I'm Professor Kleiner, and what I'd like to do today

我是你們的教授 Kleiner，今天的主題是

is to give you a sense of some of the great buildings

要讓你們對一些偉大的建築物有基本認識

and some of the themes that we will be studying together this semester.

其中部分主題，我們這學期中會介紹

I think it's important to note, from the outset,

有一點我覺得很重要，要在一開始先告訴你們：

that Roman architecture is primarily an architecture of cities.

古羅馬建築主要是城市建築

The Romans structured a man-made, worldwide empire out of architectural forms,

古羅馬人用建築打造了一個人工、世界性的帝國

and those architectural forms revolutionized the ancient world

而在建築領域，為古代世界帶來革命性影響

and exerted a lasting influence on the architecture and the architects of post-classical times.

也對建築和後古典時期的建築師產生長遠影響

This semester we will be concerned primarily with urban

這學期我們會著重城市、

communities-- with urban communities--and we

公共生活，討論都市的公共生活

will, in the first half of this

上半學期

semester, we will focus on the city of

焦點放在羅馬這個城市

Rome, and in the second-- and also central Italy,

接下來，到義大利中部去

including Pompeii.

包括龐貝城

And I wanted to show you, at the outset,

一開始我想先讓你們看看

an aerial view of Rome--you see it over here,

羅馬的空照圖，看這裡

on the left-hand side of the screen--

螢幕左手邊

that situates us in the very core of the ancient city.

這張圖幫我們指出古城的中心位置

You see the famous Colosseum, the very icon of Rome,

可以看到著名的競技場，羅馬的象徵

at the upper right.

右上方

You see the Roman Forum, as it looks today,

你看到的是古羅馬市政廣場 (註：拉丁文「人民的」)今天的樣貌

and you see a part of the Capitoline Hill,

以及一部分的卡比托利歐山丘

transformed by Michelangelo into the famous Campidoglio,

米開朗基羅把它改建成著名的卡比托利歐廣場

as well as the Via dei Fori Imperiali of Mussolini,

還有墨索里尼的帝國大道

built by Mussolini, and the Imperial Fora.

墨索里尼建造的，以及帝國議事廣場

So the city of Rome again we'll be concentrating on,

這就是羅馬城，也就是我們

at the beginning of this semester, as well as the city of

在學期一開始的主要重點

Pompeii.

還有龐貝城

An aerial view of Pompeii, as it looks today.

龐貝空照圖，這是現在的樣貌

You can see many of the buildings of the city,

可以看到這座城市裡的很多建築物

including the houses and the shops, and also the

包括住宅和店鋪

entertainment district.

以及娛樂區

This is the theater and the music hall of ancient Pompeii.

這是古龐貝的劇場和音樂廳

The amphitheater is over here.

圓形劇場在這裡

And you can see, of course, looming up in the

也可以看到，當然了，背景裡隱約看得到

background, Mount Vesuvius, the mountain that caused all that trouble in 79 A.D.

維蘇威火山，這座山引發了西元79年那場災難

So that's the first half of the semester.

以上就是上半學期的內容

The second half of the semester we are going to be going out

下半學期，我們會走出羅馬

into the provinces, into the Roman provinces,

去看看羅馬帝國其他地區(行省)

and that is going to take us-- and we're going to look at the

我們會去看看各個地區

provinces both in the eastern and the western part of the

包括帝國的西部和東部

Empire-- and that will take us to Roman Greece.

去看希臘的羅馬時期 (註：西元前146年羅馬統治時期)

It will take us to Asia Minor; Asia Minor, which of course is modern Turkey.

然後來到小亞細亞，小亞細亞是現在的土耳其

It will take us to North Africa.

到北非地區

It will take us to the Middle East,

中東地區

in what's now Jordan and Syria, and it will also take us to

也就是今天的約旦和敘利亞，然後也會到

Europe, to western Europe,

歐洲，歐洲西部

to cities in France and to cities in Spain.

法國的城市，以及西班牙的城市

And let me just show you an example of some of the buildings

我舉幾個建築案例給你們看

that we'll look at as we travel to the provinces.

這些案例是當我們介紹到那些地區時會特別注意的

This is the Library of Celsus, in Ephesus,

這是塞爾蘇斯圖書館，在艾菲索斯(另譯為「以弗所」)

on the western coast of Turkey.

位於土耳其西部海岸

This--the theater, a spectacularly well-preserved

而這個劇場，保存得驚人完整

theater at Sabratha, you see on the upper right-hand

右上方看到的是塞卜拉泰的劇場

side; and down here a restored view

下面這一張

of the masterful Palace of Diocletian.

是壯麗的戴克里先宮殿復原圖

We have the late Roman emperors in a place called Split,

羅馬帝國晚期，位於 Split 這個地方

which is in Croatia, along the fabulously gorgeous

在克羅埃西亞

Dalmatian Coast today.

沿著今天的Dalmatian海岸一帶 (註：亞得里亞海東岸)

So those are just a sampling of the kinds of buildings that

以上案例就是我們會談到的

we'll look at in the provinces.

帝國其它地區的建築物

We're going to be seeing, we'll be concentrating on the

我們要開始來看，先著重在

ways in which the Romans planned and built their cities.

古羅馬規劃、建造城市的方式

And it's important to note, from the very outset,

一開始我要先提醒一個重點

that Rome itself grew in a very ad hoc way.

羅馬城市的發展方式很特別

And we can tell that.

我們可以看到

Here's a Google Earth image showing that core of Rome,

這是Google 地球的影像，羅馬城的中心

with the Colosseum, with the famous,

有競技場，和十分著名的

modern Victor Emmanuel Monument that looks either like a wedding

現代風格維托里亞諾艾曼紐二世紀念館

cake or a typewriter.

看起來像是婚禮蛋糕或一台打字機

It's very white, and it's called the wedding

潔白醒目，被很多的當地人

cake by a lot of the locals.

稱為婚禮蛋糕

You see that here.

看到這裡

But it's a landmark in Rome.

是羅馬的地標

And the Capitoline Hill, with the Campidoglio over here;

然後是卡比托利歐山，卡比托利歐廣場在這裡

the Forum, the Roman Forum; the Imperial Fora on this side.

古羅馬廣場，帝國議事廣場在另一側

But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow

但你可以從較為彎曲、狹窄的羅馬街道看出端倪

streets of the city of Rome, as they look from above today,

現在從空照可以看到

you can see that again the city grew in a fairly ad hoc

這個城市的發展方式相當特別

way, as I mentioned.

就像之前所提到的

It wasn't planned all at once, it just grew up over time,

它並非一次規劃完成，而是隨著時間發展

beginning in the eighth century B.C.

從西元前八世紀開始

Now this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is

這很有趣，因為我們知道古羅馬人

when they were left to their own devices,

當時已具備一次規劃完成的能力

and they could build a city from scratch,

他們從零開始規劃、建設城市

they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way.

並沒有放任城市那樣古怪地發展

They structured it in a very methodical way.

他們的工程建設很有系統

It was basically based on military strategy,

是以軍事策略為本

military planning.

軍事考量的規劃

The Romans, they couldn't have conquered the world without

古羅馬人如果沒有高超軍事謀劃

obviously having a masterful military enterprise,

想必就無法征服世界

and everywhere they went on their various campaigns,

而且在他們出征所及的地方

their various military campaigns, they would build

各式各樣的軍事戰役所到之處，都會建設

camps, and those camps were always

軍營，這些軍營總是

laid out in a very geometric plan,

以幾何的方式規劃平面，沿著網格排列，

along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

通常是方形或矩形

So when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal

所以當我們看到古羅馬的理想城市

Roman city, they turn to that so-called

就是所謂的「營寨」

castrum, or military camp design,

或者說，是軍事基地的設計

and they build their cities that way.

他們以此方式建造城市

And I show you here one example.

你們看一下這個案例

We're using Google Earth here again,

這個案例也是利用Google 地球

another example of, or an example of a city called

另外這個案例，是在「提姆加德」這個城市

Timgad, T-i-m-g-a-d,

拼法是T-i-m-g-a-d,

which is in modern Algeria, and the ancient city still

是今天的阿爾及利亞，這個城市仍然

survives.

存在

And if we look at this Google Earth image of it,

從Google 地球的影像裡，

you can see there are no later accretions,

可以看到這個城市並沒有後來的增建、擴張，不同於羅馬

as we have in Rome, no later civilizations built on

沒有後來的各種文明

top of it.

疊加上去

You can see the ideal Roman plan, which, as I said,

這就是理想的古羅馬規劃，和我剛剛說的一樣

is usually either a square or a rectangle.

通常是方形或矩形兩者之一

It has in the center the two main streets of the city.

城市的中心有兩條主要街道

The north-south street is called the cardo,

南北向的街道稱為「南北軸大道」

c-a-r-d-o.

拼法是c-a-r-d-o

The east-west street is called the decumanus,

東西向的街道稱為「東西軸大道」

d-e-c-u-m-a-n-u-s.

拼法是d-e-c-u-m-a-n-u-s

We'll go back to all of this in the future; so you don't have to

我們以後會再回來談這部分

worry about it today.

現在先不必擔心

The cardo and the decumanus,

「南北軸大道」和「東西軸大道」

and you can see that they cross exactly;

兩者正好交錯

they intersect exactly at the center of the city.

交叉點位於城市中心

And then the rest of the city is arranged in blocks,

城市其它的部份街廓羅列

very regular blocks, this grid plan that I mentioned

十分工整，也就是我剛剛提過的

before.

網格狀規劃

Then some of the major monuments, whether it's the

然後，一些主要的紀念建築物，無論是

theater or the forum, are arranged in different parts

劇場或市政廣場，都配置在城市的不同位置

of the city, and then these blocks

這些街廓

constitute essentially the housing and the shops and so on

構成基本的房舍和店鋪

and so forth.

依此類推

This is a city that was planned in around 100 A.D.,

這個城市於西元100年規劃

under the emperor Trajan.

在圖拉真帝王的時代

And again it gives us an inkling of what the Romans --

帶給我們一些有關古羅馬的線索

when the Romans thought about ideal Roman town planning --

當古羅馬人思考理想的城鎮規劃時

it was this grid plan, not Rome, but this grid plan

是這樣的網格規劃，不是今天的羅馬，而是格狀

that they had very much in mind.

他們有很多點子

Cities like Rome, like Timgad,

像是提姆加德或羅馬這些城市

and most of the others that we'll look at in the course of

以及大多數我們這學期課程會看的其它城市

this semester, were surrounded by defensive

被防禦性的

walls.

城牆包圍

As a major military machine in its own right,

城市本身做為軍事設施

Rome was only too aware of the dangers of attack from others,

羅馬人非常清楚遭受攻擊的危險性

and consequently they walled their cities.

因此他們以城牆圍住城市

And we will look at the two major walls in Rome,

我們會談到在羅馬的兩道主要城牆

as well as walls in other parts of the Roman world.

以及羅馬帝國其它地區的牆

I promise not to spend too much time on walls,

我保證不花太多時間談城牆

because they're essentially piles of stone.

因為它們根本就是一堆石頭

But they're important in their own right and I will speak to

但他們很重要，必要的時候我會講解

them on occasion, and especially the two in Rome.

尤其是這兩道在羅馬的牆

You see them here.

這裡看到的是

This is the first wall in Rome, the so-called Servian Walls,

羅馬城的第一道牆，被稱為「塞維安城牆」

which was built in the Republic, in the Roman Republic,

是羅馬共和國時期建造的(509 BC-27 BC)

to surround the city, the Republican city,

城牆包圍了共和國人民的城市

and essentially the Seven Hills, the famous Seven Hills of

和七個重要的山丘，知名的「羅馬七山丘」

Rome, to surround the Seven Hills of

在西元前四世紀的時候

Rome, in the fourth century B.C.

包圍了「羅馬七山丘」

You see a section of it here.

你看到的是其中一段城牆

This wall--any of you who've come to Rome by train,

這道牆，任何搭火車來到羅馬的人

and the Stazione Termini, see a very extensive section of

抵達特米尼車站，一出來的時候會看到這段龐大的

the Servian Walls, as you get out--I don't know if

「塞維安城牆」，不知道你們有沒有注意到

you've noticed it, but you should see--an

但你們應該看一下

extensive section of the Servian Walls right outside the train

龐大的城牆佇立在

station.

車站外面

This is a different section, a picture I took on the

這是另外一段，這張照片是我在

Aventine Hill, showing part of that wall.

阿文提諾山丘 (註:羅馬七丘之一)拍的，是牆的另一部分

And that was eventually replaced by later walls.

但後來修建的牆取代了原本的

The city grew over time.

城市隨著時間發展

It needed a more extensive, broader wall system,

需要更大更寬的城牆系統

and in the late third century A.D., under the emperor

西元三世紀後期，奧勒良帝國時期

Aurelian, the famous Aurelian Walls were built.

著名的奧勒良城牆蓋起來了

The Aurelian Walls, as you know -- there's no way

奧勒良城牆，你們知道的，絕對不可能錯過的

you've missed those -- I'm sure if you've been in Rome

我相信你們去過羅馬的話

you've seen the Aurelian Walls-- they're there,

一定會看到奧勒良城牆，就在這邊

they're very much there-- at least if you've left the

差不多就在這裏，

city.

至少出城的時候你會看到

Maybe if you've just gone into the core of the city and haven't

也許你只去了市中心，沒有離開那個範圍

gone beyond that, you might not have seen them.

那可能沒機會看到

But if you've left the city, you've seen the Aurelian Walls

但如果你有離開羅馬城的話，就會看到奧勒良城牆

-- a very impressive set of walls that encircled the later

讓人印象深刻的一道城牆，圍繞著後來的

city.

城市

One thing that's apparent to you as you look at these,

這些城牆有個顯而易見的特點

even if you have no knowledge of Roman

你一定也注意了，即使你對古羅馬建築還不了解

architecture, is these are made of very

這兩道城牆使用的

different kinds of materials.

材料非常不一樣

So technical issues come to the fore right away as one analyzes

所以，技術這個議題，在我們要分析

this sort of thing.

這些城牆的時候立刻就浮現了

In the early period, essentially blocks of stone,

比較早期的時候，基本上是用石塊

piled one on top of the other, for the wall.

一塊塊堆疊成牆

Here, a more sophisticated use, later on in the Empire,

而帝國後期採用了比較複雜的工法

of a new technology that we're going to talk about a lot this

我們這學期會談很多這方

semester.

面的事

That is concrete, and what concrete did to

那就是混凝土了，

revolutionize Roman architecture;

混凝土如何革新古羅馬建築

concrete, in this particular case, faced with brick.

混凝土，這個特別的案例裡，是用磚裝飾表面

We talked about regular town planning and the location of the

我們已經談了一般的城鎮規劃

cardo and the decumanus.

以及「南北軸大道」和「東西軸大道」的位置

I want to show you just an example of this.

我想讓你們看看這個案例

This is a city in Italy, in this case the city of

在義大利的城市，這個案例是

Pompeii.

龐貝城

You see it here in plan.

你在平面圖上看到的

This is a plan of Pompeii as it looked, just at the moment that

是龐貝城當時的樣子

Vesuvius erupted.

在維蘇威火山爆發那一刻的樣子

So in August of 79 A.D.

所以，西元79年八月時

this was the way Pompeii was at that particular time.

龐貝城就是這個狀態

You can see it's not really a rectangle;

你可以看到它不全然是矩形

it's kind of elongated, sort of like an oval,

有點被拉長了，大致上是橢圓形

kind of an oval, an irregular oval.

像橢圓形，不規則的橢圓

But it has the sense; I think it has the sense.

但我想其中有脈絡可循

It shows you that again even though the Romans were thinking

它再次告訴我們，即使古羅馬人希望

to try to create their cities in a very regular way,

用固有的方式建造城市

it didn't always work out exactly that way,

總是無法準確執行

depending on the terrain and so on and so forth.

還取決於地形和其它條件

But this is a rough--it's sort of an irregular rectangle,

但大致而言，還算是一種不規則矩形

as you can see here.

在這裡可以看到

But if you look very carefully, you sort of say to yourself

但如果仔細看，你大概會想問問自己

like, "Where's the cardo,

南北軸大道在哪裡?

where's the dec?

東西軸大道 (註：dec為簡稱) 在哪裡?

You just told us the cardo and the

妳不是才告訴我們南北軸

decumanus intersect in the center;

和東西軸大道會在城市中心交會嗎?

like where are they?

它們在哪裡?

Why aren't they intersecting in the center?"

為什麼它們沒有在城市中心交會?

Well, surprise, surprise, maybe not such a

意外吧，想不到吧，可能也沒那麼令人意外

surprise, if you look over here at the bottom left,

如果看左下角這裡

you will actually see the original city of Pompeii.

的確能看到一開始的龐貝城

In the fourth century B.C., the third century B.C.,

西元前四世紀、前三世紀、前二世紀的時候

the second century B.C., Pompeii didn't look like this;

龐貝城不是現在這樣

Pompeii looked like this.

而是這個樣子

And if you look very carefully at just this section,

而且你如果仔細地看這個區域

where we have the buildings in the various colors,