you who are going to take the TOEFL or IELTS test. So just so you understand, I will be

考托福或雅思的人所上，所以先讓你們知道，我會

speaking at a more natural speed. It will be a little bit faster than some of you are

用正常的速度來講話，對於有些人來說可能會比平常習慣的

used to. But listen anyway, and watch. It's very good for listening practice, and it will

快一點。但是總之試著去聽，或者看，這對於聽力是很好的練習，無論如何

be helpful regardless. So today's lesson is specifically about note taking skills. I'm

都是有幫助的。所以今天的課程主要在「作筆記的技巧」。我會

going to concentrate on the TOEFL, but it is also very useful for the people taking

把焦點放在托福考試，但是對於那些要考

an IELTS test. Now, if you've seen my time management class for IELTS, you will realize

雅思的人來說也很有用。現在，如果你看過雅思「時間掌控」相關的課程，你就會知道

that in the listening section, it's very important to know how to take notes. You don't want

在聽力部分，知道怎麼寫筆記真的很重要，你不會想要

to waste time concentrating on spelling and writing full words while the recording is playing

在錄音播放時浪費時間在拚字或者寫下整個單字

because you have time at the end to transfer your answers. That's when you want to write

因為你在結束時還會有時間轉換你的答案，那才是你該完美拼出答案還有

correctly spelled answers and everything. You want to just make sure during the listening

一切的時候。你該確保在在聽力部分時你

section that you write enough to know what the word is. We're going to get into that

記下了夠多的東西、讓你知道那個字是什麼意思。我們晚點會再

a little bit later. What I want to concentrate on mostly, though, is the TOEFL test, okay?

談到那一塊。不過，我們在這邊主要針對托福考試，可以嗎？

Because in the TOEFL test, it is crucial that you know how to take notes. Why? You have

因為在托福考試中，知道怎麼寫筆記真的非常關鍵，為什麼？因為你會面臨

a listening section; you have a speaking section; you have a writing section, all of which have

一個聽力部分、一個口說部分、一個寫作部分，而它們每一部分都包含

a listening component. Remember; this is an integrated test. You're going to have to listen

一段聽力的內容，要記得，這是一個複合型的考試，你在每個部分都會

in each one of these sections. Okay?

包含一段聽力，懂？

In the listening section, what many people don't realize who haven't taken a test yet:

在聽力部分，還沒實際考過試的人可能不知道的是，

You don't see anything. Okay? You don't see the questions as you're listening to the lectures

你完全看不到任何東西，了解嗎？你在聽那段講演或任何東西時

or whatever you're listening to. So it's very, very important that you take notes as you're

是不會看到題目的，所以邊聽邊記筆記就變得非常非常重要

listening so that when the questions do come, you have the information in front of you,

因為在問題出現的時候，你才會準備好該有的資訊

you know how to answer it, okay?

然後知道要怎麼回答，懂？

In the speaking section, you may be given a short conversation to listen to and then

在口說部分，你可能需要聆聽一段短短的對話，然後要

be given a question, and you have to speak your answer. But if you don't remember what

回答一個問題，你要把答案講出來，但假如說你根本不記得它們剛剛

they spoke about, then, you can't answer the question properly.

講了什麼，你就可能答非所問。

In the writing section, you have -- in Task 1, you have to compare a reading section with

在寫作部分，Task 1中，你需要比較一段文章和一段

a listening section. And then, you have to write an answer comparing the two. So if you

聽力的段落，然後你必須要寫出比較兩者的答案，所以假如你

don't take notes during the listening component of Task 1, it's very difficult to write your

在聽聽力的時候沒有做筆記，寫出你自己的答案就會非常困難，

answer. Okay? So note taking skills -- very important throughout the TOEFL test.

OK嗎？所以作筆記的技巧對於整個托福考試來說真的超級重要。

So first of all, before we look at how to do it, let's look at what you need to concentrate

首先，在我們了解要怎麼做之前，先來看看在聽的時候應該要特別專心在哪些

on as you're listening. Okay? Now, another thing to remember before I even start: This

東西上面好嗎？現在，在我們正式開始前還有另外一件事你必須好好記住：這

takes practice. This is a skill that you have to sharpen, that you have to practice with

需要練習。這是一項你必須不斷不斷磨練的技巧，你得在正式考試之前

every day before you go out to take your test.

每天都好好練習。

Okay. Now, the first mistake people make is they think -- they try to write down every

現在，人們首先常犯的錯誤，就是他們想....他們試著要把他們聽到的每一個字

word they hear. Impossible. Okay? Unless you're a stenographer -- that's a person who works

都寫下來，不 可 能 的，好嗎？除非你是個速寫員－就是那些在

in court and writes down every word that the people in the courtroom are saying, lawyers,

法庭工作、負責寫下律師啊、法官啊、被告或者證人在法庭上說過的

judges, defendants, etc., witnesses -- you cannot write every word. Don't try. You don't

每個字的人，你沒有辦法寫下每個字的，試都不要試，你也沒有必要

need to write every word. You need to concentrate on the details that are important, on the

真的寫下每一個字，你只需要專心在重要的細節、

information that is important.

重要的資訊上面就好。

Now, what you need to focus on are the big, general ideas. You need to understand generally

現在，你所需要集中注意力的，就是「大意」，你要了解它到底大致在講什麼、

what is being spoken about, what is the topic, what is the subject. For example, is it science?

主旨是什麼、主題又是什麼。舉個例，去聽它是在講科學？

Is it history? Is it arts? You need to understand the general ideas because they're not going

在講歷史？還是藝術？你要去了解整體的大意，因為他們不會去問你

to ask you very, very specific questions, right? And if they do, they're going to give

非常非常特定的問題，對吧？而如果他們真的這麼做了，他們會給你一些

you some information. They're going to give you something to listen to again. Or they're

資訊的，他們會讓你有機會可以再把它聽一遍，或者他們就會

going to give you a very specific word.

直接給你非常特定的字去聽。

So, details. Do you need to concentrate on every little detail? No. You'll be writing

所以，細節。你需要去關注每一個小細節嗎？不用，這樣你會每分每秒都在

all the time, not listening. Stick to the big ideas. But -- okay, sorry. Having said

寫東西，根本不能專心聽。請專注於「大的概念」，但是，好sorry我正要講到......

that, technical words -- if they give you some scientific word or some technological

專業詞彙，如果你被他們丟了一些科學相關單字或者特定背景的專業詞彙，

word, do you need to know it? No. They will give it to you in the question. You will see

你需要知道它們是啥嗎？不用，它們會在問題裡面附給你，你會在問題裡面直接

it in the question, and you'll remember, "Oh, yeah. This is the technical word." There will

看到它，你就會想起：「喔對那就是那個專業詞彙。」有時候會出現

be technical words that even native speakers have no idea how to write or what they mean

一些連英文母語人士都不知道怎麼寫、不知道什麼意思的

or what they are. You don't need to either. What you need to listen to is the explanation

專業詞彙，你也不需要知道。你需要聽的是專業詞彙的「解釋」

of what the technical word refers to or means because the word itself, they will give you

或者它指的是什麼意思，因為專業詞彙本身，它們就會在題目裡面

in the questions.

給你了。

Headings, divisions, lists: These are the most important things you're listening for.

標題、類別、清單：這些是你要專心去聽到的、最最重要的東西。

For example, you're listening to a lecture in a university classroom, and the professor

比如說，你在聽的是大學課堂上的演講，然後教授

says, "So today, we're going to look at three reasons why fracking is bad." "Fracking" -- you

說：「今天我們要看看fracking會造成不良影響的3個理由。」"fracking"---你

don't need to know. From a general idea -- you will have an idea what "fracking" means. But

不用知道那是什麼意思。從大意來看，你會知道"fracking"代表什麼，但是

"fracking" spelling? You don't need to know. Specifically, the details of how fracking

fracking怎麼拼？你不用知道。fracking怎麼運作的超級細節，

works, you don't need to know. What you do need to listen to are the three reasons. So

你不用知道。你需要聽的就是那3個理由，所以

he's dividing the lecture into three topics. Make sure that you create a heading for each reason.

他就會把這個演講分成3個小主題，確定你自己有幫每個小主題都記下一個小標題。

So the first reason is pollution. Write down "pollution". And then you can take notes under

所以第一個理由是「汙染」，把"pollution"寫下來，然後如果需要的話就在下面做筆記，

it if you need to. The second reason is expense. Write down "expense" and whatever information

第二個理由是「花費」， 把"expense"還有那些後來聽到的重要資訊記下來，

comes after that. The third reason -- whatever. You get the gist, I think. By the way, I hope

第三個理由......隨便，我想你應該抓到要點了。哦對了，希望

you know this word, "gist". "Gist" is the general idea. That's what you're listening for.

你知道這個字，"gist"，表示主旨、要點，那就是你該聽的東西。

If they're about to present a list, try to write down the list because this is

如果他們打算列出一個清單，試著把清單跟著寫出來，因為這很有可能

probably important, okay?

很重要，OK？

So in the listening section, don't sit there with your eyes closed and try to remember

在聽力部分，不要就閉上眼睛、坐在那邊，然後嘗試去

everything you hear. You cannot do it. There will be quite a few questions for each listening section.

記下你聽到的每件事，你做不到的，每段聽力都會出滿多題目，

You need to make sure that you have the information on a piece of paper in front of you.

你必須確保你在面前的紙上面留下了那些資訊，

When you go to the TOEFL center, they will give you paper. They will give you a

當你去考托福的時候，他們會給你紙，也會給你一枝鉛筆，

pencil. That's what it is for: to take notes. Use it.

這就是它們的用途：寫筆記！好好利用它們。

Next. In the speaking section, much shorter listening sections, but very important. What

接下來，在口說部分，相較起來比聽力部分短很多，但還是很重要，

are you listening for? You're listening for dates and times. For example, "Oh, yeah. Let's

你要聽什麼東西？你要去聽日期跟時間。舉例來說，"Oh, yeah. Let's

meet next Tuesday." The "next Tuesday", you have to be careful; it's not "this Tuesday",

meet next Tuesday."，這個"next Tuesday"就是你要注意的東西，不是 "this Tuesday"。

for example. Times, a.m., p.m. -- you don't need specifically 5:14; you need to understand

再舉個例，時間，上午？下午？你不用超級精確，像是5:14，但是你得搞懂到底是

afternoon, morning, evening, etc.

下午、早上、晚上等等。

If people are making plans, make sure you understand what the plans are. Meet here,

如果裡面有人在規劃行程，確認你聽懂那些行程在幹嘛：在哪裡碰面、

do this with these people. That's the information you want to write down. If somebody agrees

要跟誰做什麼事情。這就是你必須寫下來的資訊。如果有誰同意

or disagrees with something, write that down. If somebody makes an excuse -- "Do you want

或是不同意了什麼事情，也寫下來。如果有人提出一個藉口，像是"Do you want

to come to my party next week?" "No, I can't. I have to take my mother shopping." Write

to come to my party next week?" "No, I can't. I have to take my mother shopping."，

that down, "mother, shopping". You don't have to write, "He has to take his mother shopping."

寫下"mother, shopping"，你不用寫"He has to take his mother shopping."，

No. Don't do that. "Mother, shopping" -- done.

拜託不要，就"Mother, shopping"，結束。

Okay. Which goes with this? Accept, reject. Somebody makes an invitation. Does the person

好，然後還有什麼呢？接受還是拒絕。如果有人提出邀請，另外那個人是

accept or reject? He accepts and goes. If he rejects, make sure you know what the excuse

接受還是拒絕了？接受的話就會去，而如果他拒絕了，記得聽清楚他不去的理由

is. Okay? Because they'll ask you for that.

是什麼，好嗎？因為他們會問這個。

Purpose. There's going to be a meeting. Okay. Meeting -- not important. What is the meeting

目的。如果會有一場見面，好， "Meeting"叫什麼本身不是很重要，但這場見面是

about? Write that down. That is important. Or the reason -- reason and excuses: similar,

為了什麼？把它寫下來，這很重要；或者理由－理由與藉口，滿像的，

but a bit different. Reason for doing something, excuse for not doing something. Okay? So this

但有點不一樣：理由是「為什麼要做」、藉口是「為什麼不做」，懂？所以

is only the listening and speaking. Let's look at the writing and section, what you

以上就是聽力部分跟口說部分，我們接著來看看寫作部分，你在這邊需要

need to do there.

做什麼。

Okay. So now, let's look at the writing section. What are you doing in the writing section?

所以接著我們來看寫作部分，你在寫作部分要做什麼？

Remember that you have a short reading passage. You're given a little bit of time. You could

要記得你要讀一段短短的文章，你會得到一點時間，你在讀的時候

already start taking your notes as you're reading. But for some people, the reading

就可以開始做一點筆記，但是對於有些人來說，閱讀就

takes some time. Concentrate on the reading. Get the idea. What are the supporting, what

會花不少時間，那麼你就專心讀、抓他的大意：哪部分是在支持？哪部分是

are the attacking, what is their argument. What examples are they using? Then, when you're

在表示反對？論述有哪些？他們用了哪些例證？然後，當你開始

doing your listening, you're listening for -- first thing you're listening for: Are they

聽接下來的聽力時，你首先要去聽：他們對於你閱讀的文章

supporting or attacking the reading? Okay? Because the question is going to ask you how

是贊同還是反對？好嗎？因為題目一定會問他們是

are they supporting or attacking the reading? So this is what you have to pay attention

怎麼樣表示贊同還是反對，所以這是你一定得注意的地方。

for. If they are supporting, what point are they making? If they are attacking, what are

如果他們支持，他們的論點是什麼？如果他們不支持，他們的論點

the points they're making? Again, big points, major points as compared to the reading.

又是什麼？再次強調，「抓重點」，找出他們跟文章做比較的大點。

Also, if the listening uses any names, like a company name or a person's name as an example

並且，如果聽力這邊有提到任何名字，比如說用公司名稱或者人名來當例子，

of supporting or attacking, try to write down that name. This will get you a lot of points

表示支持或者反對文章內容，試著把那個名字寫下來，這會讓評分委員覺得你連名字都

with the graders if they can see that you wrote down the name and used it in your short essay.

有辦法記下來、用在你的短文裡面，繼而給你多一點分數。

Examples. Any examples that they use to support or attack? Again, don't give me all the details,

例子。他們有沒有舉什麼例子來表示支持或反對？再講一遍，不要把所有細節記下來，

but give me the general idea of the example, especially if the example was also used in

記那個例子的大意，尤其如果那篇文章同樣也有提到那個例子，

the reading. Okay? And then, use all of these in your little essay to show the differences.

好嗎？接著把這些通通比較在你的短文裡面呈現出來。

So now you know what you're listening for. Now, the hard part is actually doing the note

所以現在你知道你自己要去聽什麼東西了，難的部分就是要做筆記、

taking, the writing things down. You're going to be learning how to use codes. Now, before

去把東西寫出來。你要學著利用「代碼」。在我教這些之前，

I go over some of these, it's very, very important that you understand that these are some examples

有件非常非常重要的事：我教你的這些代碼，只是給你一些「例子」。

I'm giving you. You need to create your own codes that work for you. If I'm taking notes

你必須要創造你自己最有辦法好好使用的代碼，如果我自己在為了短文

on an essay -- on the listening section, for example -- I know what all these mean. These

作筆記－比如說在聽力部分作筆記好了－我完全知道這些代碼表示什麼，因為這些

are my codes. You might not know what this means, "w/". You may have to practice a little

是我自己的代碼，你有可能不知道"w/"是什麼意思，你可能會需要一點練習

while until you remember it. But make your own codes, something that you will remember

來把它們記住，但是，一定要做出「你自己的代碼」，你自己在關鍵時刻

when it's time to use it for the listening section, the speaking section, the writing

有辦法用出來的，要在聽力、口說、寫作

section.

都可以用的。

So here's a little sample of codes. Some of these, you know from your texting on your

所以這邊有些示範用的代碼，其中一些你可能在發簡訊的時候用過，

phone. You will never have to use LOL, OMG, BBF on the TOEFL, but good to know that they work.

你可能在托福考試永遠用不上LOL、OMG或者BBF，但是如果你真的平常會用那也滿好的。

I have a b; I have a 4 -- b4. I have an L; I have an 8 -- L8. Add an R -- L8R. Okay?

我會用b然後我會用4：before。我會用L然後我會用eight：late，如果加上R：later，懂？

Up -- go up, increase, raise, grow. Down -- go down, decrease, decelerate, slow down, whatever

↑，表示往上、增加、提升、成長。↓，表示往下、減少、減速、慢下來，看你

you need. Anything that shows going down, anything that shows going up.

需要怎麼用，任何你要表示向下的趨勢、任何你要表示向上的趨勢。

4 -- why did he go to the store? For milk -- 4 milk. Etc.

4，他為什麼要去店裡？for milk，為了要買牛奶，等等。

2 -- could be "to", "too", or "two". Although very rarely will you have to actually worry

2，可以當成too或者two。雖然你其實很少需要擔心數字啦，

about numbers because that's details.

因為它們都算是細節了。

Times -- five X as many. So there are five times as many people in that class as this

幾倍幾倍－5x什麼什麼，所以假如這個班是那個班的5倍人數，

class. So five X people. That's it. Class A, B, 5X -- that's it.

5倍人數，5 x people，分成A班B班的話，A=5xB，就這樣。

Minus, less. Plus, in addition. Up 2-- means maximum. Down 2 -- minimum. Approximately

「減號」表示減少；「加號」表示此外還有；「down 2」，表示最少；「大約」....

-- this is my sign. It means not equal, but close to. So approximately. Greater than -- A

這是我會用的符號，它表示不等於，但也相差不遠，這就是「大約」。

is more than B. Less than. Equal. With something. Without something.

A大於B、小於、等於；包含什麼、不含什麼。

H2O. What is "H2O"? You dink it every day. Water. Any little code that you can use to

H20...什麼是"H2O"？就是你每天都會喝的水。你可以用任何符號來讓你自己

help you write things quickly and remember things quickly, especially things like this

更快地寫筆記跟記憶，尤其像是托福

-- TOEFL for some reason loves science things. They love science lectures. They love science

為了某些原因，很愛科學相關的東西，他們喜歡科學相關的演講，他們喜歡科學

articles. Be very comfortable with those because you're going to see a lot of them.

文章，你該試著對這些甘之如飴，因為你一定會看到很多。

Now, the next thing we're going to look at is abbreviations, which are just as important

我們接下來要看的是「縮寫」，它跟符號一樣

as the codes. And again, something that you're going to have to practice and work on, but

重要，並且再次強調，這是你要自己去練習、努力的，但我

I'll give you a little bit of a sample to get you started.

這邊會提供你一些範例讓你有頭緒開始。

Okay. So now we get into the area where it's really more up to you to create your own master

好，現在我們要講的範圍，是你真的有更多自由去創造你自己可以掌握的

list and practice it and study it so on test day, you can use it and not have any problems.

清單，然後不斷練習，這樣你在考試那天就可以隨心所欲的使用。

We're looking at abbreviations. An "abbreviation" means taking a word and squeezing it, making

我們來看看這些縮寫，，「縮寫」就表示拿一個字、把它精簡化，讓

it shorter. So the abbreviation for abbreviation is "abbr." Okay? Abbreviation. The most important

它變短，所以「縮寫」的縮寫就是"abbr"，懂？縮寫。最重要的是

thing to remember is that you must remember what "abbr." means. If I see "abbr." In any

你要記得"abbr"是什麼意思，我如果在任何文件看到"abbr"，

document, I will automatically understand this means "abbreviation". Some of these are

我都可以自動理解它表示「縮寫」。這邊有些縮寫

very common. Everybody used them. Some of them, you will have to make your own, and

非常普遍，大家都這麼用；而有些縮寫，你得自己想一個你會用的，而

I'll show you how to do that as well.

我待會也會教你要怎麼做。

So for example, you have to be careful sometimes. You have to make yourself little changes,

所以，比如說，你有時候必須小心，你要會自己分辨，

like with a dot. So "inc." if I have only "inc" without a dot, I understand "increase".

像是有沒有「點」的差別，沒有「點」的"inc"，我知道它代表「increase(增加)」

Okay? If I see "inc." with a dot, I understand "incorporate". Okay? Same with "co" without

懂？假如我看到的是有「點」的"inc."，我知道它代表「incorporate(合併)」，同樣的，沒有「點」的"co"

a dot is "company"; "co." with a dot -- "corporation". Or "cor." -- depends how you want to do it.

表示「company(公司)」，有「點」的 "co."，就表示「corporation(企業)」，你也可以寫成cor.，就看你怎樣做。

Now, sometimes, you have some of them that look very similar, only one letter difference,

有時候你會覺得它們很多看起來都很像，只有一個字母不一樣，