Name: 讓你變強的最佳方法，可能讓你意想不到！- David Epstein (The best way to become good at something might surprise you - David Epstein)
Uploaded: 2026-03-14T09:59:57.000Z
Duration: 5 min 46 s

情態副詞

Many of you here have probably heard of the 10,000 hours rule.

相信很多人都聽過 10,000 hours rule。

It's the idea that to become great in anything takes 10,000 hours of focused practice.

這個概念是說，要在任何領域變得頂尖，都需要 10,000 小時的專注練習。

進階形容詞比較級句型

So you'd better get started as early as possible.

The poster child for this story is Tiger Woods.

這個故事的 poster child 就是 Tiger Woods。

His father famously gave him a putter when he was seven months old.

據說他爸爸在他七個月大的時候就送了他一支 putter。

他已經是全世界最偉大的高爾夫球員了。

這就是一個典型的 10,000 hours story。

Another is that of the three Polger sisters, whose father decided to teach them chess in a very technical manner from a very early age.

另一個例子是三位 Polger sisters，她們的爸爸從很小的時候就決定用非常技術性的方式教她們 chess。

Two of his daughters went on to become grandmaster chess players.

他的兩個女兒後來都成為了 grandmaster chess 選手。

If this 10,000 hours rule is correct, then we should see that elite athletes get a head start in so called deliberate practice.

如果這個 10,000 hours rule 是對的，那我們應該會看到 elite athletes 在所謂的 deliberate practice 上有領先的優勢。

And in fact, when scientists study elite athletes, they see that they spend more time in deliberate practice.

事實上，當科學家研究 elite athletes 時，他們確實發現他們花更多時間在 deliberate practice 上。

When they actually track athletes over the course of their development, they the pattern looks like this.

當他們實際追蹤運動員的發展過程時，他們發現模式看起來是這樣的。

The future elites tend to have what scientists call a sampling period where they try a variety of physical activities.

未來的 elite 選手通常會經歷一個科學家稱為 sampling period 的時期，在那裡他們會嘗試各種 physical activities。

They gain broad general skills and delay specializing until later than peers who plateau at lower levels.

他們會獲得廣泛的 general skills，並延遲 specializing，直到比那些在較低層級 plateau 的 peers 更晚。

That doesn't really comport with the 10,000 hours rule, does it?

這跟 10,000 hours rule 似乎不太符合，對吧？

So I started to wonder about other domains that we associate with obligatory early specialization, like music.

於是我開始思考其他我們認為需要 obligatory early specialization 的 domains，像是 music。

The exceptional musicians didn't start spending more time in deliberate practice than the average musicians until their third instrument.

傑出的音樂家們，直到他們接觸第三種樂器後，才開始花比一般音樂家更多時間在 deliberate practice 上。

They too tended to have a sampling period.

他們也傾向於有一個 sampling period。

Even musicians we think of as famously precocious, like Yo Yo Ma.

即使是我們認為神童般的音樂家，像是 Yo Yo Ma。

So this got me interested in exploring the developmental backgrounds of people whose work I had long admired.

這讓我開始有興趣去探索我一直以來所欣賞的那些人的發展背景。

Duke Ellington shunned music lessons as a kid to focus on baseball and painting and drawing.

像是 Duke Ellington 小時候就避開音樂課，轉而專注於棒球、繪畫和素描。

Maryam Mirzakhani wasn't interested in math as a girl, dreamed of becoming a novelist and went on to become the first and so far only woman to win the Fields Medal, the most prestigious prize in the world in math.

Maryam Mirzakhani 小時候對數學沒興趣，夢想成為小說家，後來卻成為第一位也是至今唯一一位獲得數學界最高榮譽「菲爾茲獎」的女性。

Vincent Van Gogh had five different careers before flaming out spectacularly and in his late twenties picked up a book called the Guide to the ABCs of Drawing.

Vincent Van Gogh 在經歷五種不同的職業生涯後，在二十幾歲晚期才拿起一本叫做《繪畫ABC指南》的書。

Claude Shannon was an electrical engineer at the University of Michigan who took a philosophy course just to fulfill a requirement.

Claude Shannon 是密西根大學的電機工程師，他為了滿足學分要求而選修了一門哲學課。

And in it he learned about a near century old system of logic by which true and false statements could be coded as ones and zeros and solved like math problems.

在那堂課中，他學到了一套近百年的邏輯系統，可以將真假陳述編碼成一和零，並像數學問題一樣解決。

This led to the development of binary code which underlies all of our digital computers today.

這催生了二進位碼的發展，而它正是我們現今所有數位電腦的基礎。

Frances Hesselbein took her first professional job at the age of 54, went on to become the CEO of the Girl Scouts.

Frances Hesselbein 五十四歲才開始第一份正職工作，後來更成為女童軍的 CEO。

He tried some tennis, some skiing, wrestling.

His mother was actually a tennis coach, but

他的媽媽其實是網球教練，但是

she declined to coach him because he wouldn't return balls normally.

她拒絕指導他，因為他平常都不會回球。

Handball, volleyball, soccer, badminton, skateboarding.

手球、排球、足球、羽毛球、滑板。

那麼，這位多方嘗試的人是誰呢？

Every bit as famous as an adult as Tiger Woods.

他長大後跟 Tiger Woods 一樣有名。

And yet even tennis enthusiasts don't usually know anything about his developmental story.

但即使是網球愛好者，通常也不知道他的成長故事。

I think it's partly because the Tiger story is very dramatic, but

我想部分原因是因為 Tiger 的故事非常戲劇化，但

also because it seems like this tidy narrative that we can extrapolate to anything that we want to be good at in our own lives.

也是因為它似乎是一個很整齊的敘事，我們可以將它應用到我們生活中任何想擅長的事情上。

But it turns out that in many ways, golf is a uniquely horrible model of almost everything that humans want to learn.

但事實證明，在很多方面，高爾夫球幾乎是人類想學的各種事物的一個非常糟糕的典範。

Golf is the epitome of what the psychologist Robin Hogarth called a kind learning environment.

高爾夫球是心理學家 Robin Hogarth 所說的「友善學習環境」的縮影。

Next steps and goals are clear, rules are clear and never change.

下一步和目標很清楚，規則也很清楚且永不改變。

When you do something, you get feedback that is quick and accurate.

當你做某件事時，你會得到快速且準確的回饋。

Chess online, also a kind learning environment.

線上西洋棋，也是一個友善的學習環境。

On the other end of the spectrum are wicked learning environments where next steps and goals may not be clear, rules may change, you may or may not get feedback.

在光譜的另一端是「邪惡學習環境」，在那裡下一步和目標可能不明確，規則可能會改變，你可能會或不會得到回饋。

When you do something, it may be delayed, it may be inaccurate.

當你做某件事時，可能會延遲，也可能不準確。

Which one of these sounds like the world we're increasingly living in?

聽起來，我們現在越來越生活在這樣的世界裡，哪個比較像呢？

So if hyperspecialization isn't always the trick in a wicked world, what is?

所以，如果在邪惡的學習環境裡，過度專業化不總是管用的話，那什麼才有用呢？

That can be difficult to talk about because sometimes it looks like meandering or zigzagging or keeping a broader view, it can look like getting behind.

這點可能比較難說出口，因為有時候看起來像是漫無目的、曲折前進，或是保持更廣闊的視野，看起來像是落後了。

But if we look at research on technological innovation, it shows that increasingly the most impactful patents are authored by teams that include individuals who have worked across a large number of different technology classes and often merged things from different domains.

但如果我們看看關於科技創新的研究，會發現越來越多有影響力的專利，是由一些在許多不同技術領域都工作過，並且經常融合不同 domains 的人所組成的團隊所撰寫的。

Someone whose work I've admired, who was sort of on the forefront of this is a Japanese man named Gunpei Yokoi.

有一位我非常欣賞、並且在這方面走在前沿的人，是一位名叫橫井軍平的日本人。

Yokoi didn't score well in his electronics exams at school, so he had to settle for a low tier job as a machine maintenance worker at a playing card company in Kyoto.

橫井軍平在學校的電子學考試成績並不好，所以他只好屈就於京都一家撲克牌公司，擔任機械維修工的基層工作。

He combined some well known technology from the calculator industry with some well known technology from the credit card industry and made handheld games.

他將計算機產業一些廣為人知的技術，與信用卡產業一些廣為人知的技術結合，製造出了掌上遊戲機。

And it turned this playing card company, which was founded in a wooden storefront in the 19th century, into a toy and game operation.

這使得這家創立於 19 世紀木造店面的撲克牌公司，轉變成了一家玩具和遊戲公司。

You may have heard of it, it's called Nintendo.

We probably don't make as many of those people as we could because we don't tend to incentivize anything that doesn't look like a Head Start or specialization.

我們可能沒有盡量培養那樣的人，因為我們不太鼓勵那些不像 Head Start 或 specializing 的事物。

And naturally I think there are as many ways to succeed as there are people.

我覺得成功的路有幾種，就看有多少人。

But I think we tend only to incentivize and encourage the tiger path when increasingly in a wicked world, we need people who travel the Roger path as well.

但我覺得我們只會鼓勵和讚賞那種「老虎」的路，但在越來越複雜的世界裡，我們也需要走「羅傑」路徑的人。

Whereas the eminent physicist and mathematician and writer Freeman Dyson put it for a healthy ecosystem, we need both birds and frogs.

正如傑出的物理學家、數學家兼作家 Freeman Dyson 所說，一個健康的生態系統需要鳥類和青蛙。

Frogs are down in the mud seeing all the granular details.

青蛙身處泥沼，看見所有細微的細節。

The birds are soaring up above, not seeing those details but integrating the knowledge of the frogs.

鳥兒在高空翱翔，看不到這些細節，但能整合青蛙們的知識。

The problem, Dyson said, is that we're telling everyone to become frogs.

Dyson 說，問題是我們告訴大家都要當青蛙。

And I think in a wicked world that's increasingly short sighted, education is the ultimate idea worth spreading.

我認為，在一個越來越短視的複雜世界裡，教育是值得傳播的終極理念。

That's why we have a channel dedicated exclusively to celebrating and elevating the ideas of educators.

這就是為什麼我們有個專門頌揚和提升教育者想法的頻道。

Visit our Educator Talks channel where you can also learn more about our educator programs or watch the unabbreviated version of this talk here.

歡迎來到我們的 Educator Talks 頻道，在這裡你也可以瞭解更多關於我們的教育者計畫，或在這裡觀看這個演講的完整版。