Oh, it's only the best calendar we ever made.

哦，這只是我們製作的最好的日曆。

Vaping is kind of amazing.

電子菸是一種神奇的東西。

Finally, a less bad alternative to smoking.

終於，有了一種比吸菸壞處更少的替代品。

It delivers one of the most popular drugs in the world, nicotine.

它能提供世界上最受歡迎的藥物之一--尼古丁。

It may improve your attention, concentration, memory, reaction time, and endurance.

它可以提高你的注意力、集中力、記憶力、反應速度和耐力。

It can reduce anxiety and stress, and help you relax and enhance your mood.

它可以減輕焦慮和壓力，幫助你放鬆和提高情緒。

Nicotine also suppresses hunger, making it easier to maintain or lose weight.

尼古丁還能抑制飢餓感，從而更容易保持或減輕體重。

And it's simply fun to put a thing in your mouth and get a little kick.

而且，把一個東西放進嘴裡，享受一下刺激，也是一件非常有趣的事情。

Compared to other stimulants, nicotine's effect doesn't come at the same high price for our bodies.

與其他興奮劑相比，尼古丁的作用不會讓我們的身體付出同樣高的代價。

It's also crystal clear that vaping is way, way less harmful than smoking.

同樣非常清楚的是，吸食電子煙的危害遠遠小於吸菸。

Smoking delivers, well, hot smoke and extremely toxic particles directly into your lungs, causing serious damage all over your body right away.

吸菸會將熱煙和劇毒微粒直接送入肺部，立即對全身造成嚴重傷害。

But we'll purely focus on nicotine vapes in this video.

但在本視頻中，我們將純粹關注尼古丁電子菸。

Okay, sure, nicotine is one of the most addictive substances we know.

當然，尼古丁是我們所知的最容易上癮的物質之一。

But vaping on its own seems kind of okay.

但吸食電子菸本身似乎還不錯。

So, is it really that bad if you do it?

那麼，這樣做真的有那麼糟糕嗎？

Well, we should find out quickly.

我們應該很快就能知道了。

While in the West, smoking is slowly falling out of fashion, especially among teens, vaping has become a growing epidemic.

在西方，吸菸正逐漸退出時尚舞臺，尤其是在青少年中，而吸食電子煙卻已成為一種日益流行的流行病。

In 2023, in the UK, 20% of children had tried vaping at least once.

2023 年，在英國，20% 的兒童至少嘗試過一次吸菸。

In the US, 8% of all students are currently vaping regularly.

在美國，8% 的學生目前經常吸食電子煙。

One in four of them do it daily, and almost all of them use vapes with flavors.

他們中有四分之一的人每天都吸，而且幾乎所有的人都使用帶香精的電子菸。

So, how does vaping work, and what does it do to your body?

那麼，吸食電子煙的原理是什麼，它對你的身體有什麼影響？

How does vaping work?

吸食電子煙的原理是什麼？

A vape is basically a small tank of liquid heated up by a metallic coil that vaporizes it.

電子菸基本上是一個裝有液體的小罐子，通過金屬線圈加熱使其蒸發。

The major ingredient in most vape juice is propylene glycol and glycerol, the main chemicals in smoke machines, which are also used in countless chemical processes.

大多數電子菸果汁的主要成分是丙二醇和甘油，它們是煙霧機中的主要化學物質，也用於無數化學工藝中。

From food like candy and baking mixes, to cosmetics, paints, or plastics.

從糖果和烘焙混合料等食品，到化妝品、油漆或塑膠。

Then there are the nicotine salts containing the magic, and dozens of different flavor molecules.

然後是含有魔力的尼古丁鹽和幾十種不同的香料分子。

When you pull on a vape, the metal coil heats up and turns the liquid into the vapor you inhale.

當你拉動電子菸時，金屬線圈會加熱，將液體變成你吸入的蒸汽。

Vapor sounds kind of nice, harmless, and pleasant.

蒸汽聽起來不錯，無害，令人愉悅。

But vapes don't produce actual vapor, but a heated mist of aerosol.

但是，汽化器產生的不是真正的蒸汽，而是加熱後的氣霧。

A warm, sticky substance made out of large molecules and microscopic particles mixed with air.

由大分子和微小顆粒與空氣混合而成的溫熱粘性物質。

The best thing to compare it to is inhaling warm body spray.

最好的比喻就是吸入溫暖的人體噴霧。

When you take a hit, billions of aerosol particles cover your mouth and tongue, making you taste pleasant stuff and enter into your lungs.

當你吸一口時，數以億計的氣溶膠微粒會覆蓋你的口腔和舌頭，讓你品嚐到令人愉悅的味道，並進入你的肺部。

They reach your alveoli, little air sacs where the breathing happens.

它們會進入肺泡，也就是呼吸的小氣囊。

Here, the nicotine passes into your bloodstream and is transported into your brain to cause all the pleasant effects.

在這裡，尼古丁會進入血液，並被輸送到大腦，從而產生各種令人愉悅的效果。

And here, the complications begin.

在這裡，複雜性開始了。

What's actually in your vape?

你的電子菸裡到底有什麼？

The scary answer is that we don't really know.

可怕的答案是，我們真的不知道。

Studies found that vape liquids can be thousands of very different mixes of many dozens of substances.

研究發現，電子菸液體可以是成千上萬種不同物質的混合物，其中包含數十種物質。

The majority were not even mentioned on the label.

大多數甚至在標籤上都沒有提及。

This seems almost unbelievable, but the vaping industry is much less regulated than you'd think.

這看起來幾乎令人難以置信，但對電子煙行業的監管卻比你想象的要少得多。

We know that many official substances and vapes are technically safe.

我們知道，許多官方物質和電子菸在技術上是安全的。

Kinda.

有點

They're used in cosmetics, medicine, or food, and have been extensively tested.

它們被用於化妝品、藥品或食品，並經過了廣泛的測試。

Most are safe to eat or put on your skin.

大多數都可以安全食用或塗抹在皮膚上。

But that's not the same as breathing them in.

但這與吸入它們是兩碼事。

Cinnamaldehyde, found in cinnamon oil, kills cells and causes genetic damage when inhaled.

肉桂油中的肉桂醛吸入後會殺死細胞並造成基因損傷。

Benzaldehyde, found in almonds or apples, has a fruity taste and is common in cherry, berry, chocolate, or mint-flavored vapes.

苯甲醛存在於杏仁或蘋果中，具有水果味，常見於櫻桃、漿果、巧克力或薄荷味的煙霧劑中。

As a gas, it irritates the respiratory tract.

作為一種氣體，它會刺激呼吸道。

What's worse is that we don't know what many substances in vape juice do if heated up.

更糟糕的是，我們不知道電子菸中的許多物質在加熱後會產生什麼作用。

The longer you inhale and the hotter the core gets, the more chemicals in the juice change.

吸入時間越長，核心溫度越高，電子菸中的化學物質就會發生變化。

Molecules merge or break down, creating new compounds with unknown consequences.

分子合併或分解，產生新的化合物，後果未知。

When propylene glycol and glycerol are heated too much, they decompose and turn into harmful molecules.

當丙二醇和甘油加熱過度時，它們會分解並變成有害分子。

This can happen when the liquid runs out or the core gets too hot.

當液體耗盡或芯子溫度過高時，就會出現這種情況。

You'll probably notice this because your vape will taste weird or burnt.

你可能會注意到這一點，因為你的電子菸味道會很奇怪或焦糊。

If this happens, you should stop right away.

如果出現這種情況，應立即停止。

And it gets worse.

情況越來越糟。

When the metal core is heated up, it releases metal particles.

當金屬芯受熱時，會釋放出金屬顆粒。

Studies found aluminum, boron, calcium, iron, copper, magnesium, zinc, lead, chromium, nickel, and manganese in the vapor, all of which vary from really bad news to straight-up toxic and can cause lung irritation, chronic bronchitis, and shortness of breath in the short term.

研究發現，水蒸氣中含有鋁、硼、鈣、鐵、銅、鎂、鋅、鉛、鉻、鎳和錳，所有這些物質都會在短期內引起肺部刺激、慢性支氣管炎和呼吸急促。

Nickel can also cause cancer when breathed in.

吸入鎳也會致癌。

All of these mystery substances also interact with each other in new and exciting ways.

所有這些神祕物質之間也會以令人興奮的新方式相互影響。

In bad ways, we don't know yet.

在壞的方面，我們還不知道。

What do we know about the health effects of vaping?

我們對吸食電子煙的健康影響了解多少？

What does vaping do in your body?

吸菸對身體有什麼影響？

The elephant in the room is that we don't know exactly how bad vaping is, since it's only been around for about 10 years.

房間裡的大象是，我們不知道吸食電子煙到底有多糟糕，因為它的出現只有 10 年左右的時間。

Also, most studies on health effects in humans focused on smokers who switched to vapes.

此外，大多數關於對人體健康影響的研究都集中在改吸電子菸的吸菸者身上。

We do know for sure that smoking is orders of magnitude more harmful.

我們確實可以肯定，吸菸的危害要大得多。

If you smoke, switching to vaping will reduce your risk of disease massively.

如果您吸菸，改吸電子煙將大大降低您的患病風險。

If you smoke, please switch to vaping.

如果您吸菸，請改吸電子煙。

But these studies also muddy the water a bit.

但這些研究也讓水變得有點渾濁。

What if you never smoked and started to vape?

如果您從不吸菸卻開始吸食呢？

In the short term, a significant portion of vapers develop poor breathing symptoms, coughing, extra mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, throat and chest pain.

在短期內，相當一部分吸食者會出現呼吸不暢、咳嗽、多分泌粘液、氣短、喘息、喉嚨和胸部疼痛等症狀。

But the truth is, we simply don't know what will happen in the long term.

但事實上，我們根本不知道從長遠來看會發生什麼。

The first larger-scale study on vaping with non-smokers only started in 2024.

2024 年才開始對非吸菸者進行首次更大規模的吸食電子煙研究。

It'll take years before we can say anything with confidence.

我們還需要很多年才能有把握地說什麼。

We can make careful assumptions, but take them with a grain of salt.

我們可以做出謹慎的假設，但要小心謹慎。

Your lungs are made from very sensitive tissue and were never meant to deal with trillions of aerosols, chemicals and metals.

你的肺是由非常敏感的組織構成的，根本無法處理數以萬億計的氣溶膠、化學物質和金屬。

What goes into your lungs generally stays in them forever, which is why smokers' lungs are dark and dirty.

進入肺裡的東西一般會永遠留在肺裡，這就是為什麼吸菸者的肺又黑又髒。

It seems that vaping activates the immune system, which tries to clean up the aerosols.

看來，吸菸會激活免疫系統，試圖清除氣溶膠。

This causes inflammation and fluid seeps into the lungs, while the cells guarding their entry produce extra mucus you have to cough out.

這將導致發炎和液體滲入肺部，而保護它們進入肺部的細胞會產生額外的粘液，你不得不咳出這些粘液。

Some of them may even die.

其中一些人甚至可能死亡。

Vaping also may cause stress all over your body.

吸食電子煙還可能給你的全身造成壓力。

It may increase your heart rate and blood pressure, lower blood oxygen or stiffen and clog up your blood vessels.

它可能會增加心率和血壓、降低血氧或使血管硬化和堵塞。

It may create oxidative stress, which has all sorts of bad effects on your organs and may potentially cause many different diseases over time.

它可能會產生氧化應激，對人體器官產生各種不良影響，久而久之可能會引發多種疾病。

Does this increase your risk of strokes, heart diseases, lung diseases or cause cancer?

這會增加您患中風、心臟病、肺病或癌症的風險嗎？

Again, we don't know.

同樣，我們也不知道。

Maybe it causes damage, but something else will kill you before vaping does.

也許它會造成傷害，但在吸食毒品之前，會有其他東西要了你的命。

Maybe it will make you sick.

也許它會讓你生病。

But all we have right now is maybe.

但我們現在擁有的只是 "也許"。

We're conducting one of the largest medical experiments in history.

我們正在進行歷史上最大的醫學實驗之一。

If you are vaping, you're a test subject.

如果你正在吸食大麻，你就是一個試驗品。

What's new about vaping is the sheer amount of nicotine it delivers into your system.

吸食電子煙的新穎之處在於它能將大量尼古丁輸送到你的體內。

For most people, it's kind of hard to smoke 20 plus cigarettes a day, because smoking is pretty harsh.

對大多數人來說，每天抽 20 多支菸有點困難，因為吸菸是非常刺激的。

As vaping is less aggressive and doesn't smell bad, you can do it inside and constantly for hours.

由於吸食危害性較小，而且沒有異味，您可以在室內持續吸食數小時。

It's easy to go through an entire vape a day.

一天很容易就能吸完一整瓶。

They shower your brain in extremely high nicotine doses, which makes them extremely addictive.

它們以極高的尼古丁劑量噴灑你的大腦，使人極易上癮。

For teens, this may be very bad.

對於青少年來說，這可能是非常糟糕的。

During your teenage years, your brain is developing and your nicotine receptors are especially active.

在青少年時期，大腦正在發育，尼古丁受體特別活躍。

They're directly linked with your reward system and thus how you feel about yourself and your life.

它們與你的獎勵系統直接相關，從而影響你對自己和生活的感受。

Nicotine may change brain development by overstimulating the nicotine receptors.

尼古丁可能會過度刺激尼古丁受體，從而改變大腦的發育。

Again, the science is pretty annoying here, with loads of caveats.

同樣，這裡的科學知識也很惱人，有很多注意事項。

Nicotine in teens has been linked to cognitive deficits, hyperactivity, reduced impulse control, deficits in attention and cognition, and mood disorders.

青少年服用尼古丁與認知障礙、多動、衝動控制能力下降、注意力和認知障礙以及情緒失調有關。

But there's a chicken and egg problem.

但這也有一個雞和蛋的問題。

Did nicotine cause this?

是尼古丁造成的嗎？

Or are people with a tendency for emotional dysregulation just more likely to use it?

還是有情緒失調傾向的人更有可能使用它？

There have been studies that suggest nicotine is a gateway drug, making it more likely to develop other addictions.

有研究表明，尼古丁是一種致癮毒品，使人更容易染上其他癮癖。

But this has been largely rejected.

但這在很大程度上遭到了拒絕。

Instead, it seems people who are generally more likely to take risks tend to do more risky things.

相反，似乎一般更願意冒險的人往往會做更冒險的事。

They're more likely to get addicted to smoking, alcohol or cannabis, hard drugs or gambling.

他們更容易染上煙癮、酒癮、大麻癮、硬性毒品癮或賭癮。

This doesn't make vaping any less addictive, it just means that it's probably not the cause of other addictions.

這並不意味著吸食電子煙不容易上癮，只是說它可能不是導致其他成癮的原因。

Where the science is pretty solid is that most people have a bad time when quitting nicotine.

科學證據表明，大多數人在戒除尼古丁時都會遇到困難。

Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances we know and comes with a wide range of really unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms.

尼古丁是我們所知道的最容易上癮的物質之一，並伴隨著各種令人不快的生理戒斷症狀。

You can be on edge and experience intense craving for nicotine, unpleasant mood swings and anxiety.

您可能會處於緊張狀態，對尼古丁產生強烈的渴望，情緒波動大，焦慮不安。

You can have difficulty sleeping, fatigue and headaches, and trouble concentrating.

您可能會失眠、疲勞、頭痛、注意力不集中。

It can be harder to experience joy and to deal with stress, and it can make depression worse.

這會讓人更難體驗快樂和應對壓力，還會讓抑鬱症更加嚴重。

Without nicotine, your suppressed appetite comes back and since some people compensate by eating more, they put on weight.

沒有尼古丁，被壓抑的食慾就會恢復，由於有些人會通過多吃來補償，是以他們會發胖。

All of this makes quitting nicotine extremely hard.

所有這一切都使得戒除尼古丁變得異常困難。

On top comes psychological addiction that can be intense since vaping is extremely habit-forming.

此外，由於吸食電子煙極易養成習慣，心理上癮也會非常嚴重。

The good news is that these symptoms are entirely reversible.

好消息是，這些症狀完全可以逆轉。

It takes about 72 hours for the nicotine to leave your body and the worst withdrawal symptoms fade out or stop entirely in a few weeks.

尼古丁離開人體大約需要 72 小時，最嚴重的戒斷症狀會在幾周內逐漸消失或完全停止。

The problem with vaping is that it's too good.

電子煙的問題在於它太好用了。

It tastes great, it's pleasant and stimulating, but it also supercharges nicotine and makes it even more addictive.

它味道很好，令人愉悅和興奮，但它也會使尼古丁超量，讓人更容易上癮。

Every smoker who switches from cigarettes to vapes is a win for global health.

每一個從香菸轉為吸管的吸菸者都是全球健康的贏家。

But this is where the benefits end.

但好處也僅限於此。

Vaping has already hooked a significant portion of the younger generations to nicotine and that's really bad news.

吸食電子煙已經讓相當一部分年輕一代迷上了尼古丁，這真是個壞消息。

It's kind of unfair to expect young people to resist vaping by providing information about how bad it is or might be.

通過提供關於吸菸有多糟糕或可能有多糟糕的資訊來期望年輕人抵制吸菸，這有點不公平。

Scaring people straight is a bad strategy.

嚇唬人是一種糟糕的策略。

If you're addicted to nicotine, you use it to fight stress and if you stress someone out by telling them that the thing they use to fight stress is bad, they do the thing to fight the stress you're causing them.

如果你對尼古丁上癮，你就會用它來對抗壓力，而如果你告訴別人他們用來對抗壓力的東西是不好的，從而給他們造成壓力，那麼他們就會做這種事來對抗你給他們帶來的壓力。

Basically, humans developed a new way to make one of the most addictive substances that was on the decline attractive to millions of teens by making it taste like bubblegum.

基本上，人類開發出了一種新的方法，通過讓它嚐起來像泡泡糖，使一種正在減少的最容易上癮的物質對數百萬青少年產生吸引力。

Vaping is still very new and we still have a chance to curb this new global addiction before it gets out of control.

吸食電子煙仍是新生事物，我們仍有機會在其失控之前遏制這種新的全球成癮現象。

Making decisions that affect your health is hard enough, but it's impossible to base them on rational ground if you don't have reliable information available.

做出影響健康的決定已經夠難了，如果沒有可靠的資訊，就不可能在理性的基礎上做出決定。

Algorithms are constantly working behind the scenes to decide which information to show you and alarmist headlines get amplified over straightforward reporting.

算法不斷在幕後工作，決定向你展示哪些資訊，危言聳聽的標題比直截了當的報道更容易被放大。

But Ground News, the sponsor of this video, can give you back a feeling of independence.

但是，本視頻的贊助商 Ground News 可以讓您重新找回獨立的感覺。

We have a personal connection to them.

我們與他們有著切身的聯繫。

Our founder Philipp was immensely bored while getting chemotherapy a few years back and decided to read all German newspapers, even the ones he hated, front to back every day.

幾年前，我們的創始人 Philipp 在接受化療時感到非常無聊，於是決定每天從頭到尾閱讀所有德國報紙，即使是他討厭的報紙。

He was shocked to see the bias he suspected confirmed and all the stories each side decided not to report on.

他震驚地看到，他所懷疑的偏見得到了證實，而且各方都決定不報道所有的故事。

This experiment led him to Ground News.

這次實驗讓他創辦了《地面新聞》。

In a nutshell, the app and website gather the world's news in one place so you can compare coverage, see the bigger picture and make informed decisions.

簡而言之，該應用程序和網站將全球新聞彙集於一處，讓您可以比較報道，瞭解大局，並做出明智的決定。

For example, recently a study was released claiming that in England 1 million who never smoked started vaping.

例如，最近發佈的一項研究稱，在英格蘭，有 100 萬從不吸菸的人開始吸食電子煙。

Ground News gives me perspective.

地面新聞給了我視角。

This was barely reported by 20 sources, a small number in comparison to hundreds of headlines on the FDA's first authorization of vaping products 3 years ago, back when some even cited benefits for smokers.

與 3 年前美國食品和藥物管理局首次準許吸食電子煙產品時的數百條頭條新聞相比，當時甚至有人提到了對吸菸者的益處。

This way you can compare different perspectives in one place, see how the story and coverage change and also reference the original study to make sure no nuance is lost.

這樣，您就可以在一個地方比較不同的觀點，瞭解報道和覆蓋面的變化，還可以參考原始研究，確保不會丟失任何細微差別。

You also get a sense of the bigger picture and how much weight a story really carries to tell apart reason from racket.

你還能感受到大局觀，以及一個故事的分量到底有多重。

Go to ground.news.nutshell to give it a try.

請訪問 ground.news.nutshell 試試看。

If you sign up through this link, you'll get 50% off the unlimited access plan, the biggest discount of the year, either for yourself or as a gift.

如果您通過此鏈接註冊，您將獲得無限制訪問計劃 50% 的折扣，這是今年最大的折扣，無論是自己使用還是作為禮物贈送都是如此。

We think they do an important job.

我們認為他們的工作很重要。

You only have so much control over your health.

你對自己健康的控制能力有限。

At least take control over what occupies your mind.

至少要控制自己的思想。

The new 12,025 Human Era Calendar is finally here.

新的 12 025 人類紀元日曆終於面世了。

We think it's the best calendar we ever made and we created it all for you.

我們認為這是我們製作過的最好的日曆，我們為您製作了這一切。

It's not just the vibrant illustrations, the high quality paper or the shiny cover, it's the fact that it represents such an important part of our shared history.

它不僅僅是生動的插圖、高質量的紙張或閃亮的封面，而是它代表了我們共同歷史中如此重要的一部分。

We hope that you'll use it to continue writing history and we know that it will look great on your wall or as a gift for a special birb in your life.

我們希望您能用它來繼續書寫歷史，我們也知道它掛在牆上或作為禮物送給您生命中特別的小鳥都會非常漂亮。

As you've told us in hundreds of reviews, comments and messages, the calendar is very special to you too.

正如您在數百條評論、意見和留言中告訴我們的那樣，日曆對您來說也非常特別。

For so many of you, getting the Human Era Calendar has become a yearly tradition and a daily source of inspiration.

對你們中的許多人來說，獲取《人類紀元日曆》已成為每年的傳統和每天的靈感來源。

Make 12,025 truly special and join us in celebrating this time-honored tradition.

與我們一起慶祝這一歷史悠久的傳統，讓 12025 日真正與眾不同。

The calendar is available exclusively on our shop.

該日曆僅在我們的商店出售。

We've also prepared a few bundles with some of our favorite products.

我們還準備了一些我們最喜歡的產品捆綁包。

Get this piece of our shared history and an essential part of Kurzgesagt. www.kurzgesagt.de

獲取這段我們共同的歷史和 Kurzgesagt 的重要組成部分。www.kurzgesagt.de