To just review what I was doing on the last video before

I ran out of time, I said that conservation of energy tells

us that the work I've put into the system or the energy that

I've put into the system-- because they're really the

same thing-- is equal to the work that I get out of the

system, or the energy that I get out of the system.

That means that the input work is equal to the output work,

or that the input force times the input distance is equal to

the output force times the output distance-- that's just

the definition of work.

Let me just rewrite this equation here.

If I could just rewrite this exact equation, I could say--

the input force, and let me just divide it by this area.

The input here-- I'm pressing down this piston that's

pressing down on this area of water.

So this input force-- times the input area.

Let's call the input 1, and call the output 2 for

simplicity.

Let's say I have a piston on the top here.

Let me do this in a good color-- brown is good color.

I have another piston here, and there's going to be some

outward force F2.

The general notion is that I'm pushing on this water, the

water can't be compressed, so the water's going to push up

on this end.

The input force times the input distance is going to be

equal to the output force times the output distance

right-- this is just the law of conservation of energy and

everything we did with work, et cetera.

I'm rewriting this equation, so if I take the input force

and divide by the input area-- let me switch back to green--

then I multiply by the area, and then I just

multiply times D1.

You see what I did here-- I just multiplied and divided by

A1, which you can do.

You can multiply and divide by any number, and these two

cancel out.

It's equal to the same thing on the other side, which is

F2-- I'm not good at managing my space on my whiteboard--

over A2 times A2 times D2.

Hopefully that makes sense.

What's this quantity right here, this F1 divided by A1?

Force divided by area, if you haven't been familiar with it

already, and if you're just watching my videos there's no

reason for you to be, is defined as pressure.

Pressure is force in a given area, so this is pressure--

we'll call this the pressure that I'm

inputting into the system.

What's area 1 times distance 1?

That's the area of the tube at this point, the

cross-sectional area, times this distance.

That's equal to this volume that I calculated in the

previous video-- we could say that's the

input volume, or V1.

Pressure times V1 is equal to the output pressure-- force 2

divided by area 2 is the output pressure that the water

is exerting on this piston.

So that's the output pressure, P2.

And what's area 2 times D2?

The cross sectional area, times the height at which how

much the water's being displaced upward, that is

equal to volume 2.

But what do we know about these two volumes?

I went over it probably redundantly in the previous

video-- those two volumes are equal, V1 is equal to V2, so

we could just divide both sides by that equation.

You get the pressure input is equal to the pressure output,

so P1 is equal to P2.

I did all of that just to show you that this isn't a new

concept: this is just the conservation of energy.

The only new thing I did is I divided-- we have this notion

of the cross-sectional area, and we have this notion of

pressure-- so where does that help us?

This actually tells us-- and you can do this example in

multiple situations, but I like to think of if we didn't

have gravity first, because gravity tends to confuse

things, but we'll introduce gravity in a video or two-- is

that when you have any external pressure onto a

liquid, onto an incompressible fluid, that pressure is

distributed evenly throughout the fluid.

That's what we essentially just proved just using the law

of conservation of energy, and everything we know about work.

What I just said is called Pascal's principle: if any

external pressure is applied to a fluid, that pressure is

distributed throughout the fluid equally.

Another way to think about it-- we proved it with this

little drawing here-- is, let's say that I have a tube,

and at the end of the tube is a balloon.

Let's say I'm doing this on the Space Shuttle.

It's saying that if I increase-- say I have some

piston here.

This is stable, and I have water

throughout this whole thing.

Let me see if I can use that field function again-- oh no,

there must have been a hole in my drawing.

Let me just draw the water.

I have water throughout this whole thing, and all Pascal's

principle is telling us that if I were to apply some

pressure here, that that net pressure, that extra pressure

I'm applying, is going to compress this little bit.

That extra compression is going to be distributed

through the whole balloon.

Let's say that this right here is rigid-- it's some kind of

middle structure.

The rest of the balloon is going to expand uniformly, so

that increased pressure I'm doing is going through the

whole thing.

It's not like the balloon will get longer, or that the

pressure is just translated down here, or that just up

here the balloon's going to get wider and it's just going

to stay the same length there.

Hopefully, that gives you a little bit of intuition.

Going back to what I had drawn before, that's actually

interesting, because that's actually another simple or

maybe not so simple machine that we've constructed.

I almost defined it as a simple machine when I

initially drew it.

Let's draw that weird thing again, where it looks like

this, where I have water in it.

Let's make sure I fill it, so that when I do the fill, it

will completely fill, and doesn't fill other things.

This is cool, because this is now another simple machine.

We know that the pressure in is equal to the pressure out.

And pressure is force divided by area, so the force in,

divided by the area in, is equal to the force out divided

by the area out.

Let me give you an example: let's say that I were to apply

with a pressure in equal to 10 pascals.

That's a new word, and it's named after Pascal's

principle, for Blaise Pascal.

What is a pascal?

That is just equal to 10 newtons per meter squared.

That's all a pascal is-- it's a newton per meter squared,

it's a very natural unit.

Let's say my pressure in is 10 pascals, and let's say that my

input area is 2 square meters.

If I looked the surface of the water there it would be 2

square meters, and let's say that my output area is equal

to 4 meters squared.

What I'm saying is that I can push on a piston here, and

that the water's going to push up with some piston here.

First of all, I told you what my input pressure is-- what's

my input force?

Input pressure is equal to input force divided by input

area, so 10 pascals is equal to my input force divided by

my area, so I multiply both sides by 2.

I get input force is equal to 20 newtons.

My question to you is what is the output force?

How much force is the system going to push

upwards at this end?

We know that must if my input pressure was 10 pascals, my

output pressure would also be 10 pascals.

So I also have 10 pascals is equal to my out force over my

out cross-sectional area.

So I'll have a piston here, and it goes up like that.

That's 4 meters, so I do 4 times 10, and so I get 40

newtons is equal to my output force.

So what just happened here?

I inputted-- so my input force is equal to 20 newtons, and my

output force is equal to 40 newtons, so I just doubled my

force, or essentially I had a mechanical advantage of 2.

This is an example of a simple machine, and

it's a hydraulic machine.

Anyway, I've just run out of time.

I'll see you in the next video.