Name: 22.羅馬重現：四皇制文藝復興 (22. Rome Redux: The Tetrarchic Renaissance)
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Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus --

six if we count Lucius Verus, who was co-emperor with Marcus

In the fifty years following the death of the last of the

Severan emperors, a young man by the name of

and many more pretenders to imperial power.

Rarely did anyone hold onto power for more than a few years,

and some of them lasted only a matter of months.

I like to think of the emperors as changing as quickly as the

Any wrong move led to assassination and replacement,

not by the Senate, but by the provincial armies,

Civil wars were extremely commonplace in the third century

the Roman emperors, who could literally be stabbed

in the back at any moment; and many of them were.

the economy was in shambles, and the vast bureaucracy was

also suffering significantly in the third century A.D.,

largely because of a lack of central control.

In view of this chaotic situation, there was very little

time to build buildings, which is obviously what's

significant to us, in the context of this course.

In many ways I think one can describe, vis-à-vis

as essentially a wasteland, an architectural wasteland.

There were no forums in the third century A.D.

There were no basilicas and there were no baths.

We will see that the major project in the third century

was not unexpectedly, given this situation,

That was the main architectural commission in the third century

want to begin today, the so-called Aurelian Walls.

glimpse of two of those twenty acknowledged emperors who made

their way through the third century A.D.:

who was co-emperor with a man by the name of Balbinus,

And, in fact, just to give you a sense of the

flavor of the third century, both of them were dragged from

ascended to imperial power, murdered and their bodies

one of the boy emperor and one of the more mature emperor,

even though many, many years separate them in

if you look at the way in which these portraitists represented

their eyes, in the likenesses of these two

individuals, in these official portraits of

Gordion and of Pupienus, I think you'll see,

if you look at those eyes, that those eyes reveal the

concern that these emperors had for the state of the Empire

during the third century A.D.: a concern that was extremely

So again I want to begin with the only significant

architectural project in the third century A.D.

in Rome, and that is this great defensive wall system called the

The Aurelian Walls were built for two main reasons:

the so-called Servian Walls, which we studied at the very

beginning of the semester, which date to the Republic--378

is when they were dedicated; so way, way back in the

beginning of our discussion of Roman architecture--

you'll remember that those Servian Walls--

and I can show it to you with this plan here of the walls

during ancient Roman times-- the Servian Walls encircled

So this central area here, where we see the Palatine,

the Quirinal Hill, that was the location of that

As the city grew, as the population grew,

as more people were brought back to Rome,

through the various wars and through the enslavement of large

numbers of people, the city grew significantly in

And so by this time, by the third century,

the Servian Wall was essentially useless to protect

Rome from those barbarians that were literally at the gates at

so they needed to build that wall to protect the city.

But the other reason was because of what was going on,

on the frontiers, because Rome was more in danger

Because of the kind of political and economic situation

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22.羅馬重現：四皇制文藝復興 (22. Rome Redux: The Tetrarchic Renaissance)

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