Name: 改變世界的五張圖表 | BBC Ideas (Five charts that changed the world | BBC Ideas)
Uploaded: 2025-10-08T18:43:27.000Z
Duration: 6 min 3 s

And this is Scottish political economist William Playfair, who created the world's first pie chart along with some of the first line and bar charts.

而這位是蘇格蘭政治經濟學家 William Playfair，他創造了世界上第一個圓餅圖，以及最早的一些線性圖和長條圖。

But when Playfair first created them over 200 years ago, using shapes to represent numbers was largely sneered at.

但當 Playfair 在兩百多年前首次創造它們時，使用圖形來代表數字，很大程度上被嘲笑了。

How could drawings truly represent solid scientific data?

繪圖怎麼能真正代表紮實的科學數據呢？

But now data visualization has become an art form of its own.

但現在，資料視覺化已經成為一種藝術形式。

Here are five charts that have, in their own way, changed the world.

這裡有五個圖表，以它們自己的方式改變了世界。

One of the best known uses of data visualization was devised in London in 1854.

資料視覺化最廣為人知的用途之一，是在 1854 年於倫敦構思出來的。

At the time, it was widely believed that infectious diseases like cholera were spread through the air.

當時，人們普遍認為像霍亂這樣的傳染病是透過空氣傳播的。

所以外科醫生 John Snow 的看法不同。

He was convinced that infections could be spread by dirty water.

他確信感染可能是由髒水傳播的。

And when a deadly outbreak of cholera occurred in soho, Snow tracked each case and marked them with a dot on a map.

當蘇豪區爆發致命的霍亂時，Snow 追蹤了每個病例，並在地圖上用點標記。

一幅清晰的畫面就這樣出現了。

All the deaths from cholera were clustered around a water pump on Broad Street.

所有霍亂死亡病例都集中在布羅德街的一個抽水器周圍。

When he presented his findings to the local officials, the pump was shut down and the outbreak ended.

當他向當地官員展示他的發現時，抽水器被關閉，疫情也隨之結束。

John Snow fundamentally changed our understanding of microbes, and

John Snow 從根本上改變了我們對微生物的理解，

his simple dot maps were a huge part of that.

而他簡單的點狀地圖是其中很重要的一部分。

Around about the same time, the lady with the lamp, Florence Nightingale, used a cunning visual to save even more lives during the Crimean War.

大約在同一時間，提燈女士 Florence Nightingale 在克里米亞戰爭期間，運用了一個巧妙的視覺化方法拯救了更多生命。

She realized that unsanitary conditions in hospitals were killing more soldiers than were dying on the battlefield itself.

她意識到醫院裡不衛生的環境導致的阿兵哥死亡人數，比戰場上陣亡的還要多。

She wanted to persuade Queen Victoria, head of the British army at the time, to fund better conditions in military hospitals.

她想說服當時英國軍隊的最高領導者維多利亞女王，撥款改善軍醫院的條件。

So she created the Coxcomb, a sort of uneven pie chart which showcased the data on the causes of soldiers deaths in a highly effective way.

於是她創造了「玫瑰圖」，一種不規則的圓餅圖，非常有效地展示了阿兵哥死因的數據。

Her efforts had sweeping impact, not only improving the sanitary conditions of army hospitals at the time, but

她的努力產生了深遠的影響，不僅改善了當時軍醫院的衛生條件，

but ultimately changing the face of modern healthcare.

更最終改變了現代醫療的面貌。

One of the most original examples of data visualization was created by American historian and civil rights activist W.E.B.

資料視覺化最富原創性的例子之一，是由美國歷史學家兼民權運動家 W.E.B.

For the 1900 Paris World's Fair, he presented a series of handmade charts showcasing the educational, social and business accomplishments of black Americans in the 35 years since slavery had been officially abolished.

在 1900 年的巴黎世界博覽會上，他展示了一系列手工製作的圖表，展示了自奴隸制正式廢除後的 35 年間，黑人美國人在教育、社會和商業方面的成就。

The materials both challenged stereotypes and illustrated how black communities were still being discriminated against.

這些資料不僅挑戰了刻板印象，也說明瞭黑人社區仍然遭受歧視。

Du Bois hoped the visualizations would help to end racial prejudice in the world.

Du Bois 希望這些視覺化能幫助終結世界上的種族歧視。

The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line, he wrote.

他寫道：「二十世紀的問題是膚色界線的問題。」

Although his dreams weren't realized, Du Bois beautiful charts are now recognized as a powerful use of data visualization to demonstrate social change.

雖然他的夢想沒有完全實現，但 du Bois 精美的圖表現在被公認為是資料視覺化強而有力的應用，用來展現社會變遷。

Data visualization can also be used for misinformation, sometimes with disastrous consequences.

資料視覺化也可能被用於散播錯誤資訊，有時會造成災難性的後果。

As a chart, it's not groundbreaking, but its impact was profound.

作為一張圖表，它並沒有什麼突破性，但它的影響卻非常深遠。

It was conjured up by Henry Goddard, an American psychologist and eugenicist who believed that one of society's greatest problems was feeble minded people, basically anyone deemed to be of lower intelligence.

這是由美國心理學家兼優生學家 Henry Goddard 所杜撰，他認為社會最大的問題之一就是心智不健全的人，基本上就是任何被認為智力低下的人。

Goddard wrote a book based on the story of Martin Kallikak, a soldier who was married and had a family of fine upstanding citizens.

Goddard 寫了一本書，內容是關於阿兵哥 Martin Kallikak 的故事，他已婚並育有一群優秀正直的子女。

But according to the book, Martin Kallikak had a one night stand with a feeble minded barmaid.

但根據書中所述，Martin Kallikak 和一位心智不健全的女服務生發生了一夜情。

She had a son who became known as Old Horror who went on to father 10 children.

她生了一個兒子，後來被稱為「老恐怖」，他總共生了 10 個孩子。

According to Goddard, feeble mindedness was hereditary and the family was full of what he called the lowest types of human beings.

根據 Goddard 的說法，心智不健全是會遺傳的，而這個家族充滿了他所謂的「最低劣的人類」。

Even so, the Kallikak family tree could be found in school textbooks as late as the 1950s and it was also used by the eugenics movement for decades afterwards.

儘管如此，Kallikak 家族樹直到 1950 年代都還出現在學校的教科書裡，而且優生學運動也使用了幾十年。

And it was adopted by the Nazis, who used it in propaganda films to gain support for their racial purity laws, which led to the murder of of thousands of disabled people in the Holocaust.

納粹也採用了它，並在宣傳電影中使用，以爭取對其種族純潔法的支持，這導致了猶太人大屠殺中數千名殘疾人士被謀殺。

Sometimes iconic status can be achieved almost accidentally.

有時候，標誌性的地位幾乎是意外獲得的。

In 2018, scientist Ed Hawkins was invited to give a speech about climate change at Hay, a literary festival in Wales.

2018 年，科學家 Ed Hawkins 受邀在威爾斯舉辦的文學節 Hay 上發表演講，主題是氣候變遷。

He needed to convey the increase in global average temperatures to a largely non scientific audience, so he devised a chart that used no words, just colors.

他需要向一個大多非科學背景的聽眾傳達全球平均氣溫的上升，於是他設計了一個圖表，沒有文字，只有顏色。

It was a stunningly simple way of demonstrating how the planet had warmed since 1850.

這是一種令人驚豔的簡單方式，展示了自 1850 年以來地球的暖化情況。

The chart, known as the Warming Stripes, uses blues to indicate cooler than average years and reds to show years with temperatures hotter than average.

這個名為「暖化條紋」的圖表使用藍色表示低於平均值的年份，紅色表示高於平均值的年份。

Updated every year, Hawkins says 2022 was the first year that every country needed a new red stripe, demonstrating how fast the Earth's climate is changing.

每年更新，Hawkins 表示 2022 年是第一個所有國家都需要新的紅色條紋的年份，這顯示了地球氣候變遷的速度有多快。

Although the graphic breaks some of the rules of data visualization, it doesn't provide a title or legend.

雖然這個圖形打破了一些資料視覺化的規則，但它沒有提供標題或圖例。

Arguably, it is one of the most iconic graphics of modern times.

我認為，這可以說是現代最經典的圖形之一。

What do you think the next chart to change the world will be?

你覺得下一個改變世界的圖表會是什麼呢？

If you enjoyed that, be sure to check out these videos next.

如果你喜歡這支影片，別忘了看看接下來這些影片。

And if you haven't already, hit the subscribe button and click the bell to get a notification.

如果你還沒訂閱，請務必按下訂閱按鈕，並點擊小鈴鐺，這樣我們每次上傳新影片時，你都會收到通知。