Encourage war and conflict Realist critics argue that realists can perpetuate the violent and confrontational world that they describe.

鼓勵戰爭和衝突 現實主義批評家認為，現實主義者會讓他們所描述的暴力和對抗的世界永久化。

By assuming the uncooperative and egoistic natures of humankind and the absence of hierarchy in the state system, realists encourage leaders to act in ways based on suspicions, powers, and force.

現實主義者假定人類具有不合作和利己主義的天性，而且國家體系中不存在等級制度，是以他們鼓勵領導人以猜疑、權力和武力為基礎採取行動。

As a result, realism might be viewed as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

是以，現實主義可能被視為一種自我實現的預言。

Realists, on the other hand, believe that leaders face endless constraints and limited opportunities for cooperation.

而現實主義者則認為，領導人面臨著無窮無盡的制約因素，合作機會有限。

As a result, they have few alternatives for escaping the reality of power politics.

是以，他們幾乎沒有其他辦法來逃避強權政治的現實。

For realists, facing reality of one's situation is prudent and rational.

對於現實主義者來說，直面現實是謹慎而理性的。

Realists also often argue that realism actually encourages the leader to be extremely cautious when deciding where and when to use military power and only use it when it serves your national interest. 2.

現實主義者還經常認為，現實主義實際上鼓勵領導者在決定何時何地使用軍事力量時極為謹慎，只有在符合國家利益時才使用。2.

Democratic Peace Theory Democratic Peace Theory claims that realism does not apply to democratic state-to-state relations because studies show that democratic states do not go to war with one another.

民主和平理論 民主和平理論聲稱，現實主義並不適用於民主國家與國家之間的關係，因為研究表明，民主國家之間不會發生戰爭。

Realists and the proponents of other schools, on the other hand, criticize both the claims and the study that appear to back it up, claiming that the definition of war and democracy need to be tweaked to achieve the desired result to support Democratic Peace Theory. 3.

另一方面，現實主義者和其他學派的支持者則對這一主張和似乎支持這一主張的研究提出批評，聲稱需要對戰爭和民主的定義進行調整，以達到支持民主和平理論的預期效果。3.

Inconsistent with Non-European Politics Schoolers have argued that realist theories, particularly realist conceptions of anarchy and power balance, have not characterized East Asians and African international relations. 4.

與非歐洲政治不一致 學派人士認為，現實主義理論，尤其是現實主義的無政府狀態和力量平衡概念，並沒有成為東亞和非洲國際關係的特徵。4.

State-centuryism Realist theories of international relations have been criticized for assuming that nations are fixed and unitary units.

國家-世紀主義 現實主義國際關係理論因假定國家是固定和統一的組織、部門而受到責備。

One analogy is that a single state, a solid global bouncing around the table, never pauses and examines what is inside each one and why it moves the way it does. 5.

一個比喻是，一個單一的狀態，一個在桌子上跳來跳去的實體球體，永遠不會停下來研究每一個球體內部有什麼，以及為什麼會以這樣的方式運動。5.

Fails to predict or explain the more recent transformation of international systems The conclusion of the Cold War between the United States of America and the Soviet Union in 1991 is one such example.

未能預測或解釋國際體系最近的轉變 1991 年美蘇冷戰的結束就是一個例子。

With the Cold War ended, international politics drifted quickly, pointing to a new period of less competition and significant potential for cooperation.

隨著冷戰的結束，國際政治迅速轉向競爭減少、合作潛力巨大的新時期。

As a result of this transition, an optimistic vision of international politics emerged, dismissing realism as old thinking. 6.

在這一轉變過程中，出現了一種對國際政治的樂觀看法，認為現實主義是陳舊的思想。6.

Associated with appeasement It might sound weird that a theory focusing on the competing nature of international relations is associated with appeasement, but remember I mentioned earlier?

與綏靖主義有關 一個注重國際關係競爭性質的理論與綏靖主義有關，這聽起來可能很奇怪，但還記得我之前提到過的嗎？

Realism actually encourages the leader to only use military force when it serves a national interest, and generally opposes liberal interventionism, an idea proposed that liberal international organizations or nations can intervene in other nations in order to pursue liberal objectives.

現實主義實際上鼓勵領導人只在符合國家利益的情況下使用軍事力量，並普遍反對自由干預主義，即自由主義國際組織或國家可以為追求自由目標而干預其他國家。