Name: 【TED】James Flynn: 為什麼我們的智商測驗分數高過祖先？ (Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn)
Uploaded: 2015-04-12T16:00:09.000Z
Duration: 18 min 42 s

over the cognitive history of the 20th century,

轉承詞

我們的心智發展發生了顯著的改變

As you all know, the cars that people drove in 1900

have altered because the roads are better

到了20世紀有了改變，因為道路變得更好開了

而我們的心智也變得跟以往不同

We've gone from people who confronted a concrete world

and analyzed that world primarily in terms

來算計出還能從中獲取多少利益的人

to people who confront a very complex world,

and it's a world where we've had to develop

發展出新的心靈模式、思考習慣的新世界

clothing that concrete world with classification,

讓世界確立階級分明的服裝穿著

introducing abstractions that we try to make

and also taking the hypothetical seriously,

that is, wondering about what might have been

換句話說，以思考「可能是什麼」

Now, this dramatic change was drawn to my attention

而這個顯著的變化引起我注意的是

經歷時間，我們的智商高度進化

That is, we don't just get a few more questions right

我指的是，這不只是在智商測驗裡

We get far more questions right on I.Q. tests

back to the time that they were invented.

自智商測驗出世以來，新一代就更勝上一代

Indeed, if you score the people a century ago

事實上，若你給一世紀前的人們做測驗

若你以他們的標準來評定我們現代人

Now this has raised all sorts of questions.

Because 70 is normally the score for mental retardation.

因為在一般的標準來看，智商70代表智力發展遲緩

Or are we on the verge of all being gifted?

Because 130 is the cutting line for giftedness.

因為智商130差不多是天才的程度了

Now I'm going to try and argue for a third alternative

這裡我想以第三種角度來做解釋

that's much more illuminating than either of those,

相信能比前兩種說法解釋得更清楚合理

let's imagine that a Martian came down to Earth

讓我們現在想像火星人來到了地球

他們考察到了射重標靶的分數記錄

也就是之前人類用來記錄射擊的次數

people had only put one bullet in the bullseye.

接下來他們發現1898年的標靶射擊記錄

that they'd put about five bullets in the bullseye in a minute.

一分鐘就約為五顆子彈射中靶的中心

And then about 1918 they put a hundred bullets in the bullseye.

接下來在1918年的標靶上人們射中靶心的子彈就有一百顆

And initially, that archaeologist would be baffled.

一開始，火星考古學家們頗困惑

They would say, look, these tests were designed

他們說，看，這個測試本來是為了

to find out how much people were steady of hand,

whether they had control of their weapon.

How could these performances have escalated

當然，我們現在都知道，答案是

如果火星考古學家們同時考察戰場狀況

they would find that people had only muskets

人們只有基本款的火槍配做武器

And, in other words, it was the equipment

that was in the hands of the average soldier

that was responsible, not greater keenness of eye

武器才是關鍵，而不是士兵的視力變得更敏銳了

Now what we have to imagine is the mental artillery

將這個情況換到心靈上來說，心靈上的武裝

that we have picked up over those hundred years,

and I think again that another thinker will help us here,

我想在這裡另一名思想家的理論能幫助我們

盧里亞在人類進入科學時代之前

just before they entered the scientific age,

were resistant to classifying the concrete world.

一小塊一小塊他們能各自利用的部份

拒絕推想事情可能會變成什麼樣

and he found finally that they didn't deal well

最後他也發現人們不大應付得來

with abstractions or using logic on those abstractions.

抽象概念或用邏輯思考理解抽象概念

Now let me give you a sample of some of his interviews.

現在我對大家介紹盧里亞的訪問案例

他們當時僅有20 世紀的人們所享有的

And the fellow said, "Absolutely nothing."

You know, I can eat a fish. I can't eat a crow.

就魚是可吃的，烏鴉我卻就沒法吃了。

而魚卻不能對烏鴉做任何反擊。」

And Luria said, "But aren't they both animals?"

盧里亞問：「但牠們不都是動物嗎？」

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【TED】James Flynn: 為什麼我們的智商測驗分數高過祖先？ (Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn)

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