Name: 斯蒂芬-克拉申談語言習得 (Stephen Krashen on Language Acquisition)
Uploaded: 2024-12-17T22:33:59.000Z
Duration: 15 min 25 s

動名詞

I'd like to begin my presentation this afternoon by talking about what I think is the most important issue in language education.

在今天下午的發言中，我想首先談談我認為語言教育中最重要的問題。

形容詞最高級

The most important question, and that is, how do we acquire language?

最重要的問題是，我們是如何習得語言的？

to 不定詞

And I'd like to begin this discussion, this presentation, with an outrageous statement.

我想以一個令人震驚的聲明開始這次討論和發言。

In my opinion, we all acquire language the same way.

在我看來，我們習得語言的方式都是一樣的。

The reason this is an outrageous thing to say is that these days in education, we're living in an age of individual variation.

之所以說這番話很離譜，是因為如今在教育領域，我們生活在一個因人而異的時代。

We're very concerned about how our students are different, not how our students are the same.

我們非常關注學生的不同之處，而不是學生的相同之處。

Those of you who have been around in the field for a while remember, oh, about 15, 20 years ago, people were very concerned about something called field-dependent learners and field-independent learners.

在這一領域工作過一段時間的人都記得，大約在 15 年或 20 年前，人們非常關注一種叫做 "現場依賴型學習者 "和 "現場獨立型學習者 "的東西。

You give people a certain test, and one group gets this treatment, one group gets the other.

你給人們做某種測試，一組人得到這種治療，一組人得到另一種治療。

Then about 15 years ago, it was left side of the brain, right side of the brain.

大約 15 年前，我的左腦和右腦都出現了問題。

Some people are left-hemisphere thinkers.

Then about 10 years ago, cognitive style.

大約 10 年前，認知風格開始出現。

The cognitive style of the home culture differs from the cognitive style of the school culture.

家庭文化的認知風格不同於學校文化的認知風格。

Well, each of the examples I gave you is probably correct.

我舉的每個例子都可能是正確的。

There is individual variation, and there is quite a bit of it.

個體差異是存在的，而且差異很大。

Nevertheless, there are some things we all do the same.

儘管如此，有些事情我們做起來還是一樣的。

我們對食物的消化都是一樣的。

First you put it in your mouth, then you chew it up, then it goes down your throat, then into your stomach.

首先，你把它放進嘴裡，然後嚼碎，接著進入喉嚨，最後進入胃裡。

That's how it's done in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa.

北美、南美、歐洲、亞洲和非洲都是這樣做的。

That's how it's done everywhere in the world.

The visual system is the same everywhere.

視覺系統在任何地方都是一樣的。

It's always the occipital lobe in the back of the brain.

它永遠不會出現在大腦的前部。

It's done exactly the same everywhere you go.

By the way, I used to use sex as an example of things everyone does the same, but some counterexamples have been pointed out to me recently.

順便說一句，我曾經把性作為每個人都會做的事情的例子，但最近有人向我指出了一些反例。

Actually, I saw this movie, if you really want to know the truth.

事實上，我看過這部電影，如果你真想知道真相的話。

Anyway, we all acquire language the same, and rather than just talk about it, I'd like to show you.

總之，我們掌握語言的方法都是一樣的，與其光說不練，不如做給你們看。

I'd like to take just a couple of minutes and give you some sample language lessons.

我想用幾分鐘時間給大家上幾節語言課。

I'll use a language that I'm sure you've heard before, and maybe some of you speak, and you can tell me which of these two very brief lessons you like better.

我將使用一種語言，我相信你們以前聽過這種語言，也許你們中有人會說，你們可以告訴我，在這兩節非常簡短的課程中，你們更喜歡哪一節。

Do you think if I kept talking to you like that, you'd pick up German?

你覺得如果我一直這樣跟你說話，你會學會德語嗎？

How about if I said it and you repeated it back?

如果我說了，你再重複一遍，怎麼樣？

我還是那句話，我不認為那會有什麼幫助。

How about if I wrote it out for you and you could see it on your television screen?

如果我幫你寫出來，你可以在電視屏幕上看到，怎麼樣？

How about if I wrote it out for you and you copied it down?

我幫你寫出來，你抄下來怎麼樣？

How about if I wrote it out for you and deleted every fifth word and you tried to guess what the word is?

如果我給你寫出來，刪掉每五個字，你來猜是什麼字，怎麼樣？

The truth is that none of these things help.

None of these things mean anything, and I hope you can see that now.

這些事情都沒有任何意義，我希望你現在能明白這一點。

And for this, you have to watch me carefully.

Everyone say, ja, I can hear you, even though it's a TV audience.  And here I'll draw a picture now.

每個人都說，呀，我能聽到你，儘管這是電視觀眾。  我現在要在這裡畫一幅畫。

很好，是嗎？   這是斯波克先生 對吧

I did everything necessary to teach you German.

為了教你德語，我做了一切必要的工作。

And now I'm going to share with you the most important thing I have learned about language.

現在，我要與你們分享我在語言方面學到的最重要的東西。

Probably the best kept secret in the profession.

這可能是本行業最隱祕的祕密。

We acquire language in one way, and only one way.

我們習得語言的方式只有一種，而且只有一種。

We acquire language when we understand what people tell us.

當我們理解別人告訴我們的話時，我們就掌握了語言。

不是他們怎麼說，而是他們說了什麼。

或者，當我們讀懂我們所讀的內容時。

Comprehensible input, in my opinion, has been the last resort of the language teaching profession.

在我看來，可理解性輸入一直是語言教學專業的最後手段。

我們已經嘗試了所有其他方法。

We've tried grammar teaching, drills and exercises, computers, etc.

我們嘗試過文法教學、操練和練習、電腦等。

But the only thing that seems to count is getting messages you understand, comprehensible input.

但似乎唯一重要的是得到你能理解的資訊和可理解的輸入。

Now one of the reasons lesson number two was better than lesson number one is we had Mr. Spock to help us out.

第二課比第一課好的原因之一是我們有斯波克先生幫忙。

So anything that helps make input comprehensible.

是以，只要能讓輸入的內容變得易懂，我們就能做任何事情。

Pictures, knowledge of the world, realia, etc. helps language acquisition.

圖片、世界知識、實物等有助於語言學習。

If comprehensible input is true, what we call the input hypothesis is true, other things follow from it.

如果可理解的輸入為真，我們所說的輸入假設為真，那麼其他事情也會隨之而來。

And a very important corollary of the input hypothesis is this.

輸入假設的一個非常重要的推論是

And this may come as a bit of a surprise to some of you.

這可能會讓你們中的一些人感到驚訝。

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斯蒂芬-克拉申談語言習得 (Stephen Krashen on Language Acquisition)

anxiety

cognitive

individual

situation