Reading gives you all this language stuff, all this literacy stuff.

閱讀能讓你掌握所有的語言知識和讀寫能力。

I want to give you some other advantages of reading.

我還想告訴大家閱讀的其他好處。

Reading is fun.

閱讀是一種樂趣。

It's pleasurable.

這是一種享受。

People want to do it.

人們想這樣做。

They're addicted to it.

他們沉迷於此。

Victor Nell wrote this amazing book in 1988 called Lost in a Book.

維克多-內爾在 1988 年寫了一本神奇的書，名叫《迷失在書海中》。

If you can find a used copy of this, this is such an entertaining book.

如果你能找到一本二手書，這真是一本有趣的書。

First of all, he interviewed people about their reading habits.

首先，他採訪了人們的閱讀習慣。

Here's what they said.

他們是這麼說的

Reading removes me from the irritations of living.

閱讀讓我遠離生活的煩擾。

For the few hours a day I read trash, I escape the cares of those around me, as well as escaping my own cares and dissatisfactions.

在每天閱讀垃圾的幾個小時裡，我逃避了周圍人的煩惱，也逃避了自己的煩惱和不滿。

That is true.

沒錯。

Somerset Maugham, quoted by Nell, who was a very weird guy, Conversation After a Time

毛姆（Somerset Maugham）在《一段時間後的對話》（Conversation After a Time）中引用了內爾的話，內爾是個非常古怪的人。

Bores Me.

讓我厭煩

And my thoughts, which were told are the unfailing resource of a sensible man, have a tendency to run dry.

我的思想是一個理智的人永不枯竭的資源，但我的思想卻有枯竭的傾向。

Then I fly to my book as the opium smoker to his pipe.

然後，我飛奔向我的書，就像吸鴉片的人飛奔向他的菸斗。

Reading addiction.

閱讀成癮。

Nell did a very interesting study.

內爾做了一項非常有趣的研究。

It's in the book about reading before you go to sleep.

書裡說要在睡覺前閱讀。

He had people come into his lab and bring a book.

他讓人們帶著一本書來到他的實驗室。

These were dedicated pleasure readers, 26 people.

這些都是專門的快樂讀者，共有 26 人。

They'd bring a book that they were deeply involved in, that they really were enjoying.

他們會帶一本書來，那是他們非常投入、非常喜歡的一本書。

Of the 26, 14 brought The Power of Reading by Steve Krashen.

26 人中，14 人帶來了史蒂夫-克拉申的《閱讀的力量》。

He then asked them to sit down and he hooked them up with all kinds of devices, galvanic skin response, like lie detection, respiration, perspiration.

然後，他讓他們坐下，並給他們安裝了各種儀器，如皮膚電化反應、測謊、呼吸、出汗等。

All these are measures of arousal.

所有這些都是對喚醒的測量。

First he got their baseline.

首先，他得到了他們的底線。

Then he asked them to start reading.

然後，他請他們開始閱讀。

The arousal went up.

亢奮之情油然而生。

But then when they put the book down, the arousal level went below the baseline.

但當他們放下書時，喚醒水準就會低於基線。

Reading relaxes you.

閱讀能讓人放鬆。

There's one other bedtime activity that does that, but we can talk about that later.

還有一種睡前活動也能做到這一點，但我們可以稍後再談。

When he talked to these people, he found they were nearly all bedtime readers.

當他與這些人交談時，發現他們幾乎都是睡前讀物。

24 out of 26 read in bed nearly every night or most nights.

26 人中有 24 人幾乎每晚或大多數晚上都在床上閱讀。

Even if I read for only five minutes, I must do it.

哪怕只讀五分鐘，我也必須讀。

A compulsion like that of a drug addict.

就像吸毒者的強迫症一樣。

My addiction to reading is such I almost can't sleep without a minimum of 10 minutes, usually 30 to 60 reading.

我的閱讀癮很大，如果不讀上至少 10 分鐘（通常是 30 到 60 分鐘），我幾乎無法入睡。

We keep worrying about how to get kids to read.

我們一直在擔心如何讓孩子們閱讀。

No, once they're into books, man, you can't get them to stop.

不，一旦他們喜歡上書，你就沒法讓他們停下來。

Same thing with us.

我們也是一樣。

It's our book that counts.

我們的書才是最重要的。

Okay, we've got two things going for reading.

好了，我們有兩件事可以讀了。

It gives you all these grammatical and vocabulary things and it's fun.

它能讓你掌握所有的文法和詞彙，而且非常有趣。

There's more.

還有更多。

Reading makes you smarter.

閱讀讓你更聰明

It gives you knowledge.

它給你知識。

When I talk about these studies, I'm about to tell you, I'm really talking about fiction because these are studies in which they ask readers how much they know about certain topics, compare them to non-readers, et cetera.

當我談到這些研究時，我要告訴你的是，我說的其實是小說，因為在這些研究中，他們會詢問讀者對某些主題的瞭解程度，並將他們與非讀者進行比較，等等。

When they ask people how much they read, they're talking mostly about fiction.

當他們問人們讀了多少書時，他們談論的大多是小說。

Victor Nell's data confirms this.

維克多-內爾的數據證實了這一點。

Two-thirds of books taken out of libraries are fiction.

從圖書館借出的圖書中有三分之二是小說。

I'm in favor of non-fiction.

我贊成非虛構類作品。

I'm not against it.

我不反對。

I think it's great.

我覺得很棒。

I write a lot of it.

我寫了很多。

People accuse me of writing fiction, but it's not true, okay?

人們指責我寫小說，但這不是真的，好嗎？

I looked at the New York Times bestseller list for young people, 10 books, all fiction.

我看了《紐約時報》的青少年暢銷書排行榜，有 10 本，都是小說。

It is fiction we're talking about.

我們說的是小說。

Keith Stanovich, University of Michigan, a number of studies correlating how much people say they read and how much they know about certain topics.

密歇根大學的基思-斯坦諾維奇（Keith Stanovich）進行了多項研究，將人們自稱的閱讀量與他們對某些主題的瞭解程度聯繫起來。

People who read more know more about literature.

閱讀越多的人對文學的瞭解就越多。

This makes sense.

這是有道理的。

They know more about history.

他們更瞭解歷史。

How do you like that?

你覺得怎麼樣？

They know more about science.

他們更懂科學。

You get all these things from reading stories.

這些都是從閱讀故事中獲得的。

They have more cultural literacy.

他們的文化素養更高。

We're all concerned with this.

我們都很關心這個問題。

They have more everyday practical knowledge.

他們掌握更多日常實用知識。

Readers are not nerds.

讀者不是書呆子。

They know more about everything.

他們什麼都知道。

Career success and reading.

事業成功與閱讀

Keith Simonton is my all-time favorite author on research on creativity.

基思-西蒙頓是我最喜歡的研究創造力的作家。

One of his books, his conclusion is, omnivorous reading in childhood and adolescence correlates positively with ultimate adult success.

他的一本書的結論是，童年和青少年時期的全方位閱讀與成年後的最終成功呈正相關。

Lots of case histories, only two, just for illustration.

案例很多，只有兩個，僅供參考。

Malcolm X. I saw the Malcolm X movie.

馬爾科姆-X，我看過馬爾科姆-X的電影。

Spike Lee, did you see that 10, 15 years ago?

斯派克-李，10、15 年前你看過嗎？

It's a very good movie.

這是一部非常好的電影。

Denzel Washington played Malcolm X.

丹澤爾-華盛頓扮演馬爾科姆-X。

He was so good that he was a better Malcolm X than Malcolm X.

他是如此優秀，以至於他比馬爾科姆-X 更出色。

It was so convincing.

太有說服力了

Anyway, the movie was very good, except they left something out, which was in the autobiography of Malcolm X, and that's his history as a reader.

總之，這部電影非常不錯，只是他們漏掉了馬爾科姆-X 自傳中的一些內容，那就是他作為讀者的歷史。

He says in the autobiography, when he grew up in the Midwest, when he was in seventh grade, he was the president of his class doing okay, but then the family moved east, and he said his life in the streets erased everything he had ever learned in school.

他在自傳中說，他在美國中西部長大，七年級的時候，他是班上的班長，表現還不錯，但後來全家搬到東部，他說在街頭的生活抹去了他在學校學到的一切。

In prison, in his early 20s, he met a significant other, very important term in sociology, someone who opens a path for you.

在監獄裡，在他 20 歲出頭的時候，他遇到了一個重要的人，這在社會學中是一個非常重要的術語，是指為你開闢道路的人。

This other prisoner introduced him to the library, the prison library.

另一名囚犯把他介紹給了圖書館，監獄圖書館。

Malcolm X says, I became a reader.

馬爾科姆-X 說，我成了一名讀者。

You couldn't have gotten me out of books with a wedge.

你不可能用楔子把我從書本里弄出來。

He tells about every night the guards would come by with flashlights.

他說，每天晚上，警衛都會拿著手電筒過來。

He was under the cover reading, reading with a flashlight, just like you did when you were in high school.

他在被窩裡看書，打著手電筒看書，就像你上高中時一樣。

My favorite quote from the book, he said, a reporter telephoned me asking questions.

我最喜歡書中的一句話，他說，有記者打電話問我問題。

One was, what's your alma mater?

一個是，你的母校是哪裡？

I told him, books.

我告訴他，書。

Michael Faraday, genius scientist, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, chemist who basically discovered electromagnetism and changed the world.

邁克爾-法拉第，天才科學家，有史以來最偉大的科學家之一，化學家，他基本上發現了電磁學並改變了世界。

Einstein had Faraday's picture on his wall.

愛因斯坦的牆上掛著法拉第的照片。

Well, as you see, he lived 1791, 1867, a while ago.

如你所見，他生活在 1791 年到 1867 年之間，距今已有一段時間了。

Let me tell you his story.

我來給你講講他的故事。

Michael Faraday grew up in London, lived in very high poverty.

邁克爾-法拉第在倫敦長大，生活非常貧困。

When he was 10 years old, he left school and was apprenticed to a bookbinder.

10 歲時，他離開學校，成為一名裝訂學徒。

The bookbinder changed the world.

書商改變了世界。

We owe a lot to this bookbinder.

我們要感謝這位書商。

He told Michael Faraday when he was a little boy, yeah, I want you to help me get the books together, put them together.

在邁克爾-法拉第還是個小男孩的時候 他就告訴他 是的 我想讓你幫我把書弄到一起 把它們放在一起

Take some time off.

休息一段時間

It's okay.

沒關係。

Take a few hours a day.

每天花幾個小時

Read the books.

閱讀書籍

You'll find them very interesting.

你會發現它們非常有趣。

Michael Faraday read for 10 years.

邁克爾-法拉第讀了 10 年書。

He read everything.

他什麼都看。

He read Aesop's fables.

他讀伊索寓言。

He read everything.

他什麼都看。

When he hit his 20s, he realized he wanted to be a scientist.

20 多歲時，他意識到自己想成為一名科學家。

It was reading that helped him find out what he wanted to do, his life path.

正是閱讀幫助他找到了自己想做的事，找到了自己的人生道路。

He got apprenticed to a chemist, a famous chemist, published his first paper when he was 26, and changed the world with his research.

他拜了一位著名化學家為師，26 歲時發表了第一篇論文，他的研究改變了世界。

Michael Faraday never took a test.

邁克爾-法拉第從未參加過考試。

Michael Faraday never studied.

邁克爾-法拉第從未讀過書。

Got that?

明白了嗎？

He had the two components that I think are the basics of an education, free voluntary reading and try to solve problems of great interest to you.

他有兩個我認為是教育的基本要素，一是自由自願的閱讀，二是嘗試解決自己非常感興趣的問題。

Those are the two crucial characteristics, and you'll see that schools that work encourage these two.

這是兩個至關重要的特徵，你會發現那些有效的學校會鼓勵這兩個特徵。

Individuals who've made it without school, Edison, Lincoln, all had these two components.

那些不上學也能成功的人，愛迪生、林肯，都有這兩個因素。

I want to present a new hypothesis today.

我今天想提出一個新的假設。

I should give you young people some advice.

我應該給你們年輕人一些建議。

Would you like to become a big shot like me and have people quote you and be invited to give speeches?

你想成為像我這樣的大人物，讓別人引用你的話，並受邀發表演講嗎？

And, oh, Dr. Krashen, we thought you were much older.

克拉申博士，我們還以為你老多了呢。

We thought you were dead.

我們以為你死了

My grandmother took a class, and I get this all the time, oh, yeah, I took your, I saw your stuff.

我的祖母上過一堂課，我經常接到這樣的電話：哦，是的，我上過你的課，看過你的作品。

I'll tell you the secret.

我來告訴你一個祕密。

Invent new terminology.

發明新術語。

It's worked for me, and it doesn't matter if you invented the idea.

這對我來說很有效，而且你是否發明了這個想法並不重要。

People will think you did.

人們會認為是你乾的。

I keep getting credit for affective filter.

我一直在為 "情感過濾器 "邀功。

It wasn't my idea.

這不是我的主意。

It was Julian Burt.

是朱利安-伯特

I keep telling them, but they don't care.

我一直告訴他們，但他們不在乎。

They give me the credit.

他們把功勞歸於我。

Comprehensible input.

可理解的輸入。

A lot of people knew about that before I did.

很多人都比我先知道這件事。

James Asher knew about it, Kenneth Goodman, Frank Smith, a lot of people did.

詹姆斯-阿什、肯尼斯-古德曼、弗蘭克-史密斯，很多人都知道這件事。

I put it in a theory, gave it a name, et cetera, so I get the credit.

我把它寫進了一個理論，給它起了個名字，諸如此類，所以功勞歸我。

Some things I made up.

有些東西是我編的。

Some things I didn't.

有些事情我沒有做到。

And you've got to make sure the terminology is not too clear, because if it's really clear, people think they're just as smart as you are.

你必須確保術語不太清晰，因為如果真的很清晰，人們就會認為他們和你一樣聰明。

And if it's a little bit confusing, they think you must be a lot smarter.

如果有一點困惑，他們就會認為你一定聰明得多。

Those of you who have taken courses in my work, I plus one.

在我的作品中，我加了一門課程。

Everybody's confused.

大家都很困惑。

I really scored with that one.

這一招真管用

So I gave you a new one.

所以我給了你一個新的。

Compelling comprehensible input.

令人信服的可理解輸入。

My idea.

我的想法

Give me credit.

請相信我。

Here's another one.

這裡還有一個。

I have a hypothesis called the conduit hypothesis.

我有一個假設，叫做 "管道假設"。

I didn't call it there, but I'll tell you what it is.

我沒說是那裡，但我會告訴你它是什麼。

I hypothesize that we develop academic language in three universal stages.

我假設，我們的學術語言發展分為三個普遍階段。

You know what academic language is.

你知道什麼是學術語言。

That's a bad term.

這個詞不好。

It should be specialized language, because when you say academic language, it gives the false message that everyone should go to college, which is not a good idea, in my opinion.

它應該是專業語言，因為當你說學術語言時，會給人一種錯誤的資訊，即每個人都應該上大學，在我看來，這不是一個好主意。

Not at all.

完全沒有。

The Obama administration has really pushed this.

奧巴馬政府一直在推動這項工作。

I really like President Obama, but his education policy, believe it or not, is worse than the

我很喜歡奧巴馬總統，但不管你信不信，他的教育政策比

Bush administration.

布什政府

Can you imagine?

你能想象嗎？

And it's getting even worse, all right?

而且情況越來越糟，知道嗎？

Anyway, they keep sending this message, college, college, college.

總之，他們一直在傳遞這樣的資訊：大學、大學、大學。

They say or career, but they keep saying college over and over.

他們說或職業生涯，但他們一直在重複說大學。

And this is a mistake.

這是一個錯誤。

I don't think college is better.

我不認為大學更好。

I think it's different.

我認為這是不同的。

For some people, for me, it was exactly right.

對有些人來說，對我來說，這是完全正確的。

For a lot of people, it isn't.

對很多人來說，並非如此。

You need to do your specialized genius work in some other area that does not involve college work.

您需要在不涉及大學工作的其他領域從事專門的天才工作。

We have done our society a disservice by focusing on college as universal.

我們把重點放在大學的普及上，這對我們的社會是一種傷害。

I will quote John Gardner, former secretary in the cabinet of President Bill Clinton, and he had this quote, if we praise mediocre philosophy and we disrespect competent plumbing, neither our theories nor our pipes will hold water.

我想引用比爾-克林頓總統內閣前祕書約翰-加德納的話，他說過這樣一句話：如果我們讚美平庸的哲學，卻不尊重稱職的水管，那麼我們的理論和水管都不會有水。

This is exactly what's happening.

這正是正在發生的事情。

Vocational education is gone from schools in the United States.

在美國，職業教育已經從學校消失了。

The government keeps telling us there are shortages and shortages in technical areas.

政府一直告訴我們，技術領域的人才短缺。

We need everyone to get engineering degrees.

我們需要每個人都獲得工程學位。

No, it's not true.

不，這不是真的。

The same thing is happening in Canada.

同樣的事情也發生在加拿大。

I've read the research for you.

我已經為你閱讀了研究報告。

It's the same as ours.

和我們的一樣。

There's actually a surplus.

實際上還有盈餘。

There's no shortage in technology.

技術並不匱乏。

There are three engineers for every job.

每項工作都有三名工程師。

This is overwhelming.

這讓人難以承受。

In computers, there are enough computer programmers, exactly.

在計算機領域，有足夠多的計算機程序員。

There are a few little shortages in some areas in computer software development, but it's not large because there's not a lot of people involved.

在計算機軟件開發的某些領域有一些小的短缺，但並不嚴重，因為涉及的人員並不多。

I'll tell you where the shortages are, and I got this from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

我來告訴你哪裡缺人，這是我從勞工統計局得到的資訊。

In the states, elementary school teachers, plumbers, carpenters, electricians.

在美國，有小學教師、水管工、木工、電工。

This is where the jobs are, and these people will have jobs long after the computer programmer is out of work because they have changed the computers around so much.

工作機會就在這裡，在計算機程序員失業後很長時間，這些人還會有工作，因為他們已經把計算機改得面目全非。

You've got to come up and do a new program, et cetera.

你必須上臺做一個新節目，諸如此類。

Let's talk about, I'll sometimes slip and say academic language, we're really talking about specialized language that people need in their specialties.

讓我們來談談，我有時會說溜嘴，說學術語言，其實我們說的是人們在其專業領域所需要的專業語言。

I maintain there are three stages that are universal for first language and second language.

我認為，第一語言和第二語言有三個通用階段。

I'll tell you what I think they are, and I'll give you a case history as I go.

我將告訴你我認為它們是什麼，並邊說邊給你介紹一個案例。

Stage one, stories.

第一階段，故事。

Lots and lots of stories.

很多很多的故事。

In first language, we have a very rich research literature on this.

在第一語言方面，我們有非常豐富的相關研究文獻。

Children who are read to regularly, either at home or at school, outperform children who are not read to regularly on any kind of a test you give them.

無論是在家裡還是在學校，經常閱讀的孩子在任何測試中都比不經常閱讀的孩子成績好。

It works because they hear a higher form of language that they don't normally hear in conversation.

它之所以有效，是因為他們聽到了通常在對話中聽不到的更高級的語言形式。

They get a little bit of book language, and they get excited about books, and they want to read on their own.

他們掌握了一些書本語言，對書本產生了興趣，並想自己閱讀。

There's a wonderful program in the states called Reach Out and Read.

美國有一個很棒的計劃，叫做 "走出去閱讀"（Reach Out and Read）。

It's amazing.

太神奇了

They work in high poverty areas, and they work through hospitals, and they wait till children come in for free checkups called a well child visit.

他們在高度貧困地區開展工作，通過醫院開展工作，等待兒童前來接受免費檢查，稱為 "兒童健康檢查"。

They meet with the parents and the child, a volunteer will read stories to the child in the waiting room, and give some hints to the mom or dad how it's done.

他們會與家長和孩子見面，志願者會在候診室給孩子讀故事，並給爸爸媽媽一些提示，告訴他們如何做。

When they see the pediatrician, the pediatrician gives them a free book.

他們看兒科醫生時，兒科醫生會給他們一本免費的書。

That's the entire treatment.

這就是整個治療過程。

You know, we spend millions of dollars on these fancy tests and things.

你知道，我們花了數百萬美元在這些花哨的測試上。

No, just give them a book and tell them how to do it.

不，只要給他們一本書，告訴他們怎麼做就行了。

They have published about six high quality papers.