When you think about the brain,

當你想到大腦。

it's sort of a difficult thing to understand,

這是一種很難理解的事情。

because if I were to ask you right now, how does the heart work,

因為如果我現在問你，心臟是怎麼運作的。

you would instantly tell me it's a pump. It pumps blood.

你會立刻告訴我它是一個泵。它是泵血的

And if I were to ask you how your lungs work,

如果我問你，你的肺是怎麼工作的？

you would say it exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide. That's easy.

你會說它把氧氣換成二氧化碳。這很容易。

Now if I were to ask you how the brain works, it's a hard thing to understand

現在如果我問你大腦是如何工作的，這是一個很難理解的事情'。

because you can't just look at a brain and understand what it is.

因為你不能只看一個大腦就明白它是什麼。

It's not a mechanical object, it's not a pump, it's not an airbag.

它'不是機械物，它'不是泵，它'不是氣囊。

It's just like, if you held it in your hand when it was dead, it's just a piece of fat.

這就像，如果你把它拿在手裡，當它死了，它只是一塊脂肪。

And so to understand how the brain works,

所以要了解大腦的工作原理。

you have to go inside a living brain. Because the brain's not mechanical,

你必須去一個活的大腦裡面。因為大腦不是機械的。

the brain is electrical and it's chemical.

大腦是電，它'的化學。

Your brain is made out of 100 billion cells,

你的大腦是由1000億個細胞組成的。

and these cells are called neurons. And these neurons communicate with each other with electricity.

而這些細胞被稱為神經元。而這些神經元之間是用電來溝通的。

And we're going to eavesdrop in on a conversation between two cells,

而我們'要去偷聽兩個細胞之間的對話。

and we're going to listen to something called a spike.

和我們'要聽的東西叫做尖峰。

But we're not going to record my brain or your brain or your teacher's brains,

但我們不會記錄我的大腦或你的大腦或你老師的大腦。

we're going to use our good friend the cockroach.

我們要用我們的好朋友蟑螂。

Not just because I think they're cool,

不只是因為我覺得他們很酷。

but because they have brains very similar to ours.

但因為他們的大腦和我們很相似。

And so if you learn a little bit about how their brains work,

所以如果你瞭解一下他們的大腦是如何工作的。

we're going to learn a lot about how our brains work.

我們會學到很多關於我們的大腦如何工作。

So I'm going to put them in some ice water here

所以我打算把它們放在冰水裡。

and then ...

然後

(Audience: Ew!) ... yeah ...

(觀眾：哎！)......是啊......。

So what's happening right now is that they're becoming anesthetized,

所以，現在發生的事情是，他們'正在成為麻醉劑。

because they're cold blooded, they become the temperature of the water

因為他們'冷血，他們成為水的溫度。

and they can't control it so they just basically "chillax," right?

他們不能控制它，所以他們只是基本上"chillax，"對嗎？

They're not going to be able to feel anything,

他們'不會有任何感覺。

and that may just tell you a little bit about what we're going to be doing.

而這可能只是告訴你一點關於我們'要做的事情。

We're going to be doing a scientific experiment to understand the brain.

我們'要做一個科學實驗來了解大腦。

So ...

所以...

This is the leg of a cockroach

這是隻蟑螂的腿

and a cockroach has all these beautiful hairs

和蟑螂有所有這些美麗的毛髮。

and pricklies all over it.

和遍地的荊棘。

Underneath each one of those is a cell,

每一個人的下面都是一個細胞。

and this cell's a neuron, and this neuron's going to send information

而這個細胞是一個神經元，和這個神經元的要發送信息

about wind or vibrations. If you ever try to catch a cockroach, it's hard

關於風或振動。如果你曾經試圖抓住一隻蟑螂，它'的困難。

because they can feel you coming before you're even there, they start running.

因為他們能感覺到你來之前，你&#39；甚至在那裡，他們開始運行。

So these cells are zipping up this information up to the brain

所以這些細胞把這些信息壓縮到大腦中去

using those little axons with electronic messages in there.

用那些小軸突與電子信息在那裡。

So we're going to record by sticking a pin right in there.

所以我們'要通過在那裡插針來記錄。

So we need to take off the leg of a cockroach --

所以我們需要把蟑螂的腿拿下來... ...

don't worry, they'll grow back --

別擔心，它們會重新長出來的。

then we're going to put two pins in there. One of the pins, these are metal pins,

然後我們'要把兩個針在那裡。其中一個插銷，這些都是金屬插銷。

will pick up this electronic message, this electric message is going by.

會接收到這個電子信息，這個電資訊是通過。

So, we're now going to do the surgery, let's see if you guys can see this.

所以，我們'現在要做手術了，讓'看看你們能不能看到這個。

Yeah, it's gross ...

是的，它的毛... ...

All right ... so there we go ...

好吧... ...所以我們去... ...。

You guys can see his leg right there.

你們可以看到他的腿就在那裡。

So now I'm going to take this leg, I'm going to put it in this invention that we came up with

所以現在我要把這條腿，放在我們想出的這個發明中去。

called the Spikerbox --

稱為Spikerbox --

and this replaces lots of expensive equipment in a research lab

而這也取代了研究實驗室中許多昂貴的設備。

so you guys can do this in your own high schools,

所以你們可以在自己的高中做這個。

or in your own basements if it's me --

或在你自己的地下室，如果它是我 --

So, there. (Laughter)

所以，有。（笑聲）

Can you guys see that? Alright, so I'm going to go ahead and turn this on.

你們能看到嗎？好吧，所以我'要繼續前進，並打開這個。

I'm going to plug it in. (Sound of neurons firing)

我要把它插進去 I'm going to plug it in.(神經元發射的聲音)

To me, this is the most beautiful sound in the world.

對我來說，這是世界上最美的聲音。

This is what your brain is doing right now.

這就是你的大腦現在正在做的事情。

You have 100 billion cells making these raindrop-type noises

你有一千億個細胞發出這種雨滴型的聲音。

So let's go ahead and take a look at what it looks like,

那麼我們就來看看它的樣子吧'。

let's pull it up on the iPad screen

讓我們把它拉到iPad的螢幕上吧

I plugged my iPad into here as well.

我把我的iPad也插到了這裡。

So remember what we said about the axon, what we said it looks like, looks like a spike.

所以還記得我們說的軸子，我們說它的樣子，看起來像一個尖峰。

So we're going to take a look at what one of them looks like in just a brief second.

所以我們'要在短短的一秒鐘內，看看其中一個人是什麼樣子的。

We're going to tap here, so we can sort of average this guy.

我們'要在這裡拍，所以我們可以有點平均這個傢伙。

So there we see it. That's an action potential.

所以我們看到了。這是一個動作電位。

You've got 100 billion cells in your brain doing this right now,

你的大腦裡有1000億個細胞正在做這個。

sending all this information back about what you're seeing, what you're hearing.

發送所有這些資訊回來 關於你看到的，你聽到的。

So we also said this is a cell that's going to be taking up information about vibrations in the wind.

所以我們也說這是一個細胞，'要在風中吸收振動的資訊。

So what if we do an experiment?

那麼如果我們做一個實驗呢？

We can actually blow on this and hear if we see a change.

其實我們可以在這上面吹一吹，聽一聽是否有變化。

Are you guys going to be ready for this?

你們準備好了嗎？

If I blow on it you tell me if you hear anything.

如果我吹它，你告訴我，如果你聽到什麼。

(Sound of spikes reacting to wind)

(尖峰對風的反應聲)

Let me just touch this with a little pen here.

讓我在這裡用小筆碰一下。

(Noise)

(噪音)

That's actually the neural firing range. That actually took a while

這'其實就是神經的發射範圍。這其實需要一段時間

in neuroscience to understand this. This is called rate coding,

在神經科學中理解這一點。這就是所謂的速率編碼。

which is that the harder you press on something, the more spikes there are,

也就是你越是用力的按著某樣東西，越是有尖峰。

and all that information is coming up to your brain. That's how you perceive things.

和所有的資訊是來了你的大腦。這就是你如何看待事物。

So that's one way of doing an experiment with electricity.

所以這就是用電做實驗的一種方式。

The other way is that your brain is not only taking in electrical impulses,

另一種方式是，你的大腦不僅在接受電脈衝。

you're also sending out. That's how you move your muscles around.

你'也送出去。這就是你如何移動你的肌肉。

Let's see what happens if I've plugged in something that's electric

讓我們來看看如果我插上了電的東西會怎麼樣？

into the cockroach leg here.

到蟑螂腿這裡。

I'm going to take two pins, I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.

我'要拿兩個針頭，我'要把它們插到蟑螂上。

I'm going to take the other end, I'm going to plug in into my iPod.

我'要採取另一端，我'要插入我的iPod。

It's my iPhone actually.

其實是我的iPhone。

I don't know if you guys know this, but do you guys know how your earbuds work in your ears?

我不知道你們是否知道，但是你們知道你們的耳塞是怎麼在耳朵裡工作的嗎？

You have a battery in your phone, your iPod, right?

你的手機、iPod裡都有電池吧？

It's sending electrical current into these magnets in your earbuds

它將電流送入耳塞中的這些磁鐵。

which shake back and forth and allow you to hear things.

來回搖晃，讓你聽到東西。

But that electric current's the same currency that our brain uses

但那電流和我們大腦使用的貨幣是一樣的。

so we can send that directly to our cockroach leg and hopefully if this works,

所以我們可以直接把它送到我們的蟑螂腿上，希望如果這個工作。

we can actually see what happens when we play music into the cockroach.

我們其實可以看到，當我們把音樂放進蟑螂體內會發生什麼。

Let's take a look.

讓我們'看看吧。

(Music beat) Can we turn it up? There we go.

(音樂節拍)我們能把它調大嗎?我們去那裡。

(Music beats) (Audience reacts and gasps) So what's happening?

(音樂節拍) (觀眾反應和喘息) 那麼發生了什麼?

(Music beats)

（音樂節拍）

So you see what's moving. It's moving on the bass.

所以，你看什麼'的移動。它在動的低音。

All those audio files out there. If you have awesome, kicking car stereos,

所有這些音頻文件在那裡。如果你有厲害的，踢的汽車音響。

you know, the bass speakers are the biggest speakers.

你知道，低音喇叭是最大的喇叭。

The biggest speakers have the longest waves, the longest waves have the most current,

最大的喇叭波浪最長，波浪最長的電流最大。

and the current is what's causing these things to move.

和電流是什麼'的導致這些東西移動。

So it's not just speakers that are causing electricity.

所以，不僅僅是音箱引起的電。

Microphones also cause electricity. (Beat)

麥克風也會引起電。(節拍)

So I'm going to go ahead and invite another person out on the stage here

所以，我要繼續邀請另一個人上臺，在這裡

to help me out with this. So there we go. (Beatboxing)

來幫我解決這個問題。所以，我們去那裡。（Beatboxing）

This is the first time this has ever happened in the history of mankind.

這是人類歷史上第一次出現這種情況。

Human beatbox to a cockroach leg.

人的拍子對蟑螂腿。

When you guys go back to your high school, think about neuroscience and how you guys can begin the neuro-revolution.

當你們回到高中的時候，想想神經科學，你們如何開始神經革命。

Thank you very much. Bye bye. (Applause)

謝謝你了再見了。(掌聲)

(Music)

(音樂)