That for each thing we think, we are accountable, responsible, and damnable to a higher power.

對於我們的每一個想法，我們都要向更高的力量負責，承擔責任，並受到詛咒。

And though these higher powers and these hells and these sins themselves do not actually exist, the religions that they belong to do.

雖然這些高級力量、地獄和罪惡本身並不存在，但它們所屬的宗教卻存在。

And so today I want to talk about forbidden thoughts.

所以，今天我想談談禁忌思想。

It's a crazy concept.

這是一個瘋狂的概念。

One that many of us in today's day and age with the internet, the ease of accessibility to information, can't grasp.

在互聯網發達的今天，資訊獲取的便捷性是我們很多人都無法掌握的。

Not fully at least.

至少沒有完全做到。

But for over 400 years, that is exactly what the Catholic Church did.

但 400 多年來，天主教會正是這樣做的。

They kept a list.

他們保留了一份名單。

A black list of banned books, banned people, banned ideas, banned knowledge.

禁書、禁人、禁思想、禁知識的黑名單。

This was official church policy from 1559 until, get this, 1966.

從 1559 年到 1966 年，這是教會的官方政策。

And the influence of that list still hovers over much of the religious schools and churches and teaching, etc.

這份名單的影響仍然籠罩著大部分宗教學校、教堂和教學等。

Of course they said it was about protecting souls, but the truth is obvious.

當然，他們說這是為了保護靈魂，但真相顯而易見。

It was about protecting power.

這是為了保護權力。

Their power.

他們的力量

Regardless of your spiritual position right now, the fact that this happened so recently and for so long should be a warning to us all.

無論你現在的精神立場如何，這件事發生得如此之近、如此之久，都應該給我們所有人敲響警鐘。

What kind of ideas are so dangerous that they must be buried?

什麼樣的思想危險到必須被埋葬？

What truths were they so afraid that people would read?

他們害怕人們讀到什麼真相？

Should the truth even have anything to fear?

真相是否值得恐懼？

What happens when a single institution claims the authority to decide what you get to know?

當一個機構聲稱有權決定你瞭解什麼時，會發生什麼？

And of course, what does it say about that institution and their confidence in their doctrine if they have to be afraid of a book, of an idea, of a thought?

當然，如果他們不得不懼怕一本書、一個想法、一種思想，這又說明了什麼呢？

So this is going to be our focus for today.

是以，這將是我們今天的重點。

We're going to talk about the Index of Forbidden Books.

我們將討論《禁書索引》。

We'll talk about why the Index was created specifically.

我們將具體談談創建該索引的原因。

We'll talk about what books and thinkers and people were on that list.

我們將討論名單上有哪些書、思想家和人物。

We'll talk about how the Index itself worked, what the penalties were, the censorship, the fear, the control.

我們將討論索引本身是如何運作的，懲罰措施是什麼，審查、恐懼和控制。

We'll talk about the pushback, these wonderful rebels who read anyways.

我們將討論反擊，這些無論如何都要閱讀的優秀叛逆者。

And we'll talk about the legacy, what we lost and what we learned.

我們將討論遺產、我們失去了什麼以及我們學到了什麼。

But first, I just want to talk about why we are talking about this subject today.

但首先，我想談談為什麼我們今天要討論這個話題。

This isn't fear-mongering.

這不是恐嚇。

This isn't political.

這不是政治問題。

This is just truth.

這就是事實。

Censorship is not a relic of the past.

審查不是過去的遺物。

We can see so much of it in the past.

我們可以從過去的歷史中看到很多。

In fact, I've already covered the Library of King Ashurbanipal.

事實上，我已經介紹過阿舒爾巴尼帕國王的圖書館。

I've already covered a bit of the Library of Alexandria or the murder of Hypatia, what happened to Spinoza, etc.

我已經介紹了一些亞歷山大圖書館、希帕提亞被殺、斯賓諾莎的遭遇等。

But it's not just those things in the past.

但這不僅僅是過去的事情。

It is a clear and present danger.

這是一個明顯而現實的危險。

And specifically, we're giving an example today of a book ban, although there's a lot more to it than that, that really reduces it.

具體來說，我們今天舉了一個禁書令的例子，雖然禁書令的內容遠不止於此，但它確實減少了禁書令。

But it's an information ban in general, censorship.

但總的來說，這是一種資訊禁令，是審查制度。

And it can happen from churches, from school boards, from governments or political ideologues.

這種情況可能發生在教會、學校董事會、政府或政治思想家身上。

It doesn't matter if you are in Florida or Iran.

不管你是在佛羅里達還是伊朗。

Ideas are still being outlawed.

思想仍在被取締。

That's so crazy.

太瘋狂了

Faith versus freedom is a timeless battle here.

在這裡，信仰與自由是一場永恆的鬥爭。

And though this index today was done by Catholicism, we're not really focusing so much on that part.

雖然今天的指數是由天主教編制的，但我們並不太關注這一部分。

It's about the battle against free thought, because free thought leads to rebellion, because rebellion reduces power.

這是在與自由思想作鬥爭，因為自由思想會導致反叛，因為反叛會削弱權力。

And furthermore, when you see the books that were on this list, these are books that shaped our world.

此外，當你看到這份榜單上的書籍時，這些書籍塑造了我們的世界。

Books and ideas and thinkers that without, we would be in a very different place.

如果沒有這些書籍、思想和思想家，我們的境況將截然不同。

And then there's the loss of what could have been.

然後是失去本可以擁有的東西。

How many thinkers were silenced?

有多少思想家噤若寒蟬？

How many people didn't write that idea that could have changed the world?

有多少人沒有寫出那個可以改變世界的想法？

How many people actually did write it, and it was suppressed or snuffed out?

有多少人確實寫過，但卻被壓制或扼殺了？

And this isn't to say that every idea that has ever been censored is this amazing, perfect, world-shaping idea.

這並不是說，每一個被審查過的想法都是了不起的、完美的、能改變世界的想法。

But much of them were.

但其中大部分都是。

The Enlightenment, human rights, science, democracy.

啟蒙運動、人權、科學、民主。

These kinds of things were banned.

這些都是被禁止的。

So much of what we now cherish came from these books that were blacklisted.

我們現在所珍視的許多東西都來自這些被列入黑名單的書籍。

This control of knowledge is something that I think we should all be fighting against all the time, because it is truly the first tool of authoritarianism.

這種對知識的控制是我認為我們所有人都應該一直反對的，因為它確實是專制主義的第一個工具。

And again, just so everybody's invited here, that can be religion, nationalism, or political dogma.

再說一遍，請大家注意，這可以是宗教、民族主義，也可以是政治教條。

So, I apologize for my preaching.

所以，我為我的說教道歉。

Let's get into it.

讓我們開始吧。

Why was this particular list that we're talking about today created?

我們今天討論的這份特殊名單是為什麼創建的？

Well, there was a perfect storm going on.

這真是一場完美的風暴。

I think this part of history is fascinating, and I want to give you this context.

我認為這段歷史非常精彩，我想給你們介紹一下背景。

A major piece at play here is the Gutenberg Press, which happens in the 1440s.

古騰堡印刷機是其中的一個重要環節，它出現在 14 世紀 40 年代。

Before that, all books were hand-copied, and this was a very slow process.

在此之前，所有書籍都是手抄本，這個過程非常緩慢。

It was also expensive, which made it limited.

而且價格昂貴，使其受到限制。

And the people with the power were the ones with the money who could afford to do this, and thus they could control a great deal of the written word, of the knowledge.

有權力的人就是有錢人，他們有能力這樣做，是以他們可以控制大量的文字和知識。

But after the press, you could have a single work being copied hundreds of times a week.

但在印刷機之後，一件作品每週可能被複制數百次。

With that, literacy began to rise, private libraries became a thing, and knowledge spread beyond the church, which was previously the keeper of knowledge, at this time, in this place.

隨之而來的是，識字率開始上升，私人圖書館成為一種事物，知識的傳播超越了教會，而在這個時代，在這個地方，教會曾是知識的守護者。

Although it's not dissimilar to what we see in other times and places.

儘管這與我們在其他時空看到的情況並無二致。

But think about this.

但請想一想。

I mean, in Europe, for almost a thousand years, the Catholic Church had near total control over what the average person could read, or even hear, and thus think, or know.

我的意思是，在歐洲，近千年來，天主教會幾乎完全控制了普通人的閱讀、甚至聽覺，進而思想或知識。

And suddenly, that control was slipping away.

突然間，這種控制力正在消失。

I always think it's funny, just side point here, people tell me all the time, obviously mainly coming from Catholics, when I make some point against Christianity, about their multiple denominations, and what that says, and they're like, No, it's just Protestantism.

我總覺得這很有趣，這裡只是題外話，當我提出一些反對基督教的觀點時，人們總是告訴我，顯然主要來自天主教徒，他們說基督教有多個教派，他們會說，不，這只是新教而已。

We were fine.

我們很好。

We were united.

我們團結一致。

No, you weren't.

不，你沒有。

You were controlling.

你在控制我

People disagreed.

人們不同意。

They just couldn't.

他們就是做不到。

People wrote other things.

人們寫了其他東西。

It was just banned and demolished.

它剛剛被取締和拆除。

Being so powerful in your authority, that you excommunicate and execute anyone and anything that disagrees with you, is not unity.

你的權威如此強大，以至於你將任何與你意見相左的人和事物逐出教會並處死，這不是團結。

But I digress.

但我想說的是

Let's jump forward to the next important part here, which is the Reformation.

讓我們跳到下一個重要部分，即宗教改革。

Martin Luther, in 1517, hangs up those 95 theses in Wittenberg.

1517 年，馬丁-路德在維滕貝格掛起了那 95 篇論文。

Again, thanks to the printing press, now this information is being distributed.

同樣，多虧了印刷機，現在這些資訊才得以傳播。

Within weeks, copies are flooding Europe.

幾周內，複製品就湧入歐洲。

Luther's message is that the Church is corrupt, amongst other things.

路德傳達的資訊是，教會是腐朽的，還有其他一些東西。

The result is this Protestant wildfire that spread, and a publishing boom.

結果，新教野火蔓延，出版業蓬勃發展。

To give you an idea, Luther wrote over 60 pamphlets in his lifetime.

路德一生寫了 60 多本小冊子，讓你對他有個大概的瞭解。

We know that over a million copies were circulating in Europe by 1525.

我們知道，到 1525 年，歐洲已經發行了超過一百萬本。

The Catholic Church, Rome, is now facing, for the first time, a major theological challenge by way of a publishing revolution.

羅馬天主教會現在首次面臨出版革命帶來的重大神學挑戰。

So, the printing press, the Reformation, and a third player here is the scientific revolution.

是以，印刷術、宗教改革和第三個參與者就是科學革命。

The scientific method is beginning to emerge.

科學方法開始出現。

You have thinkers like Copernicus and Vesalius and Galileo.

你有哥白尼、維薩里和伽利略這樣的思想家。

They begin describing the cosmos in an entirely different way than what was previously thought or known from scripture.

他們開始以一種完全不同於以前的想法或聖經知識的方式來描述宇宙。

Earth's not at the center.

地球不在中心

We are not the most special thing in the universe.

我們並不是宇宙中最特別的東西。

Celestial bodies governed by natural forces, not angels and demons.

受自然力量支配的天體，而不是天使和魔鬼。

You're telling me disease is not caused by sin, but by anatomy and contagion?

你是說疾病不是由罪惡引起的，而是由解剖和傳染引起的？

Every new discovery was chipping away at the truth claims and thus the power of the Catholic Church.

每一個新的發現都在削弱天主教會的真理主張和權力。

So, of course, the Church has to react.

是以，教會當然要做出反應。

And one of the most popular reactions that people know about is the Council of in 1545, though it lasted till 1563.

人們知道最多的反應之一是 1545 年的議會，儘管它一直持續到 1563 年。

People picture it as this one day event of people getting together.

人們把它想象成人們聚在一起的一天活動。

The Council is a direct response to Protestantism and the rising secular challenges.

大公會議是對新教和不斷上升的世俗挑戰的直接回應。

It's time to reaffirm church authority, clarify good Catholic doctrine, and suppress dissent.

現在是重申教會權威、澄清良好的天主教教義和壓制不同意見的時候了。

So they reaffirm the Vulgate, the Latin Bible, as the only true official version.

是以，他們重申拉丁文《武加大聖經》是唯一真正的官方版本。

They condemn that whole sola scriptura principle.

他們譴責整個唯經學原則。

They declare themselves, essentially, the Church, sole interpreter of scripture.

從本質上講，他們宣稱自己是教會，是聖經的唯一解釋者。

They institute censorship as a doctrine.

他們將審查作為一種教義。

And in so doing, the Church is no longer just a spiritual institution.

這樣，教會就不再僅僅是一個精神機構。

It was a gatekeeper of acceptable thought.

它是可接受思想的守門人。

And to that end, by 1559, we have our first index.

為此，到 1559 年，我們有了第一份索引。

Pope Paul IV creates the Index Librorum Prohibitorium.

教皇保羅四世創建了《圖書館禁書索引》。

No appeals here, no nuance at all, just wholesale banning, the definition of censorship.

這裡沒有上訴，沒有任何細微差別，只有全面禁止，這就是審查的定義。

And I always think it's so funny, the formality of it.

我總覺得這種形式很有趣。

They create a committee, the Congregation of the Index.

他們成立了一個委員會，即索引公會。

Its sole purpose is to create this list, to update this list, and to police intellectual material across Europe.

其唯一目的是創建本清單、更新本清單以及在歐洲範圍內管理知識材料。

The idea here is that a dangerous book is like a disease.

這裡的意思是，一本危險的書就像一種疾病。

It can infect your very soul.

它會感染你的靈魂。

At least that's how they are framing it with their propaganda.

至少他們是這麼宣傳的。

Of course, it is about maintaining power.

當然，這是為了維持權力。

But when described to the common folk, they're protecting your soul from demonic ideas that will take you straight to hell.

但在向普通人描述時，他們是在保護你的靈魂不受惡魔思想的侵蝕，這些思想會把你直接帶入地獄。

And so they even get a vast amount of support from the people.

是以，他們甚至得到了人民的大力支持。

Not that they really had a say in the matter, other than revolution.

除了革命，他們並沒有真正的發言權。

But in this way, it's like they got them to vote against their own interest by fear.

但這樣一來，他們就像是用恐懼讓他們投下了違背自身利益的一票。

Sound familiar?

聽起來耳熟嗎？

A quick quote from the Council of Trent Decree.

快速引用特倫特大公會議法令。

Books which deal with, narrate, or teach things that are against faith or morals shall be utterly condemned and removed from the hands of the faithful.

凡是涉及、敘述或教導違背信仰或道德的書籍，都將受到徹底的譴責，並從信徒手中奪走。

Another quote from the Council of Trent.

特倫特大公會議的另一句話

It is clear that if books of this kind are not prohibited, they will do more harm than the weapons of our enemies.

顯然，如果不禁止這類書籍，它們將比敵人的武器造成更大的傷害。

So again, they're not just fighting heretics, they're fighting irrelevance.

是以，他們不僅是在與異端作鬥爭，也是在與無關緊要的事情作鬥爭。

If they don't control the information, if they don't control you through fear, if they're not playing a part in your eternal fate, they'll evaporate.

如果他們不控制資訊，如果他們不通過恐懼控制你，如果他們不在你的永恆命運中扮演角色，他們就會煙消雲散。

This ban allows that to continue, allows them to continue, allows the power to continue.

這項禁令允許這種情況繼續下去，允許他們繼續下去，允許權力繼續下去。

And it is amazing.

這真是太神奇了。

Again, I feel like we need 14 episodes just to cover all of this properly.

同樣，我覺得我們需要 14 集的篇幅才能把這些內容都講清楚。

But in that short time when books and knowledge were able to spread before the church starts squashing it, you had real, everyday, ordinary people forming ideas.

但在教會開始壓制之前，書籍和知識得以傳播的那段短暫時間裡，真正的、日常的、普通的人形成了思想。

Political ideas, spiritual ideas, ethical ideas, scientific ideas, all without the church's permission or oversight.

政治思想、精神思想、倫理思想、科學思想，所有這些都沒有經過教會的許可或監督。

The printing press brings this rain, up come the flowers, and then here comes the church just to mow it all down.

印刷機帶來了這場雨，花兒開了，然後教堂來了，把這一切都砍掉了。

But as we might see here in a second, the more that you try to ban something, the more people are going to want it.

但是，我們馬上就會看到，你越是想禁止什麼，就會有越多的人想要得到它。

In fact, there's a great quote around that concept from Michel de Montaigne, which is, to forbid us anything is to make us have a mind for it.

事實上，圍繞這一概念，米歇爾-德-蒙田（Michel de Montaigne）有一句名言："禁止我們做任何事，就是要讓我們對它有想法。

But let's move on to our next point here, which is, what was banned exactly?

不過，讓我們繼續討論下一個問題，即究竟禁止了什麼？

What was the scale of this suppression?

這次鎮壓的規模有多大？

I think oftentimes people have an idea that this was just like a few rogue philosophers that the church really didn't like, that were actively speaking out against them specifically.

我認為人們經常會有這樣的想法，認為這只是一些教會非常不喜歡的流氓哲學家，他們積極發表反對教會的言論。

No, this was a systemic erasing of ideas.

不，這是對思想的系統性抹殺。

So there were many additions to this list.

是以，這份名單上又增添了許多新成員。

Again, the first one is in 1559, and at that time, there were 550 works on the list.

同樣，第一份是在 1559 年，當時名單上有 550 部作品。

By the 1948 edition, again, so crazy how modern this was, the list had grown to over 4,000 titles.

到了 1948 年版，同樣令人難以置信的是，這份名單上的書目已超過 4000 種。

The reasons that books were listed fell into a few categories.

列出書籍的原因分為幾類。

Heresy, blasphemy, immorality, scientific contradiction, political sedation, anti-clericalism, even other biblical translations that weren't approved by the church.

異端邪說、褻瀆神明、不道德、科學矛盾、政治鎮靜、反教權主義，甚至是未經教會準許的其他聖經譯本。

And even owning a single title on this list could lead to imprisonment, excommunication, or even execution.

甚至擁有名單上的任何一個頭銜都可能導致監禁、逐出教會甚至處決。

And for sure, being the writer of one of these could put you in danger, or publishing them as well.

可以肯定的是，作為這些作品的作者，你可能會面臨危險，或者出版這些作品也會面臨危險。

I'm going to give you some of my personal favorites.

下面我就給大家介紹一些我個人的最愛。

Obviously, that first list had 550.

顯然，第一份名單上有 550 人。

I'm not going to give them all for you, but I will put in the description a link where you can see all banned books from all of the different iterations of this list.

我不會把它們都告訴你，但我會在說明中提供一個鏈接，你可以從這個名單的不同版本中看到所有禁書。

So if you're looking for a good reading list, here it is for you.

是以，如果您正在尋找一份好的閱讀清單，這裡就有一份。

Galileo's Dialogue on Concerning the Two Chief World Systems was banned, mainly for defending heliocentrism.

伽利略的《關於兩大世界體系的對話》被禁，主要是因為他為日心說辯護。

Galileo was tried by the Inquisition and forced to recant.

伽利略受到宗教裁判所的審判，被迫悔改。

We'll talk about Galileo in its own Thinking Thursday episode, I promise you.

我保證，我們會在 "思考星期四 "節目中討論伽利略。

Copernicus had On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres.

哥白尼有《論天體的革命》。

Again, we cannot have the sun at the center, it must be the earth.

同樣，我們不能把太陽置於中心，它必須是地球。

Meditations on First Philosophy, one of my favorites by Descartes, was deemed too skeptical and too independent from religious authority.

笛卡爾的《第一哲學沉思錄》是我最喜歡的作品之一，它被認為過於懷疑，過於獨立於宗教權威。

It's amazing, back then they weren't hiding their reasons all that well.

令人驚訝的是，當時他們並沒有很好地隱藏自己的理由。

Don't think for yourselves.

不要自以為是。

Don't question.

不要質疑。

Don't not rely on us for information.

不要依賴我們的資訊。

Another favorite who we just covered, Spinoza, is banned on this list as well.

我們剛剛介紹過的另一位最受歡迎的人物斯賓諾莎也在這份名單上被禁。

He did one of the worst things someone at this time could do.

他做了此時此刻一個人所能做的最糟糕的事情之一。

He argued that Scripture was a human text, and also that religion should be separate from politics, the nerve of that guy.

他認為《聖經》是人類的文字，還認為宗教應該與政治分開，這傢伙真是膽大包天。

They dealt with him, though.

不過，他們還是處理了他。

Giordano Bruno, who is someone else we will absolutely cover, wrote On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, which proposed an infinite cosmos, and denied the uniqueness of Christ.

喬爾達諾-布魯諾是我們絕對要介紹的另一個人，他寫了《論無限的宇宙和世界》，提出了一個無限的宇宙，並否認了基督的唯一性。

Of course, he was burned alive in 1600 for this, and all of his works banned.

當然，他也是以在 1600 年被活活燒死，他的所有作品都被禁止發表。

I think I mentioned Luther, but all Luther's works were banned, and his Vernacular Bible was especially feared here.

我想我提到過路德，但路德的所有作品都被禁止，他的《白話聖經》在這裡尤其令人恐懼。

John Calvin was also banned.

約翰-加爾文也被禁止。

His Institute of the Christian Religion was too Protestant.

他的基督教宗教研究所過於新教化。

It denounced Catholic rituals specifically, and tore down papal power.

它特別譴責了天主教儀式，並摧毀了教皇的權力。

Candide by Voltaire, another future episode.

伏爾泰的《康第德》，未來的另一集。

We can't have any satirical works mocking church dogma, now could we?

我們不能有任何嘲笑教會教條的諷刺作品，不是嗎？