You might also appreciate the same principles applied to important questions like, how can my donation make the biggest impact?

同樣的原則也適用於一些重要問題，比如：我的捐款如何才能產生最大的影響？

GiveWell, this video's sponsor, does precisely that.

本視頻的贊助商 GiveWell 正是這樣做的。

They publish all of their footnoted research, along with their past mistakes, for free.

他們免費發佈所有帶腳註的研究成果，以及他們過去所犯的錯誤。

More details, including how to get your donation matched, at the end of this video.

更多詳情，包括如何讓您的捐款獲得配捐，請見本視頻末尾。

An allergy is like finding a spider in your bedroom and exploding a nuclear bomb.

過敏就像在臥室裡發現一隻蜘蛛，然後引爆一枚核彈。

Sure, spiders are upsetting and now dead, but so are all of your neighbors and your dog.

當然，蜘蛛讓人心煩意亂，現在已經死了，但你的鄰居和你的狗也一樣。

You can be allergic to an incredibly diverse and weird amount of stuff.

你可以對多種多樣、千奇百怪的東西過敏。

Pollen, dust, insect stings, animal hair, any kind of food, latex, and even your own sweat.

花粉、灰塵、昆蟲叮咬、動物毛髮、任何食物、乳膠，甚至你自己的汗液。

One of the wildest things about allergies is how fast they are, breaking out suddenly and violently.

過敏症最可怕的一點是它來勢迅猛，突然爆發，來勢凶猛。

And, you can develop new allergies.

而且，你可能會產生新的過敏症。

One moment you're enjoying a shellfish you ate thousands of times before, and the next moment you wake up in an ambulance.

前一刻，你還在享受你吃過幾千次的貝類，下一刻你就在救護車裡醒來。

A shrimp can kill you.

一隻蝦就能要了你的命。

How bizarre.

真奇怪。

But like, what are allergies?

但是，過敏是什麼？

Why do our bodies flip the table on harmless stuff?

為什麼我們的身體會對無害的東西翻臉？

There's a wild and interesting idea we want to share with you.

我們想和大家分享一個瘋狂而有趣的想法。

Humans might have created allergies by accident, by getting rid of worms.

人類可能是通過除蟲意外製造了過敏症。

This is very upsetting and interesting.

這非常令人不安，也非常有趣。

For your ancestors, being infected by worms was a reality of life.

對你們的祖先來說，被蟲子感染是生活的現實。

We won't get into the disgusting details, but in a world where drinking water and our poo were close buddies, some species of worms found just the perfect cycle of life.

噁心的細節我們就不多說了，但在一個飲用水和我們的便便親密無間的世界裡，某些種類的蠕蟲找到了完美的生命循環。

They enter your bodies with the water and make themselves at home, sometimes for decades.

它們會隨水進入人體，並以此為家，有時一住就是幾十年。

And then release their eggs or larvae with your poo, which used to go back to the water we drank.

然後用你的糞便釋放它們的卵或幼蟲，這些卵或幼蟲過去會回到我們喝的水裡。

So, until recently, in evolutionary terms, our ancestors had to deal with frequent or permanent worm infections.

是以，直到最近，從進化論的角度來看，我們的祖先還不得不面對頻繁或永久性的蠕蟲感染。

This caused all kinds of unpleasant health effects.

這對健康造成了各種不良影響。

Our immune systems had to find weapons to get rid of them.

我們的免疫系統不得不尋找武器來擺脫它們。

But how do you do that?

但怎麼做呢？

From the perspective of a cell, worms are city-scale kaijus, reaching beyond the horizon.

從細胞的角度看，蠕蟲是城市規模的 "開菊"，伸向地平線之外。

Worse, instead of skin, parasitic worms have an elastic protective layer that withstands even stomach acid.

更糟糕的是，寄生蠕蟲沒有皮膚，而是有一層彈性保護層，甚至可以抵禦胃酸。

You really need to pack some punch to cause damage.

要想造成傷害，你真的需要打出一些重拳。

It takes an army to kill a worm.

殺死一隻蠕蟲需要一支軍隊。

We're simplifying, but basically, when a worm enters your body for the first time, intelligent cells notice their presence.

我們簡化了一下，但基本上，當蠕蟲第一次進入你的身體時，智能細胞就會注意到它們的存在。

They move to your lymph nodes and activate specialized antibody factories called B-cells.

它們會移動到淋巴結，激活被稱為 B 細胞的特化抗體工廠。

We explain them in detail in this video.

我們將在本視頻中詳細介紹它們。

These B-cells are told that they need to fight parasites, and start producing a special class of weapons, IgE antibodies.

這些 B 細胞被告知它們需要對抗寄生蟲，並開始產生一種特殊的武器--IgE 抗體。

Tiny protein craps with two pincers that connect to worms like magnets to metal.

微小的蛋白質螃蟹有兩個鉗子，像磁鐵吸住金屬一樣吸住蠕蟲。

IgE floods your entire body and basically begin arming a nuclear bomb.

IgE 充斥著你的整個身體，基本上開始為核彈武裝。

An army of really scary cells called mast cells.

一支名為肥大細胞的可怕細胞大軍。

Mast cells are huge, bloated fellows filled to the brink with histamine and other nasty chemicals.

肥大細胞是一個巨大、臃腫的傢伙，裡面充滿了組胺和其他噁心的化學物質。

They pick up the IgE floating around and cover themselves with them like angry hedgehog grenades without their safety pins.

它們會吸附周圍漂浮的 IgE，並把它們覆蓋在自己身上，就像沒有保險栓的憤怒刺蝟手榴彈一樣。

And then, they just lie and wait, angrily.

然後，他們就憤怒地躺著等待。

So now, you have millions of bombs in your skin, lungs, or gut.

是以，現在你的皮膚、肺部或腸道里有數百萬個炸彈。

Until the day the mast cells meet a worm trying to enter your body.

直到有一天，肥大細胞遇到了試圖進入你體內的蠕蟲。

There's not much time to get rid of it, so things escalate rapidly.

沒有太多時間來擺脫它，所以事情迅速升級。

The mast cells with their IgE spikes grab onto the worm particles and kind of explode.

帶有 IgE 峰的肥大細胞會抓住蠕蟲顆粒併發生爆炸。

They release all of their dangerous chemicals all at once.

它們會一次性釋放出所有危險化學物質。

A few things now happen in rapid succession.

現在有幾件事接二連三地發生了。

First, some of the mast cell chemicals wound the worms, ripping wounds into them and making them really unhappy.

首先，一些肥大細胞化學物質會傷害蠕蟲，撕裂它們的傷口，讓它們非常不開心。

Then, emergency chemicals like histamine cause massive and rapid inflammation, ordering your blood vessels to flood the battlefield with water to flush the worms out.

然後，組胺等應急化學物質會迅速引發大規模發炎，命令血管向戰場灌水，將蟲子沖走。

They also order your cells that make mucus to go into overdrive and cover the worms in sticky slime.

它們還會命令製造粘液的細胞超速運轉，用粘稠的粘液覆蓋蠕蟲。

Other chemicals are like air raid sirens screaming loudly throughout your body for anti-parasite soldiers.

其他化學物質就像空襲警報一樣，在你的身體裡大聲呼喊著抗寄生蟲阿兵哥。

Eosinophils.

嗜酸性粒細胞

First thousands, then hundreds of thousands hear the alarm and leave your blood vessels to where the mast cells are causing inflammation.

先是成千上萬的人，然後是成百上千的人聽到警報後離開血管，前往肥大細胞引發發炎的地方。

Not only do they make the inflammation worse, they carry extremely toxic chemicals that they vomit at the worm, ripping open its defensive layers and causing horrible injuries.

它們不僅會使發炎惡化，還會攜帶劇毒化學物質，吐向蠕蟲，撕開其防禦層，造成可怕的傷害。

Sometimes, this will straight up kill the parasite.

有時，這會直接殺死寄生蟲。

Lastly, the anti-worm coordination cell arrives.

最後，抗蠕蟲協調細胞到來了。

The basophil.

嗜鹼性粒細胞

It makes sure that the immune system doesn't slow down, but keeps attacking with violence.

它能確保免疫系統不會減速，而是繼續發動猛烈攻擊。

It keeps the inflammation going and alerts more and more attack cells to the site of battle.

它使發炎繼續發展，並提醒越來越多的攻擊細胞前往戰鬥地點。

Zooming out, we see that the chemicals from your anti-parasite forces make your smooth muscles contract rapidly, pushing everything that's inside outside.

放大後，我們可以看到，抗寄生蟲藥物中的化學物質使平滑肌迅速收縮，把裡面的東西都擠到了外面。

In your intestines, combined with all the water, you notice this as diarrhea, as your body tries to expel the stressed parasite.

在你的腸道中，加上所有的水，你會發現這是腹瀉，因為你的身體試圖排出受壓的寄生蟲。

In your respiratory tract, loads of mucus and water flood outside, trying to take the worm with them.

在你的呼吸道中，大量粘液和水湧向外面，試圖把蟲子一起帶走。

If this happens under your skin, your tissue is red, hot and itchy, as your immune system is trying to commit murder.

如果這種情況發生在你的皮膚下，你的組織就會發紅、發熱、發癢，因為你的免疫系統正在試圖謀殺你。

It takes a fierce army to kill a worm, and your anti-parasite forces have the license to act rapidly and with intense violence.

要殺死一隻蠕蟲，需要一支凶猛的軍隊，而你們的反寄生蟲部隊可以迅速採取激烈的暴力行動。

Okay, this is nice and all, but what does all this have to do with killer shrimps?

好吧，這很好，但這一切和殺人蝦有什麼關係呢？

What is an allergy?

什麼是過敏？

Parasitic worms don't love being ripped apart by millions of bombs.

寄生蠕蟲不喜歡被數以百萬計的炸彈撕成碎片。

And, as all living things do, they adapt it to the deadly attacks on them.

就像所有生物一樣，它們會調整自己，以適應對它們的致命攻擊。

In a nutshell, worms release a plethora of chemicals to manipulate your immune system.

簡而言之，蠕蟲會釋放大量化學物質來操縱你的免疫系統。

They make it weaker and much less angry, like immune system weed.

它們會讓它變得更弱，更不容易發怒，就像免疫系統雜草一樣。

Which is pretty bad for your survival, because you have to fight off all sorts of intruders everyday.

這對你的生存非常不利，因為你每天都要與各種各樣的入侵者作鬥爭。

Our ancestors were basically unable to prevent regular worm infections.

我們的祖先基本上無法預防經常性的蠕蟲感染。

So, as the worms adapted to us, our bodies had to adapt to them.

是以，在蠕蟲適應我們的同時，我們的身體也必須適應它們。

To balance out any weakening worm chemicals, one adaptation might have been to make our immune system more aggressive, so it could still defend against other invaders.

為了抵消蠕蟲化學物質的削弱，一種適應方法可能是讓我們的免疫系統更具攻擊性，這樣它仍然可以抵禦其他入侵者。

And then a hot second ago, in evolutionary terms, everything changed.

就在一秒鐘之前，從進化的角度來看，一切都變了。

We suddenly invented soap and hygiene, but most importantly, the separation of poop and drinking water.

我們突然發明了肥皂和衛生用品，但最重要的是，把大便和飲用水分開了。

This destroyed the life cycles of parasitic worms, and the ones that remained were eradicated by modern medicine.

這破壞了寄生蟲的生命週期，殘存的寄生蟲也被現代醫學消滅了。

Worms still infect up to 2 billion people, mostly in underdeveloped rural regions or slums with unsanitary conditions and dirty water.

蠕蟲仍然感染著多達 20 億人，他們大多生活在不發達的農村地區或貧民窟，那裡的衛生條件很差，水也不乾淨。

The people who escaped these conditions now face an interesting problem.

擺脫了這些條件的人們現在面臨著一個有趣的問題。

An immune system without a major enemy that had kept it down for millions of years.

免疫系統沒有了壓制它數百萬年的主要敵人。

It could very well be that our immune system still operates, assuming that worms are making it weaker, and that it has to be overly aggressive because of that.

很有可能是我們的免疫系統仍在運作，假定蠕蟲使它變得虛弱，它就不得不是以而具有過度的攻擊性。

And while IgE, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils also have other jobs, a major reason for their existence has now gone away.

雖然 IgE、肥大細胞、嗜鹼性粒細胞和嗜酸性粒細胞還有其他工作，但它們存在的一個主要原因現已不復存在。

But they kind of act as if worms are around, only that they now attack other dangerous foes, like shrimps.

但它們的行為就像蠕蟲一樣，只是它們現在會攻擊其他危險的敵人，比如蝦。

This is exactly what happens when you have an allergic reaction to a shrimp.

這正是對蝦過敏的後果。

Your immune system picks up shrimp proteins and produces IgE antibodies against shrimps.

您的免疫系統會捕捉到蝦的蛋白質，併產生針對蝦的 IgE 抗體。

The antibodies then are mast cells, turning them into bombs.

然後，抗體會作用於肥大細胞，將其變成炸彈。

So you have millions of bombs in your skin, your lungs or your gut, with a license to choose violence, even when provoked a little bit.

是以，你的皮膚、肺部或腸道里有數百萬顆炸彈，即使受到一點點挑釁，也可以選擇暴力。

Until one day, you eat another shrimp.

直到有一天，你又吃了一隻蝦。

Your anti-parasite forces flip on like a switch.

你的抗寄生蟲能力就像開關一樣打開了。

Only, there is no kaiju to attack.

只是，沒有凱諸可以攻擊。

This is what you experience when you have an allergic reaction.

這就是過敏反應時的體驗。

Extremely powerful weapons now target your own body.

威力巨大的武器現在可以瞄準你自己的身體。

Under your skin, your blood vessels suddenly turn leaky.

在你的皮膚下，你的血管會突然滲漏。

Fluid streams into your tissue, your skin swells up and turns red, often in itchy hives.

液體流入組織，皮膚腫脹發紅，經常出現瘙癢性蕁麻疹。

You immediately feel hot and unwell.

您會立即感到發熱和不適。

In your digestive system, the mast cells can cause nausea, cramps and sharp pain, as water floods into your intestines and triggers intense diarrhea and vomiting.

在消化系統中，肥大細胞會導致噁心、痙攣和劇痛，因為水分會湧入腸道，引發劇烈腹瀉和嘔吐。

Your respiratory tract swells up, making breathing hard.

呼吸道腫脹，呼吸困難。

Way more dangerously, histamine and other chemicals can cause the smooth muscles in your lungs to tense up.

更危險的是，組胺和其他化學物質會導致肺部平滑肌緊張。

In the best case, you get a stuffy nose.

最好的情況是鼻塞。

In the worst case, you're suddenly fighting for your life.

最糟糕的情況是，你突然要為自己的生命而戰。

Mast cells all over your body unload their bombs all at once, causing an anaphylactic shock.

全身的肥大細胞會同時釋放炸彈，導致過敏性休克。

Your blood loses so much water that your blood pressure drops to dangerous levels.

血液中的水分會大量流失，導致血壓下降到危險水準。

This alone is life-threatening.

僅這一點就會危及生命。

In combination with the things going on in your lungs, anaphylaxis is a life-or-death emergency, often with just a small time window to do anything about it.

過敏性休克與肺部的病變結合在一起，是一種生死攸關的緊急情況，通常只有很短的時間可以採取任何措施。

Allergic reactions truly are no joke.

過敏反應可不是鬧著玩的。

Even the deadliest diseases like Ebola need days to kill you, but your immune system can kill you within a few minutes.

即使是最致命的疾病，如埃博拉病毒，也需要數天才能殺死你，但你的免疫系統卻能在幾分鐘內殺死你。

And this is why a shrimp can kill you.

這就是為什麼一隻蝦就能要了你的命。

Because on a fundamental level, an ingenious defense system, vital for our species' survival for millions of years, is fighting imaginary kaijus.

因為從根本上說，我們這個物種生存了數百萬年的重要防禦系統，就是在與想象中的 "怪獸 "作戰。

Yet we still don't know why some people produce a lot of IgE antibodies against certain substances, and others don't.

然而，我們仍然不知道為什麼有些人會對某些物質產生大量的 IgE 抗體，而有些人則不會。

We don't know why some adults develop new allergies later in life, or why some allergies disappear over time.

我們不知道為什麼有些成年人會在以後的生活中出現新的過敏症，也不知道為什麼有些過敏症會隨著時間的推移而消失。

And we're not sure if the lack of worms is the main culprit, only that the cells that evolved to fight them are responsible for the symptoms of allergies.

我們還不確定蟲子的缺乏是否是罪魁禍首，只是不確定為對抗蟲子而進化的細胞是否是過敏症狀的罪魁禍首。

There are other ideas, like less diverse microbiomes, or increased pollution.

還有其他一些想法，比如微生物群的多樣性減少，或者汙染加劇。

Maybe it's just a combination of all of them.

也許這只是所有這些因素的綜合。

But what we clearly see is that allergies and their more serious cousin autoimmune diseases have been rising massively in the last 100 years.

但我們清楚地看到，過敏症及其更嚴重的表親自身免疫性疾病在過去 100 年裡大幅上升。

Wherever humans moved into more sanitary conditions and got rid of some of the horrible parasites hunting us.

無論人類搬到哪裡，衛生條件都會改善，並擺脫了一些可怕的寄生蟲的追殺。

Hopefully, we'll figure it out and prevent allergies forever, because one thing's for sure, we don't want to get worms back.

希望我們能找出原因，永遠避免過敏，因為有一點可以肯定，我們不想再長蟲子了。

That would really be like finding a spider and exploding a nuclear bomb.

這就好比找到一隻蜘蛛，然後引爆一枚核彈。

GiveWell wants as many donors as possible to make informed decisions about high-impact giving.

GiveWell 希望儘可能多的捐贈者能在知情的情況下做出高效捐贈的決定。

They have now spent 17 years researching philanthropic opportunities and direct funding to a few of the highest impact opportunities they've found.

現在，他們已經花了 17 年時間研究慈善機會，並將資金直接提供給他們發現的幾個影響力最大的機會。

Over 125,000 donors have used GiveWell to donate more than $2 billion.

超過 125,000 名捐贈者使用 GiveWell 捐贈了 20 多億美元。

Rigorous evidence suggests that these donations will save over 200,000 lives and improve the lives of millions more.

嚴格的證據表明，這些捐贈將挽救 20 多萬人的生命，並改善數百萬人的生活。

You can find all of their research and recommendations on their site for free.

您可以在他們的網站上免費找到所有的研究和建議。

If you've never used GiveWell to donate, eligible donors can have their donation matched up to $100 before the end of the year, or as long as matching funds last.

如果您從未使用過 GiveWell 進行捐贈，符合條件的捐贈者可以在年底前獲得最高 100 美元的配捐，或者在配捐資金持續有效的情況下獲得配捐。

You can make tax-deductible donations to their recommended funds or charities, and GiveWell doesn't take a cut.

您可以向他們推薦的基金或慈善機構進行免稅捐贈，GiveWell 不會從中抽成。

To claim your match, go to GiveWell.org and pick YouTube and enter Kurzgesagt to check out.

要申請匹配，請訪問 GiveWell.org，選擇 YouTube 並輸入 Kurzgesagt 結賬。

It took us 10 months to create this latest edition of our annual passion project.

我們花了 10 個月的時間來創作這一最新版的年度激情項目。

The fact that we're finally able to share it with you is truly our highlight of this crazy year.

我們終於能夠與大家分享它，這確實是我們在這瘋狂一年中的一大亮點。

It's the 12,025 Human Era Calendar, and it's the best calendar we've ever made.

它就是 12025 年人類紀元日曆，也是我們製作過的最好的日曆。

It all started back in January.

一切都要從一月份說起。

While we released the first video of the year, we were already brainstorming ideas for the 12,025 calendar.

當我們發佈今年的第一個視頻時，我們已經在為 12 025 日曆集思廣益了。

For years, we'd wanted to tell the story of the great journey that took our ancestors from Africa to find new homes across the planet.

多年來，我們一直想講述我們的祖先從非洲出發，在地球上尋找新家園的偉大旅程。

We dove headfirst into research.

我們一頭扎進了研究中。

We read about curious and unbelievably brave humans who ventured out into the unknown, paving the way for future generations.

我們在書中讀到了好奇而勇敢的人類，他們冒險探索未知世界，為後代鋪平了道路。

But all of these incredible stories had to fit on paper, on 12 pages no less.

但是，所有這些令人難以置信的故事都必須寫在紙上，而且必須寫在 12 頁紙上。

Weeks of sketching and revisions followed in February.

隨後在二月份進行了數週的草圖繪製和修改。

What was it like for those early pioneers?

早期的先驅者們是什麼樣的？

Every new terrain they explored must have appeared to them like an alien planet, ruled by unfamiliar climates and filled with foreign creatures.

他們探索的每一個新地形在他們看來都像是一個外星球，被陌生的氣候所統治，充滿了陌生的生物。

Meanwhile, we released our next videos, and in March were finally able to tell you about Starbirds, the video game we're working on with Tucana Interactive.

與此同時，我們發佈了下一個視頻，並終於在三月份向大家介紹了我們與 Tucana Interactive 合作開發的視頻遊戲《星際鳥》（Starbirds）。

Then the calendar came to life.

然後，日曆就出現了。

We spent many weeks crafting epic illustrations worthy of representing 200,000 years of human history.

我們花了數週時間，精心製作了足以代表 20 萬年人類歷史的史詩般的插圖。

We had to get it right.

我們必須把它做好。

The adventures, the hardship, the incredible achievements.

冒險、艱辛和令人難以置信的成就。

We don't know what our ancestors set out to find, but when they settled all across the planet, they laid the foundation for human civilization.

我們不知道我們的祖先出發去尋找什麼，但當他們在地球各地定居下來時，他們為人類文明奠定了基礎。

Then, in May, Smoking is Awesome became our most successful video this year.

隨後，在 5 月份，《吸菸真棒》成為我們今年最成功的視頻。

It had a huge impact and inspired many of you to quit smoking for good.

它產生了巨大的影響，激勵你們中的許多人徹底戒菸。

Nothing could make us happier.

沒有什麼能讓我們更開心了。

Back in the studio, we created the final piece of the calendar, the cover.

回到工作室後，我們製作了日曆的最後一部分--封面。

As always, we wanted to represent the entirety of the human era by adding 10,000 years to the common era system.

一如既往，我們希望通過在公元紀年系統的基礎上增加 10 000 年來代表整個人類紀元。

Adding that one was the final touch, and our calendar was ready to be sent off to the printer.

最後加上這一張，我們的日曆就可以送到印刷廠了。

On our YouTube channel, we continue to ask the big questions like, do you have free will?

在我們的 YouTube 頻道上，我們繼續提出一些重大問題，比如：你有自由意志嗎？

And is AI humanity's final invention?

人工智能是人類的最終發明嗎？

Then, in September, we finally held the first copy of the finished 12,025 calendar in our hands.

然後，在 9 月份，我們終於拿到了第一本完成的 12 025 年日曆。

We are truly happy with the result.

我們對結果真的很滿意。

It's not just the vibrant illustrations, the high-quality paper, or the shiny cover.

它不僅僅是生動的插圖、高質量的紙張或閃亮的封面。

It's the fact that it represents such an important part of our shared human history.

因為它代表了人類共同歷史的重要組成部分。

And, for us, it holds all the memories of an exciting year at Kurzgesagt.

對我們來說，它承載著庫爾茲格薩特激動人心的一年的所有記憶。

We think it's the best product we've ever made.

我們認為這是我們生產過的最好的產品。

We may be a tiny bit biased, but you birbs seem to love it too.

我們可能有點偏見，但你們這些小鳥似乎也很喜歡。

It's absolutely incredible to see all your comments and messages.

看到你們的評論和留言，真是難以置信。

For so many of you, getting the human era calendar has become a yearly tradition and a daily source of inspiration.

對你們中的許多人來說，獲取人類時代日曆已成為每年的傳統和每天的靈感來源。

Make 12,025 truly special.

讓 12 025 真正與眾不同。

Get your piece of our shared human history and an essential part of Kurzgesagt.

在我們共同的人類歷史上留下自己的印記，這也是 Kurzgesagt 的重要組成部分。

Birds chirping Music Water splashing Birds chirping Birds chirping Music Music

鳥兒鳴叫 音樂 水花飛濺 鳥兒鳴叫 鳥兒鳴叫 音樂 音樂