Several cities are completely destroyed, forcing the locals to go on the run.

一些城市被徹底摧毀，當地人被迫逃亡。

They head for a lagoon just off the coast, and take refuge on several small islands, a decision that would no doubt save their lives.

他們前往海岸附近的一個瀉湖，在幾個小島上避難，這個決定無疑會救他們一命。

Against all odds, this small civilization eventually went on to build one of the most impressive feats of engineering the world has ever seen – Venice.

這個小文明不畏艱險，最終建造出了世界上最令人印象深刻的工程傑作之一--威尼斯。

Despite having no roads, no land, and no fresh water, the Venetians managed to turn a muddy swamp into the most powerful and wealthiest city of its time.

儘管沒有道路、沒有土地、沒有淡水，威尼斯人卻成功地將一片泥濘的沼澤地變成了當時最強大、最富有的城市。

This unique layout of canals and bridges woven through hundreds of islands made Venice incredibly accessible, and it became the epicenter of all business.

運河和橋樑在數百個島嶼間交織，這種獨特的佈局使威尼斯的交通便利得令人難以置信，它也成為了所有商業活動的中心。

We modeled the entire thing to show you what's going on beneath the surface, and how its clever design and medieval engineering allowed it to take over the world.

我們對它進行了整體建模，向您展示它的表面之下發生了什麼，以及它是如何通過巧妙的設計和中世紀的工程技術佔領世界的。

When the first refugees arrived to start their new lives on the islands, they had the worst possible surface to build on.

當第一批難民來到島上開始他們的新生活時，他們所處的環境是最糟糕的。

The small, marshy islands were made of an incredibly soft clay, which would barely hold the weight of a human, let alone an entire city.

這些佈滿沼澤的小島是由一種非常柔軟的粘土製成的，幾乎承受不住一個人的重量，更不用說整個城市了。

To create stable foundations for buildings, the Venetians collected large timber piles from the forests of Croatia and started hammering them into the ground.

為了給建築物打下穩定的地基，威尼斯人從克羅地亞的森林中收集了大量木樁，並開始將它們敲入地下。

They drove them about 5 meters deep until they reached a much harder layer of clay.

他們把它們打到大約 5 米深的地方，直到打到更堅硬的粘土層。

Not only did this stabilize the piles, but by packing them really close together, it compressed the surrounding clay, pushing out the water and making it much stronger.

這不僅穩固了樁基，而且通過將它們緊密結合在一起，還壓縮了周圍的粘土，將水擠出，使其更加堅固。

Once the piles were firmly in the ground, the tops were cut off and wooden planks were laid on top to spread the load.

當木樁穩固地插入地下後，頂部會被切掉，然後在上面鋪上木板，以分散負荷。

Special blocks of Istrian stone were then placed to raise the foundations above the water.

然後放置了特殊的伊斯特拉石塊，將地基抬高到水面之上。

This design was a stroke of genius, as the wooden piles were sealed away from the air, making it impossible for them to rot.

這一設計堪稱天才，因為木樁與空氣隔絕，不可能腐爛。

To this day, almost all of the original piles are in great condition and are still holding up the city.

時至今日，幾乎所有的原始樁基都保存完好，仍在支撐著這座城市。

Once the foundation had been properly laid down, the buildings themselves were built.

地基打好後，建築物本身就開始建造。

Venetians started off using wood for their houses, but after numerous fires, they switched to brick.

威尼斯人最初使用木材建造房屋，但在經歷了無數次火災後，他們改用磚砌房屋。

To keep the buildings as lightweight as possible, they had to be no more than three stories high.

為了儘可能保持建築的輕量化，它們必須不超過三層樓高。

Lime mortar had to be used instead of cement because it was flexible and would allow the entire building to flex as the ground beneath slowly moved.

必須使用石灰砂漿來代替水泥，因為石灰砂漿具有柔韌性，可以讓整個建築隨著地下地面的緩慢移動而彎曲。

The inner walls were built in a criss-cross pattern that would also flex like a trellis.

內牆呈十字形，也可以像棚架一樣彎曲。

The façade walls, which had large windows and elegant stone designs, made them much heavier, and so in order to stop them from falling over, they were pinned into the floor using iron rods, keeping the entire building together.

外牆有大窗戶和優雅的石雕圖案，這使得外牆更加沉重，為了防止外牆倒塌，人們用鐵棍將外牆釘在地板上，使整座建築保持在一起。

This method of building worked well for the Venetians, and soon several islands around the lagoon were established in this way.

這種建築方法對威尼斯人來說非常有效，很快，環礁湖周圍的幾個島嶼都是用這種方法建成的。

Instead of expanding outwards like most cities, these islands expanded into each other.

這些島嶼並沒有像大多數城市那樣向外擴張，而是相互融合。

At first, boats were the only way to cross between the islands, but eventually the islands grew closer together, and many could be crossed by simply wading through the shallow water on a horse.

起初，船隻是在島嶼之間穿行的唯一方式，但最終島嶼之間的距離越來越近，許多島嶼只需騎馬涉過淺水就能穿過。

The next step in Venice's evolution would, of course, be connecting the islands.

當然，威尼斯發展的下一步將是連接各個島嶼。

Surprisingly, there were no bridges for the first 500 years of Venice's existence.

令人驚訝的是，威尼斯建城的前 500 年裡沒有任何橋樑。

But as the population increased and business started to ramp up, there needed to be an easier way to reach Rialto, the financial center of Venice.

但隨著人口的增加和商業的發展，需要有一種更便捷的方式來到達威尼斯的金融中心裡亞託。

And so, the Doge of Venice set up a prize for the engineer that could design the best bridge.

於是，威尼斯總督設立了一個獎項，獎勵能夠設計出最好橋樑的工程師。

He announced this by putting up Displate posters all around the city.

他在全城張貼了 Displate 的海報，宣佈了這一消息。

Just kidding.

開個玩笑。

Displate, today's sponsor, makes awesome metal posters that can be easily mounted using their custom magnet mounting system.

Displate 是今天的贊助商，它製作的金屬海報非常出色，可以使用定製的磁鐵安裝系統輕鬆安裝。

They have over 2 million pieces of artwork available, whether it's a beautiful Venice painting or an official poster from collaborators like NASA, Star Wars, Call of Duty, or Netflix.

他們有 200 多萬件藝術品可供選擇，無論是威尼斯的美麗畫作，還是 NASA、《星球大戰》、《決勝時刻》或 Netflix 等合作方的官方海報。

My personal favorites are this Venice poster and this awesome James Webb design.

我個人最喜歡威尼斯的海報和詹姆斯-韋伯的設計。

With their magnet mounting system, you can mount a Displate in just 20 seconds, without power tools and without damaging your walls.

有了磁鐵安裝系統，只需 20 秒就能安裝 Displate，無需電動工具，也不會損壞牆壁。

Displate now offers these new Textra posters, which bring the artwork to life with awesome 3D textures shaped into the metal itself.

現在，Displate 推出了這些全新的 Textra 海報，通過在金屬中塑造令人驚歎的 3D 紋理，讓藝術品栩栩如生。

This premium finish is already available on hundreds of top-selling Displates.

這種優質的表面處理已在數百種暢銷 Displates 上使用。

Displate offers ultra-fast shipping, and your metal poster should be at your door in just four to five days.

Displate 提供超快的運輸服務，你的金屬海報應在四到五天內送達。

Start your collection today and visit displate.com slash primalspace or use code primalspace.

今天就開始收藏，訪問 displate.com slash primalspace 或使用代碼 primalspace。

In order to turn Venice from a collection of islands into a bustling city, bridges had to be built.

為了將威尼斯從一個小島變成一座繁華的城市，必須建造橋樑。

The first attempt was a simple pontoon bridge that joined the two largest sections of Venice together and, crucially, provided quick access to the Rialto area.

第一次嘗試是建造一座簡單的浮橋，將威尼斯最大的兩個區域連接在一起，最重要的是，這座浮橋可以快速通往裡亞托地區。

The bridge was later upgraded to a wooden bridge, which eventually burned down and collapsed before it was finally replaced by a much stronger stone bridge.

這座橋後來升級為木橋，最終被燒燬倒塌，最後被一座更加堅固的石橋取代。

To build it, over 12,000 timber piles were driven into the banks of the canal and 10,000 tons of stone were built on top to form the bridge.

為了建造這座橋，運河兩岸打下了 12,000 多根木樁，並在上面鋪設了 10,000 噸石料。

To this day, the bridge still stands and it serves as the main artery in the center of Venice.

時至今日，這座橋依然屹立不倒，成為威尼斯市中心的主要幹道。

After this, stone bridges started to pop up everywhere, turning Venice into a compact city made up entirely of canals instead of roads.

此後，石橋開始隨處可見，威尼斯變成了一個完全由運河而非道路構成的緊湊型城市。

This gave Venice a unique advantage, since the canals allowed goods and traffic to flow quickly through every part of the city.

這使威尼斯擁有了獨特的優勢，因為運河可以讓貨物和交通快速流經城市的每一個角落。

The messy overlap of pedestrians and horse-drawn traffic didn't exist in Venice, since the walkways and canals were completely separated, yet people could transition between the two effortlessly without slowing down.

威尼斯不存在行人和馬車交織在一起的混亂現象，因為人行道和運河是完全分開的，但人們可以毫不費力地在兩者之間轉換，而不會放慢腳步。

By now, the city had become the most powerful and richest city in Europe.

此時，這座城市已成為歐洲最強大、最富有的城市。

Everything being bought and sold went through Venice, and the Venetians were making enormous amounts of money.

一切買賣都要經過威尼斯，威尼斯人賺取了鉅額財富。

But as business increased, so did the population, and the demand for fresh water was out of control.

但是，隨著業務的增長，人口也在增加，對淡水的需求一發不可收拾。

Despite being surrounded by water, Venice couldn't use any of it, since it was extremely salty and undrinkable.

儘管威尼斯四面環水，但卻用不上任何水，因為水非常鹹，無法飲用。

Without natural springs or rivers to collect fresh water, Venice relied upon boats to deliver water from the mainland.

由於沒有天然泉水或河流收集淡水，威尼斯只能依靠船隻從大陸運水。

But with 170,000 people, the demand became too much, and the Venetian engineers had to get creative.

但是，17 萬人的需求量太大了，威尼斯的工程師們不得不發揮創意。

From the beginning, Venetian islands were built around squares, which were initially just empty fields for animals to graze upon.

威尼斯的島嶼從一開始就圍繞著廣場而建，而廣場最初只是供牲畜吃草的空地。

The idea was to use these squares to collect rainwater.

我們的想法是利用這些方格來收集雨水。

They started by digging out large areas under the entire square and lining the walls with a thick layer of clay to make it waterproof.

他們首先在整個廣場下面挖出大片區域，並在牆壁上鋪上一層厚厚的粘土，使其防水。

The space was then filled in with sand and stones, and the surface was redone with tiles that would lead the water towards each corner of the square.

然後，用沙子和石頭填平了空間，並重新鋪設了瓷磚，將水引向廣場的每個角落。

From here, rainwater would flow into the basin and gradually filter through the sand and stones until it reached the main well at the center of the square.

雨水從這裡流入水池，逐漸通過沙石過濾，最後到達廣場中心的主井。

To maximize the surface area for water collection, the roofs of the nearby buildings were fitted with gutters that would direct the water onto the square and into the drains.

為了最大限度地擴大集水面積，附近建築物的屋頂都安裝了排水溝，將水引到廣場上的排水溝中。

Venice then became an enormous funnel, which filled more than 600 wells around the city.

隨後，威尼斯變成了一個巨大的漏斗，灌滿了城市周圍的 600 多口水井。

The Venetians had once again engineered a masterpiece to save its city.

威尼斯人又一次用傑作拯救了自己的城市。

But there was still one huge problem – waste.

但仍有一個巨大的問題--浪費。

Until this point, people threw all of their waste out of the window, some of it landing in the canal.

在此之前，人們把所有垃圾都扔出窗外，其中一些落入運河。

But for those who didn't live within throwing distance of a canal, urine, feces, and rotten food all ended up in the streets.

但對於那些不住在運河附近的人來說，尿液、糞便和腐爛的食物都會流到街上。

And so, in the 16th century, the Venetians started building a network of underground tunnels that would collect the waste from every building and flush it into the canal.

是以，在 16 世紀，威尼斯人開始建造地下隧道網絡，收集每棟建築的垃圾並將其衝入運河。

When the tide of the lagoon was down, solid waste would collect at the bottom and the liquids would naturally flow into the canals.

當瀉湖的潮水退去時，固體垃圾會聚集在底部，液體會自然流入運河。

Then, when the tide rose, it would flood the tunnels and pull the solid waste into the canal.

然後，當漲潮時，潮水會淹沒隧道，將固體廢物拉入運河。

The motion of the tide coming in and out twice a day would exchange the dirty water for fresh water from the sea, flushing Venice from all of its waste.

每天兩次的潮水進出會將髒水換成海水，沖走威尼斯的所有垃圾。

The extremely salty water worked as a strong disinfectant and, thanks to this system, the streets became clean.

含鹽量極高的水起到了很強的消毒作用，得益於這一系統，街道變得乾淨整潔。

Amazingly, almost all of the incredible engineering that made Venice is still around today.

令人驚歎的是，幾乎所有造就威尼斯的驚人工程至今仍在。

The bridges, the canals, the buildings are all ancient relics, sitting on a forest that has held up the entire city for over a thousand years.

小橋、運河、建築都是古老的遺蹟，坐落在森林中，一千多年來一直支撐著整座城市。

And now, time for the Primal Space giveaway.

現在，是 Primal Space 贈品時間。

The winner of the previous giveaway is Leon.

上次贈品的獲勝者是萊昂。

Congrats!

祝賀你！

In the next video, we'll be giving away this Primal Space-designed Venice poster.

在下一部影片中，我們將贈送這張由 Primal Space 設計的威尼斯海報。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below, like the video, and leave a comment saying what you think about Venice.

只需通過下面的連結註冊，按讚這部影片，並留言談談您對威尼斯的看法。

Thank you very much for watching, and I'll see you in the next video.

非常感謝您的收看，我們下部影片再見。