yet we spend 75 billion,

然而我們花費 750 億美元，

that's b for billion,

是「百億」元，

dollars a year on state and local corrections costs.

在州和地方一年的懲治支出上。

Right now, today, we have 2.3 million people

現在，我們有 230 萬人

in our jails and prisons.

在監獄和拘留所。

And we face unbelievable public safety challenges

我們面對難以致信的公安問題

because we have a situation

因為面對的處境是

in which two thirds of the people in our jails

拘留所內三分之二的嫌疑犯

are there waiting for trial.

正在等著審判，

They haven't yet been convicted of a crime.

他們還沒被判有罪，

They're just waiting for their day in court.

等著上法庭的那一天。

And 67 percent of people come back.

67% 的嫌疑犯會回來。

Our recidivism rate is amongst the highest in the world.

我們是全球累犯率最高的國家之一。

Almost seven in 10 people who are released

在監被釋放的人之中，幾乎 10 個就有 7 個

from prison will be rearrested

會再次被逮捕，

in a constant cycle of crime and incarceration.

呈現不斷犯罪和監禁的循環。

So when I started my job at the Arnold Foundation,

因此當我開始在阿諾德基金會工作，

I came back to looking at a lot of these questions,

回頭來看這一大堆問題，

and I came back to thinking about how

回頭來思考

we had used data and analytics to transform

該如何使用數據和邏輯分析來轉變

the way we did criminal justice in New Jersey.

我們在紐澤西刑事司法採取的方式。

And when I look at the criminal justice system

當我檢視現今

in the United States today,

美國的刑事司法體制時，

I feel the exact same way that I did

我發現和當年在紐澤西起頭時

about the state of New Jersey when I started there,

相同的情況，

which is that we absolutely have to do better,

毫無疑問我們在那做得更好了，

and I know that we can do better.

我也知道我們可以做得更好。

So I decided to focus

因此我決定著眼在

on using data and analytics

使用數據和邏輯分析，

to help make the most critical decision

協助我們在公共安全中

in public safety,

做最重要的決定，

and that decision is the determination

而那個決定即是

of whether, when someone has been arrested,

在某疑犯被逮捕時的判定，

whether they pose a risk to public safety

不管是他們危及公共安全

and should be detained,

該被拘留，

or whether they don't pose a risk to public safety

又或是他們沒有危及公共安全

and should be released.

而該被釋放。

Everything that happens in criminal cases

每件在刑事案件中發生的事

comes out of this one decision.

都來自於這個決定。

It impacts everything.

這個決定影響每一件事，

It impacts sentencing.

影響每一個判決，

It impacts whether someone gets drug treatment.

影響某疑犯是否接受藥物治療，

It impacts crime and violence.

影響暴力和犯罪。

And when I talk to judges around the United States,

當我和全美法官談話時，

which I do all the time now,

── 我現在常這麼做 ──