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We usually think of rhythm as an element of music,
我們總認為 節奏是音樂的一項要素
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but it's actually found everywhere in the world around us.
但 其實生活周遭到處都能找到節奏
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From the ocean tides to our own heart beats,
從海洋潮汐 到心臟躍動
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rhythm is essentially an event repeating regularly over time.
基本上 節奏就是一段規律重複的事件
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Even the ticking of a clock itself is a sort of rhythm.
甚至連鐘錶滴答本身都是一種節奏
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But for musical rhythm, a steady stream of repeating single beats is not enough.
但是 音樂性的節奏 可不只是規律重複的單音
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For that we need at least one opposing beat with a different sound,
至少需要兩個對比的節拍及音高
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which can be the unstressed off beat or the accented back beat.
可以是輕鬆的弱拍 也可以是重重的強拍
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There are several ways to make these beats distinct,
有好幾種方法可以讓拍子產生區別
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whether by using high and low drums
像是用高低音鼓
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or long and short beats,
或是用長短音來區分
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which ends up being heard as the main beat is not a precise rule
最後就變成了主旋律 這沒有確切規則
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but like the famous Rubin's vase, can be reversed depending on cultural perception.
但就像有名的魯賓之盃 可依不同文化觀點來翻轉
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In standard notation, rhythm is indicated on a musical bar line.
傳統樂譜上 節奏是在五線譜上呈現
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But there are other ways.
但還有別的呈現方法
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Remember that ticking clock?
還記得那個滴答的時鐘嗎?
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Just as its round face can trace the linear passage of time,
圓形的鐘面能表示線性的時間
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the flow of rhythm can be traced in a circle.
節奏的流動同樣也能用圓形表示
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The continuity of a wheel can be a more intuitive way to visualize rhythm
輪子的轉動能更直覺地將節奏視覺化
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than a linear score that requires moving back and forth along the page.
不像五線譜一樣需要在頁面上來回檢視
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We can mark the beats at different positions around a circle
我們可以把節拍標在圓內的各個位置
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using blue dots for main beats, orange ones for off beats
藍點表示強拍 橘點表示弱拍
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and white dots for secondary beats.
白點表示次強拍
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Here is a basic two beat rhythm with a main beat and an opposing off beat.
基本的二拍子 就是一個強拍和一個弱拍
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Or a three beat rhythm with a main beat, an off beat and a secondary beat
三拍子則是 一個強拍 一個弱拍 一個次強拍
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And the spaces between each beat can be divided into further sub-beats
每個節拍的空檔 可以再分成次節拍
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using multiples of either two or three.
節拍數不是二 就是三的倍數
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Layering multiple patterns using concentric wheels
用同心圓來表示各種節拍模式
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lets us create more complex rhythms.
可以創造出更複雜的節奏
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For example, we can combine a basic two beat rhythm with off beats to get a four beat system.
例如 可以把基本的二拍子 加上兩個弱拍 變成四拍子
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This is the recognizable backbone of many genres popular around the world,
這是很多種曲風都會使用的基本節奏
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from rock,
像是搖滾
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country
鄉村
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and jazz
爵士
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to reggae
雷鬼
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and cumbia.
還有昆比亞舞曲
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Or we can combine a two beat rhythm with a three beat one.
或者 也可以把兩拍子和三拍子合在一起
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Eliminating the extra main beat and rotating the inner wheel
把多餘的主拍去掉 調整一下內圈
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leaves us with a rhythm whose underlying feel is three-four.
就產生一個基本的三四拍
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This is the basis of the music of Whirling Dervishes
這是土耳其迴旋舞曲的基礎
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as well as a broad range of Latin American rhythms,
也是大多數拉丁舞曲的節奏
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such as Joropo
像是委內瑞拉的霍洛璞舞
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and even Bach's famous Chaconne.
甚至連巴哈著名的夏康舞曲也是
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Now, if we remember Rubin's vase and hear the off beats as the main beats,this will give us a six-eighth feel
還記得魯賓之盃吧? 如果把弱拍當成主拍 就成了六八拍
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as found in genres such as Chacarera
像是阿根廷的查卡瑞拉民謠
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and Quechua,
祕魯原住民音樂Quechua
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Persian music and more.
還有波斯音樂等等
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In an eight beat system, we have three layered circles,
在八拍子體系中 同心圓會有三圈
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each rhythm played by a different instrument.
每圈由不同樂器演奏
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We can then add an outermost layer consisting of an additive rhythmic component,
外面可以再加上一圈 增加一層節奏元素
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reinforcing the main beat and increasing accuracy.
加強主拍及準確度
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Now, let's remove everything except for this combined rhythm and the basic two beat on top.
現在 去掉所有節拍 留下最外層 還有兩個基礎節拍
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This rhythmic configuration is found as the Cuban cinquillo,
這樣的結構被發現是古巴的Cinquillo (一種節奏名)
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in the Puerto Rican bomba
還有波多黎各Bomba
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and in Northern Romanian music.
以及北羅馬尼亞的音樂裡
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And rotating the outer circle 90 degrees counterclockwise gives us a pattern often found in Middle Eastern music
將外圈逆時針轉九十度 出現另一種結構 常出現在中東音樂
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as well as Brazilian choro
還有巴西Choro
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and Argentinian tango.
以及阿根廷探戈
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In all of these examples, the underlying rhythm reinforces the basic one-two
以上這些例子 都是基於二拍子 然後再加強衍伸
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but in different ways depending on arrangement and cultural context.
依文化及安排架構 而有所不同
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So it turns out that the wheel method is more than just a nifty way of visualizing complex rhythms
用圓形表示節奏 不只能俏皮地將複雜節奏視覺化
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By freeing us from the tyranny of the bar line,
也能讓我們脫離五線譜的專制獨裁
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we can visualize rhythm in terms of time
節奏能像時間一樣呈現
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and a simple turn of the wheel can take us on a musical journey around the world.
輕輕轉一下 音樂輪就能帶我們環遊音樂世界