I am the only architect in the world

我是世界上唯一的建築師

making buildings out of paper like this cardboard tube,

使用這種硬紙管來蓋房子

and this exhibition is the first one I did using paper tubes.

這個展覽館是第一座我用硬紙管蓋起來的建築物

1986, much, much longer before people started talking

在1986年，遠早於人們開始談論

about ecological issues and environmental issues,

生態和環境議題之前

I just started testing the paper tube

我就開始測試硬紙管

in order to use this as a building structure.

為了用它當作建築結構

It's very complicated to test the new material for the building,

測試這種新的建築材料是非常複雜的

but this is much stronger than I expected,

但這種材料比我預期的還要堅固許多

and also it's very easy to waterproof.

而且也相當容易做到防水

Because it's industrial material,

因為它是工業用材料

it's also possible to fireproof.

也有防火的可能性

Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.

接著我在1990建造了臨時構造物，

This is the first temporary building made out of paper.

這是第一棟用紙蓋成的臨時建築物

There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],

使用330個直徑55公分的紙管

there are only 12 tubes with a diameter of 120 centimeters,

直徑120公分寬的紙管只用了12個

or four feet, wide.

或者說四尺寬

As you see it in the photo, inside is the toilet.

就像你在照片上看到的，就在廁所裡面

In case you're finished with toilet paper,

萬一廁所衛生紙用完了

you can tear off the inside of the wall. (Laughter)

你可以把牆壁上的紙撕下來用

So it's very useful.

所以這個設計非常實用

Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.

2000年，盛大的世界博覽會在德國舉辦

I was asked to design the building,

我受邀設計這個建築物

because the theme of the expo was environmental issues.

因為當年世博會的主題和環境議題相關

So I was chosen to build the pavilion out of paper tubes,

所以我被選上，設計用紙蓋成的展覽館

recyclable paper.

可回收再利用的紙

My goal of the design is not when it's completed.

我的設計目標並不是完成這個建築物

My goal was when the building was demolished,

我的目標是當這個建築物拆除的時候

because each country makes a lot of pavilions

因為每個國家建造了很多展覽館

but after half a year, we create a lot of industrial waste,

但是半年之後，留下大量的工業廢棄物

so my building has to be reused or recycled.

所以我的建築必須能再利用或回收

After, the building was recycled.

後來，這棟建築被回收了

So that was the goal of my design.

這就是我的設計目標

Then I was very lucky to win the competition

然後我很幸運地贏了競圖

to build the second Pompidou Center in France in the city of Metz.

要在法國梅茲蓋龐畢度藝術中心的分館，

Because I was so poor, I wanted to rent an office in Paris,

因為我當時很窮，想在巴黎租一個辦公室

but I couldn't afford it, so I decided to bring my students to Paris

可是我無法負擔房租，所以我決定帶我的學生去巴黎

to build our office on top of the Pompidou Center in Paris

把我們的辦公室蓋在巴黎龐畢度藝術中心的屋頂上

by ourselves. (Laughter)

我們自己來蓋

So we brought the paper tubes and the wooden joints

所以我們帶了硬紙管和木造的接頭過去

to complete the 35-meter-long office.

完成了35公尺長的辦公室

We stayed there for six years without paying any rent.

我們在那裡待了六年，沒有付任何房租

(Laughter) (Applause)

(笑聲) (掌聲)

Thank you. I had one big problem.

謝謝。 我當時有個大問題

Because we were part of the exhibition,

因為我們是展覽的一部分

even if my friend wanted to see me, they had to buy a ticket to see me.

如果我的朋友想要見我，他們就只好買票進來

(Laughter) That was the problem.

這就是問題所在

Then I completed the Pompidou Center in Metz.

然後我完成了龐畢度藝術中心梅茲分館

It's a very popular museum now,

它現在是個很受歡迎的美術館

and I created a big monument for the government.

而我為政府建造了宏偉不朽的建築物

But then I was very disappointed

但後來我很失望

at my profession as an architect,

對於我做為一個建築師的專業

because we are not helping, we are not working for society,

因為我們並沒有幫助社會、沒有為社會付出

but we are working for privileged people,

我們為特權階級的人工作

rich people, government, developers.

有錢人、政府單位、開發商

They have money and power.

他們有金錢和權勢

Those are invisible.

但那是看不見的

So they hire us to visualize their power and money

所以這些人僱用我們來讓他們的權勢和金錢具體可見

by making monumental architecture.

透過建造宏偉不朽的建築物

That is our profession, even historically it's the same,

這就是我們的專業，即使以歷史上來說也是如此

even now we are doing the same.

就算到了現在我們仍然在做同樣的事

So I was very disappointed that we are not working for society,

所以我對於我們不為社會工作而感到失望

even though there are so many people

即使有非常多的人

who lost their houses by natural disasters.

因天然災害失去家園

But I must say they are no longer natural disasters.

但我得說那其實不是自然災害

For example, earthquakes never kill people,

舉例來說，地震從來沒有殺人

but collapse of the buildings kills people.

是倒塌的房子殺了人

That's the responsibility of architects.

那是建築師的責任

Then people need some temporary housing,

然後人們需要一些臨時的住所

but there are no architects working there

但是沒有建築師在那幫忙

because we are too busy working for privileged people.

因為我們忙著為特權階級的人工作

So I thought, even as architects,

所以，當時我想，即使我們是建築師

we can be involved in the reconstruction of temporary housing.

我們還是可以投入重建臨時性房屋的工作

We can make it better.

我們可以讓它變得更好

So that is why I started working in disaster areas.

那就是為什麼我開始去災區工作

1994, there was a big disaster in Rwanda, Africa.

1994年,非洲盧安達有一場非常大的災難

Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi, fought each other.

兩個部落，胡圖族和圖西族相互交戰 (盧安達大屠殺)

Over two million people became refugees.

超過兩百萬人成為難民

But I was so surprised to see the shelter,

我被眼前的避難所嚇了一跳

refugee camp organized by the U.N.

由聯合國組織所安排的難民營

They're so poor,

人們非常可憐

and they are freezing with blankets during the rainy season.

難民在雨季時裹著毯子，都凍壞了

In the shelters built by the U.N.,

聯合國組織建造的避難所裡

they were just providing a plastic sheet,

只提供塑膠布

and the refugees had to cut the trees, and just like this.

難民必須去砍樹來用，像這樣(木材搭棚子，棚頂蓋塑膠布)

But over two million people cut trees.

但超過兩百萬人都去砍樹

It just became big, heavy deforestation

只會造成大型、嚴重的森林濫伐

and an environmental problem.

以及環境問題

That is why they started providing aluminum pipes, aluminum barracks.

那就是為什麼聯合國開始提供鋁管及鋁製臨時棚屋

Very expensive, they throw them out for money,

非常昂貴，難民把那些材料拿去換錢

then cutting trees again.

然後繼續砍樹

So I proposed my idea to improve the situation

所以我提出我的想法來改善這情況

using these recycled paper tubes

使用可回收的硬紙管

because this is so cheap and also so strong,

因為這種材料便宜又堅固

but my budget is only 50 U.S. dollars per unit.

但我的每單元預算只有50美金

We built 50 units to do that as a monitoring test

我們蓋了50個單元來監測

for the durability and moisture and termites and so on.

耐久性、濕氣和白蟻之類的問題

And then, a year afterward 1995 in Kobe, Japan,

接下來，一年後的1995年，在日本神戶，

we had a big earthquake.

發生大地震

Nearly 7000 people were killed,

將近7000人罹難

and the city like this Nagata district,

而像是永田區這個城市

all the city was burned in a fire after the earthquake.

地震後大火燒毀整個城市

And also I found out there's many Vietnamese refugees

而且我還發現有許多越南籍難民

suffering and gathering at a Catholic church --

受苦受難，擠在一座天主教堂

all the buildings were totally destroyed.

所有建築物被完全摧毀

So I went there and also I proposed to the priests,

所以我去了那裡，向神父提案

"Why don't we rebuild the church out of paper tubes?"

"我們何不用紙重建這座教堂呢?

And he said, "Oh God, are you crazy?

他說" 老天啊，你瘋了嗎? "

After a fire, what are you proposing?"

"在經歷火災後，這算是哪門子的提案?"

So he never trusted me, but I didn't give up.

他完全不相信我，但我不放棄

I started commuting to Kobe,

我開始通勤往返神戶

and I met the society of Vietnamese people.

也去看了越南群眾的狀況

They were living like this with very poor plastic sheets in the park.

他們住在像這樣的的地方，在公園裡搭這種簡陋的塑膠布

So I proposed to rebuild. I did fundraising.

因此我提議重建，辦募款活動

I made a paper tube shelter for them,

為他們建造硬紙管做的避難所

and in order to make it easy to be built by students

而為了讓學生更容易建造

and also easy to demolish,

也容易拆除

I used beer crates as a foundation.

我用啤酒箱當基座

I asked the Kirin beer company to propose,

我向麒麟啤酒公司提出請求

because at that time,

因為那個時候呢

the Asahi beer company made their plastic beer crates red,

朝日啤酒公司把啤酒箱做成紅色的

which doesn't go with the color of the paper tubes.

也就是和硬紙管完全不搭的顏色

The color coordination is very important.

顏色的協調性非常重要

And also I still remember, we were expecting

還有，我還記得，我們當時很期待

to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate,

啤酒箱裡會有啤酒

but it came empty. (Laughter)

但送來的時候空空如也

So I remember it was so disappointing.

我記得這超令人失望的

So during the summer with my students,

那年夏天和我的學生一起

we built over 50 units of the shelters.

建造了超過50個避難所單元

Finally the priest, finally he trusted me to rebuild.

神父最後，終於信任我們去重建(紙教堂)

He said, "As long as you collect money by yourself,

他說 "只要你們自己湊到錢，

bring your students to build, you can do it."

帶你的學生來建造，那就可以"

So we spent five weeks rebuilding the church.

所以我們花了五個星期重建這座教堂

It was meant to stay there for three years,

本來預計放置三年

but actually it stayed there 10 years because people loved it.

但實際上它留了10年，因為人們喜歡這個空間

Then, in Taiwan, they had a big earthquake,

之後，台灣發生大地震

and we were proposed to donate this church,

我們提議捐出這個教堂

so we dismantled them,

所以我們把這裡的拆掉

we sent them over to be built by volunteer people.

然後送過去，由志工們組裝建造

It stayed there in Taiwan as a permanent church even now.

它就留在台灣直到現在，當作永久性的教堂

So this building became a permanent building.

所以這個建築變成了永久性建築

Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?

在這之後我開始好奇，什麼是永久性而什麼是臨時性的建築呢?

Even a building made in paper

即使是紙做的建築物

can be permanent as long as people love it.

只要人們喜歡，也能成為永久性的建築，

Even a building made of concrete

即使是混凝土蓋的房子

can easily collapse by an earthquake.

也會輕易地被地震摧毀

If a building is built by a developer in order to make money,

如果開發商為了賺錢而蓋了一棟建築物

other developers buy the land, they destroy it and put a new one.

然後其他開發商買下這塊地，拆掉它再蓋一棟新的

So, it's very temporary.

這不過是很短暫的

So, that is a difference.

這就是差別所在

If a building is built even in paper, if people love it, it becomes permanent.

即使建築物是紙做的，如果人們喜歡它，它就能長久

Even a concrete building can be very temporary,

就算是混凝土建築壽命也可能很短

if that is made to make money.

如果那房子只是用來賺錢的

In 1999, in Turkey, there's the big earthquake,

1999年，土耳其大地震

I went there to use the local material to build a shelter.

我在那裡利用在當地的材料建造避難所

2001, in West India, I also built a shelter.

2001年，印度西部，我們也建了避難所

In 2004, in Sri Lanka, after the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami,

2004年，斯里蘭卡，在蘇門答臘地震和海嘯發生後，

I rebuilt Islamic fishermen's villages.

我重建了伊斯蘭漁民的村子

And in 2008, in Chengdu, Sichuan area in China,

然後2008年，在中國四川地區成都，

nearly 70 000 people were killed,

將近7萬人罹難

and also especially many of the schools were destroyed

尤其有許多學校毀於一旦

because of the corruption between the authority and the contractor.

肇因於當局勾結承包商貪汙腐敗

I was asked to rebuild the temporary [school].

我被找去重建臨時校舍

I brought my Japanese students to work with the Chinese students.

我帶日本學生過去和中國學生一起工作

In one month, we completed 9 classrooms over 500 square meters.

一個月內，我們完成9間教室，面積超過500平方公尺

It's still used, even after the current earthquake in China.

即使經歷地震，那些在中國的校舍至今仍在使用，

In 2009, in Italy, L'Aquila, also they had a big earthquake.

2009年，在義大利拉奎拉也發生大地震

And this is a very interesting photo:

這張照片很有趣

former Prime Minister Berlusconi

(義大利)前總理貝盧斯科尼

and Japanese former former former former Prime Minister Mr. Aso -

和日本的前前前前內閣總理麻生先生

you know, because we have to change the prime minister ever year.

你知道的，因為我們每年都要換內閣總理

And that...umm (Laughter)

所以呢....(笑聲)

And they are very kind, holding my model.

他們很親切，拿著我的模型

I proposed a big rebuilding, a temporary music hall,

我提了一個大型的重建案，一個臨時音樂廳

because L'Aquila is very famous for music

因為拉奎拉以音樂聞名

and all the concert halls were destroyed, so musicians were moving out.

然而所有的音樂廳都被摧毀了，所以音樂家們只能流落在外

So I proposed to the mayor,

所以我向市長提案

I'd like to rebuild the temporary auditorium.

我想重建一座臨時會堂

He said, "As long as you bring your money, you can do it."

他說 :「只要你自己帶資金來，就蓋吧。」

And I was very lucky.

我真幸運

Mr. Berlusconi brought G8 summit,

貝盧斯科尼總理在此舉辦G8高峰會

and our former prime minister came,

我們的前總裡也出席了

so they helped us to collect money,

他們幫忙集資

and I got half a million euros from the Japanese government

我們還得到日本政府贊助五十萬歐元

to rebuild this temporary auditorium.

來重建這座臨時會堂

I have to remember every year there is an earthquake somewhere.

我必須記得每一年哪裡又發生地震

Year 2010 in Haiti, there was a big earthquake,

2010年，海地大地震

but it's impossible to fly over,

但沒有飛機直飛那裡

so I went to Santo Domingo, next-door country,

所以我飛到聖多明哥(多明尼加首都)，海地的鄰居

to drive six hours to get to Haiti

開了六小時的車到海地

with the local students in Santo Domingo

帶著聖多明哥當地的學生

to build 50 units of shelter out of local paper tubes.

一起建造50個避難所單元，採用當地的紙管

This is what happened in Japan two years ago, in northern Japan.

這就是兩年前在日本,日本北部,發生的事，

After the earthquake and tsunami,

地震和海嘯之後

people had to be evacuated in a big room like a gymnasium.

人們必須撤離到一個寬敞的地方，像是體育館

But look at this. There's no privacy.

但看看這裡，完全沒有隱私

People suffer mentally and physically.

人們遭受精神和生理的苦難

So we went there to build partitions

所以我們過去幫忙蓋隔間

with all the student volunteers with paper tubes,

全是學生志工用紙管材料蓋的

just a very simple shelter out of the tube frame and the curtain.

只是簡易避難所，用紙管和簾子做成的

However, some of the facility authority

然而，有些官方機構

doesn't want us to do it, because, they said,

不希望我們這麼做，因為呢，他們說

simply, it's become more difficult to control them.

很顯然，這樣比較難掌控災民

But it's really necessary to do it.

但我們極需這麼做

Then, also it was the fact

接下來，另一件事實是

over 500 kilometer coast line was damaged by tsunami.

超過500公里的海岸線遭到海嘯破壞

They don't have enough flat area to build

沒有足夠的平地可供建設

standard government single-story housing like this one.

標準的政府單層組合屋，就像這個

Look at this. Even civil government is doing

看看這個，即使是政府

such poor construction of the temporary housing,

蓋這樣簡陋的臨時組合屋

so dense and so messy

如此稠密和凌亂

because there is no storage, nothing, water is leaking,

因為沒有儲藏空間，完全沒有，還一直漏水

so I thought, we have to make multi-story building

所以我想，我們必須要蓋多層樓的房子

because there's no land and also it's not very comfortable.

因為沒有土地了而且非常不舒適

So I proposed to the mayor while I was making partitions.

所以當我們蓋那些隔間的時候，我向市長提出這個想法，

Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village in Miyagi.

最後在宮城縣女川町，我遇到非常友善的市長，

He asked me to build three-story housing on baseball [fields].

他讓我們在棒球場上建造三層樓的房子

I used the shipping container

我們用海運貨櫃

and also the students helped us

而且有學生們幫忙大家

to make all the building furniture

製作這所有的家具

to make them comfortable,

讓他們住得舒服

within the budget of the government

在政府的預算內

but also the area of the house is exactly the same,

而房屋面積仍然維持一樣

but much more comfortable.

但舒服多了

Many of the people want to stay here forever.

大部分的人想永久地住下來

I was very happy to hear that.

我聽到這個消息很高興

Now I am working in New Zealand, Christchurch.

現在，我在紐西蘭基督城工作

About 20 days before the Japanese earthquake happened,

大約在日本大地震發生的20天前

also they had a big earthquake,

那裡也發生一場大地震

and many Japanese students were also killed,

不少日本裔的學生因而喪命

and the most important cathedral of the city,

而城市裡最重要的大教堂

the symbol of Christchurch, was totally destroyed.

基督城的象徵地標被破壞殆盡

And I was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral.

而我被找去重建一座臨時教堂