F-16 的瘋狂工程 (The Insane Engineering of the F-16)

字幕列表影片播放

由 AI 自動生成

This video is brought to you by Nebula.

本視頻由星雲為您帶來。
Watch our bonus videos with F-16 test pilot David Kern by signing up to Nebula for only £2.50 a month.

註冊星雲，每月僅需 2.50 英鎊，即可觀看我們為 F-16 試飛員大衛-克恩製作的獎勵視頻。
A fully loaded F-16 is a force to be reckoned with.

滿載的 F-16 是一股不可忽視的力量。
An air superiority machine that countries the world over use to patrol their skies.

世界各國都用它來巡邏天空。
A low cost, lightweight, single-engined fighter specifically designed to outmanoeuvre its opponents while carrying state of the art missiles that would, hopefully, mean it would never have to.

這是一種成本低、重量輕的單引擎戰鬥機，專門設計用於超越對手，同時攜帶最先進的飛彈，希望這意味著它永遠不需要攜帶飛彈。
The F-16 was born out of the Vietnam War.

F-16 戰鬥機誕生於越南戰爭。
Large, heavy, complex US fighters like the F-4 Phantom were the norm, but the F-4 found itself in peril frequently.

像 F-4 "幻影 "這樣大型、重型、複雜的美軍戰鬥機是當時的主流，但 F-4 戰鬥機經常處於危險之中。
At a significant disadvantage when taking on the smaller, manoeuvrable Soviet made MiGs of the Vietnamese Air Force, like the MiG-21.

在與越南空軍的米格-21 等體型較小、機動性能較好的蘇制米格機對抗時，處於明顯的劣勢。
The MiG-21 was a small, single-engined, lightweight aircraft with thin delta wings.

米格-21 是一種小型、單引擎、輕型飛機，具有薄三角翼。
The F-4 was fast, flying up to Mach 2.2, travelled further, and carried more missiles, with a powerful radar, but it's lack of manoeuvrability at low speed, poor pilot visibility, and easy identification due to jet engines that billowed black smoke trails made it vulnerable to sneak attacks from the Soviet interceptor.

F-4速度快，飛行速度可達2.2馬赫，航程更遠，攜帶的飛彈更多，雷達功能強大，但它在低速時缺乏機動性，飛行員能見度低，噴氣發動機噴出的黑煙很容易被識別，是以很容易遭到蘇聯攔截機的偷襲。
MiG-21s frequently flew close to the ground, under radar, and ambushed incoming F-4s, making a single attacking run with their ATOL infrared guided missiles, and then using their low speed manoeuvrability to outturn and escape.

米格-21 經常在雷達監視下貼近地面飛行，伏擊來襲的 F-4 戰鬥機，使用 ATOL 紅外製導飛彈進行一次攻擊，然後利用其低速機動性進行反擊和逃跑。
From August 1967 to February 1968, US losses in Vietnam were staggering, losing 18 aircraft while downing just 5.

從 1967 年 8 月到 1968 年 2 月，美國在越南的損失驚人，損失了 18 架飛機，僅擊落 5 架。
For a nation accustomed to absolute air superiority, something was off.

對於一個習慣於絕對空中優勢的國家來說，有些不對勁。
The MiG-21's introduction in 1966 forced the US to adapt.

米格-21於1966年問世，迫使美國做出調整。
It's large heavy fighter bombers, while useful, were at a disadvantage against the smaller, cheaper planes, and something needed to be done.

它的大型重型戰鬥轟炸機雖然很有用，但在與小型廉價飛機的競爭中處於劣勢，是以需要採取一些措施。
The Red Barn study, commissioned by the US military, began to identify and address the tactical and technical issues causing the heavy losses that both the US Navy and Air and their findings led to the development of one of the world's most ubiquitous fighter planes.

受美國軍方委託進行的 "紅色穀倉 "研究開始確定並解決導致美國海軍和空軍損失慘重的戰術和技術問題，其研究結果促成了世界上最普遍的戰鬥機之一的研發。
A plane designed with a new physics based doctrine at its core.

飛機設計的核心是基於物理學的新理論。
Entering service in 1978 and standing the test of time, it is now confirmed that the aircraft will be entering the battle for Ukraine's freedom.

該飛機於 1978 年開始服役，經受住了時間的考驗，現在已確認將參加烏克蘭的自由之戰。
Taking on the modern day counterparts of the MiG, this is the insane engineering of the F-16.

與現代的米格戰鬥機相比，這就是 F-16 的瘋狂工程。
The F-16 was built from the ground up with this classified 1966 paper as its guiding light.

F-16 戰鬥機就是以這份 1966 年的機密文件為指導，從頭開始製造的。
A paper full of mathematical models, graphs, and equations, designed to answer one question.

滿紙數學模型、圖表和方程式，只為回答一個問題。
How to win a close quarters dogfight?

如何在近距離搏鬥中獲勝？
Created with the help of military supercomputers, it defined a new concept.

在軍用超級計算機的幫助下，它定義了一個新概念。
Energy Maneuverability.

能量機動性。
Created by Colonel John Boyd, an Air Force veteran of the Vietnam War and one of the members of the so-called Fighter Mafia, with the help of a civilian mathematician, Thomas Christie.

約翰-博伊德上校是一名參加過越戰的空軍老兵，也是所謂的戰鬥機黑手黨成員之一，他在平民數學家托馬斯-克里斯蒂的幫助下創建了該公司。
These graphs were the basis for defining a plane's maneuverability through its full range of speeds.

這些圖表是確定飛機在全速範圍內機動性的基礎。
Mach number on the X axis, turn rate on the Y.

X 軸為馬赫數，Y 軸為轉數。
A theory underlined by the management of both kinetic and potential energy, speed and altitude.

動能和勢能、速度和高度的管理強調了這一理論。
In order to change direction, a fighter aircraft must trade energy from these reservoirs, and doing it as efficiently as possible is the key to outmaneuvering an enemy.

為了改變方向，戰鬥機必須從這些儲能器中交換能量，而儘可能高效地交換能量是戰勝敵人的關鍵。
This is the energy maneuverability diagram for the F-16.

這是 F-16 戰鬥機的能量機動圖。
It's a complicated graph to read without some basic understanding.

如果沒有一些基本的瞭解，讀起來會很複雜。
This line is defined by the maximum lift of the aircraft.

這條線由飛機的最大升力確定。
This is important, because it determines the maximum turn rate at a particular speed in this region.

這一點非常重要，因為它決定了該區域內特定速度下的最大轉彎率。
We need lift to turn.

我們需要電梯來轉向。
To begin a turn, an aircraft will roll in the direction of the turn.

開始轉彎時，飛機將向轉彎方向滾動。
This splits the lift the plane is generating into two components.

這將飛機產生的升力抽成兩個部分。
A horizontal component that causes the plane to turn, and a vertical component that keeps the plane in the sky.

水準分量使飛機轉向，垂直分量使飛機保持在空中。
A steeper bank angle will increase the horizontal component and increase our turn rate, while stealing lift from the vertical component.

更陡的傾角會增加水準分量，提高轉彎速度，同時從垂直分量中竊取升力。
This vertical component needs to equal the weight of the aircraft, or the plane will lose altitude.

這個垂直分量必須與飛機重量相等，否則飛機就會失去高度。
To compensate for that, the pilot will need to increase lift by increasing the angle of attack.

為了彌補這一點，飛行員需要通過增大攻角來增加升力。
This is where the maximum lift issue arises.

這就是最大提升力的問題所在。
More lift means more available force to turn.

更大的升力意味著更多的轉向力。
To determine the max turn rate for an F-16 at 0.4 mach, we simply draw a line straight up and across to our turn rate. 13 degrees per second.

要確定 F-16 戰鬥機在 0.4 馬赫時的最大轉彎速度，我們只需在轉彎速度處畫一條直線。每秒 13 度。
Now this is where things get interesting.

這就是事情變得有趣的地方。
This is the graph for an F-4E.

這是 F-4E 的圖表。
At the same speed, the F-4 can make a maximum turn of just 5 degrees per second.

在相同速度下，F-4 的最大轉彎速度僅為每秒 5 度。
To determine a sustained turn, we look to this line labelled with a zero.

要確定一個持續的轉彎，我們要看這條標有 0 的線。
Meaning no loss of altitude is required to make the turn.

這意味著轉彎時不需要降低高度。
We can see the F-16's best sustained turn is 14.2 degrees per second at 0.85 mach at 7g.

我們可以看到，F-16 的最佳持續轉彎速度是每秒 14.2 度，0.85 馬赫，7g。
The F-4's best sustained turn is 10 degrees per second at 0.85 mach at 5g.

F-4 的最佳持續轉彎速度為每秒 10 度，速度為 0.85 馬赫，加速度為 5g。
This is what that looks like in practice.

實際情況就是這樣。
It takes the F-16 25 seconds to complete a full 360 degree turn, while it takes the F-4 36 seconds, 11 seconds in the difference.

F-16 完成一個完整的 360 度轉彎需要 25 秒，而 F-4 則需要 36 秒，兩者相差 11 秒。
The F-16 was a radical new way of thinking about fighter aircraft, and that design philosophy can be seen with how the engine inlet has been designed to deal with supersonic flow.

F-16 戰鬥機是一種全新的戰鬥機設計思路，從發動機進氣口如何應對超音速氣流就可以看出這種設計理念。
To learn more about the F-16, we spoke with an F-16 test pilot.

為了進一步瞭解 F-16，我們採訪了一位 F-16 試飛員。
So the F-16 inlet is one of those things that tells you about the design philosophy of the aircraft.

是以，F-16 的進氣道可以讓你瞭解飛機的設計理念。
Because up until that point, the thought process was we wanted to go faster, we wanted to go higher.

因為在那之前，我們的想法是我們要走得更快，我們要走得更高。
And nobody stopped to ask why.

沒有人停下來問為什麼。
Because it turns out that not a lot of fights, not a lot of air combat was happening in that mach 2 plus range.

因為事實證明，在 2 馬赫以上的範圍內，並沒有發生多少戰鬥，也沒有發生多少空戰。
In fact, very little of it was happening, and it didn't have a huge amount of tactical application.

事實上，這種情況很少發生，也沒有大量的戰術應用。
And so as John Boyd and the rest of the team was looking at this lightweight fighter design, which became the F-16, they said, well, where do we think that the dogfights of the future are really going to happen?

是以，當約翰-博伊德和團隊其他成員在研究這種輕型戰鬥機的設計，也就是後來的 F-16 時，他們說，我們認為未來的激戰到底會發生在哪裡？
And they said, well, it's probably going to be somewhere in that 0.8 mach to 1.2 mach regime.

他們說，可能會在 0.8 馬赫到 1.2 馬赫之間。
That's really where we need to be in terms of optimizing the performance of the jet.

這正是我們需要優化噴氣機性能的地方。
And we see that here in terms of the specific excess power chart where it's got this advantage right here in that range of 0.8 mach to 1.2 mach.

我們可以從過剩功率圖中看到，在 0.8 馬赫到 1.2 馬赫的範圍內，它的優勢非常明顯。
That's where the fat part of the chart sits.

這就是圖表中肥胖部分的位置。
That's where you're fat on energy.

這就是你的脂肪能量。
That's where you have that advantage.

這就是你的優勢所在。
And so the F-16 propulsion system is not optimized to go over mach 2, although it can.

是以，F-16 的推進系統並沒有優化到超過 2 馬赫，儘管它可以。
And I've flown the F-16 at mach 2.

我還以 2 馬赫的速度駕駛過 F-16。
You run out of gas pretty quick, but you can go that fast.

汽油很快就會耗盡，但你可以開得那麼快。
But in that, what we call transonic regime of 0.8 to 1.2 mach, you've got a different design problem than some of the previous jets.

但是，在我們所說的 0.8 至 1.2 馬赫的跨音速範圍內，你會遇到與以前的一些噴氣式飛機不同的設計問題。
And you can see that in terms of the inlets.

你可以從入口處看到這一點。
The inlets on the F-4 have this extension that goes sort of along the cheeks of the aircraft forward.

F-4 戰鬥機的進氣口有一個延伸部分，沿著飛機前部的臉頰延伸。
And then the actual inlet is, the inlets are set back.

然後是實際的入口，入口是向後設置的。
And what that's designed to do is attach a shockwave to the front of that inlet lip.

這樣做的目的是將衝擊波附著在進氣口前脣上。
And then it goes backwards and expands along the body.

然後，它沿著身體向後擴展。
And that shockwave is basically going to cover up the inlet.

而衝擊波基本上會掩蓋入口。
That has some thermodynamic effects in terms of pressure recovery for the fan face, because you don't want supersonic air getting all the way in to your turbine.

這對風扇面的壓力恢復有一定的熱力學影響，因為你不希望超音速空氣一直進入渦輪機。
If you have supersonic airflow hitting the front face of that jet engine, the jet engine is going to disintegrate.

如果有超音速氣流衝擊噴氣發動機的前端，噴氣發動機就會解體。
It's designed to ingest subsonic airflow.

它的設計可以吸入亞音速氣流。
And so you have to attach that shockwave at the front of the airflow to eventually a normal shock inside the inlet.

是以，你必須在氣流前端附加衝擊波，最終在進氣口內形成正常的衝擊。
It expands a little bit, and then it gets to the front face of the compressor, the fan face of the compressor.

它會膨脹一點，然後到達壓縮機的正面，即壓縮機的風扇面。
Well, the F-16, and you can see it right here, has what we call a pitot inlet.

F-16戰鬥機的進氣口就在這裡。
It's basically a flat face air scoop.

它基本上是一個扁平的空氣勺。
It is not that sort of overhang with a lip and then an inlet that's further back.

它不是那種先有一個脣邊，然後再向後有一個入口的懸掛式結構。
Like you see on the F-4 or the F-15 or the F-14, the big 29, the SU-27, all of those have more of that inlet that's set up to put an oblique shockwave across the front of the inlet.

就像你在 F-4、F-15 或 F-14、大 29、SU-27 等戰鬥機上看到的那樣，所有這些戰鬥機都有更多的進氣口，可以在進氣口前方形成斜向衝擊波。
Those are designed to go faster.

這些都是為了跑得更快而設計的。
The F-16 has a little bit of that.

F-16 有一點這樣的特點。
If you look at it on a side view, you can see how it's got a little bit of an overhang on the above Mach 1.2, and that's okay actually.

如果從側面看，你會發現它在 1.2 馬赫以上的位置有一點懸空，其實這也沒什麼。
It can go that fast.

它可以走得那麼快。
It can go faster, but the engine is working a little bit harder as it gets into this 1.4, 1.5 Mach range compared to something like an F-4 or an F-15.

它可以飛得更快，但與F-4或F-15相比，在進入1.4、1.5馬赫範圍時，發動機的工作會稍顯吃力。
That's where they start to really stretch their legs and run.

這就是他們開始真正伸展雙腿奔跑的地方。
These designs for optimising manoeuvrability at these speeds can be seen elsewhere too.

這些在這種速度下優化機動性的設計在其他地方也可以看到。
It's air intake placement underneath the aircraft, a stark difference to the side mounted twin intakes of the F-4, and the thin elongated wing that blends smoothly into the fuselage with these wing extensions forward of the main wing.

它的進氣口位於飛機下方，與 F-4 側置的雙進氣口截然不同，細長的機翼與機身平滑地融為一體，這些機翼延伸部分位於主翼前方。
These are called leading edge strakes.

這些被稱為前緣翼板。
This air intake ensured the F-16's engine was not starved of air during high angle of attack manoeuvres, with the forebody of the aircraft helping to funnel and divert air directly into the air intake.

這種進氣口可確保 F-16 的發動機在高攻角機動時不會缺氣，飛機的前機身有助於將空氣直接導入進氣口。
However, this does come with some problems that needed to be engineered around.

不過，這也帶來了一些需要解決的問題。
On takeoff and landing, this air intake is only 100cm off the ground.

在起飛和著陸時，這個進氣口距離地面只有 100 釐米。
This combined with the extremely thin wings made placement of the landing gear difficult.

再加上機翼極薄，起落架的安裝十分困難。
The forward landing gear could not be mounted ahead of the air intake, as it would kick up debris into it, and they couldn't fit into the wings either, as the thin aerodynamically optimised wing didn't have enough space.

前起落架不能安裝在進氣口前方，因為這會把碎片踢進進氣口，而且它們也不能安裝在機翼內，因為經過空氣動力學優化的薄機翼沒有足夠的空間。
The F-16's landing gears are stored just behind the air intake, and in order to provide enough stability and bracing on landing, they need a unique folding mechanism to swing them outward to create as large a wheelbase as possible.

F-16 的起落架就安裝在進氣口後面，為了在著陸時提供足夠的穩定性和支撐力，起落架需要一個獨特的摺疊裝置向外擺動，以創造儘可能大的軸距。
The front landing gear, which is steerable during taxi, also rotates 90 degrees to lie flat just under the engine inlet.

前起落架可在滑行過程中轉向，也可旋轉 90 度，平放在發動機進氣口下方。
Above the inlet is a boundary layer diverter channel.

入口上方是一個邊界層分流通道。
This ensures the engine gets consistent laminar flow.

這可確保發動機獲得穩定的層流。
As air travels along the length of the aircraft it forms a layer of slow moving turbulent air called a boundary layer.

當空氣沿飛機長度方向移動時，會形成一層緩慢移動的湍流空氣層，稱為邊界層。
If this air is allowed to enter the engine, it not only lowers performance, it can also damage the engine.

如果讓這些空氣進入發動機，不僅會降低性能，還會損壞發動機。
As the turbine rotates it will pass through the slow boundary air on one side, and then the fast free stream air on the other.

渦輪機旋轉時，一側會通過慢速邊界空氣，另一側則會通過快速自由流空氣。
This means the force on the turbine blades changes for each and every rotation, causing cyclical bending, a recipe for fatigue failure.

這意味著渦輪葉片上的力在每次旋轉時都會發生變化，從而造成周期性彎曲，導致疲勞故障。
This boundary layer diverter separates this layer and diverts it underneath the wings.

該邊界層分流器可分離該層，並將其分流到機翼下方。
All of this ensures the engine can operate as high a thrust as possible, even when the F-16 is performing extreme manoeuvres, which is exactly when it is needed most as the plane bleeds energy to produce lift.

所有這一切都確保了發動機可以儘可能大的推力運行，即使在 F-16 進行極限機動時也是如此，而這正是最需要發動機的時候，因為飛機需要消耗能量來產生升力。
It's essential that a plane like this can continue to generate effective lift during these manoeuvres.

像這樣的飛機必須能夠在這些動作中持續產生有效的升力。
But, typical wings lose lift as angle of attack increases beyond a certain angle, as flow separates from the wing.

但是，典型的機翼在攻角增加到一定角度後會失去升力，因為氣流會與機翼分離。
This is called a stall.

這就是所謂的失速。
These leading edge strakes help to mitigate that.

這些前緣翼板有助於減輕這種情況。
They act similarly to the canards of the Su-34, one of the planes the F-16 will likely be going up against in Ukraine, with 19 of them reportedly being taken down thus far in the war.

它們的作用類似於蘇-34 的鴨翼，而蘇-34 是 F-16 在烏克蘭可能要面對的戰機之一，據報道，到目前為止已有 19 架蘇-34 在戰爭中被擊落。
Canards and leading edge strakes help produce lift during high angle of attack manoeuvres.

鴨翼和前緣翼板有助於在高攻角機動時產生升力。
Canards placed close to the wing, like the Saab 37 Viggen, create a vortex that passes over the wing.

像薩博 37 Viggen 一樣，靠近機翼的鴨翼會產生一個穿過機翼的渦流。
Ensuring the wing continues to get high energy airflow during high angle of attack manoeuvres, which allows it to continue generating lift.

確保機翼在高攻角機動過程中持續獲得高能氣流，從而繼續產生升力。
During the development of the F-16, General Dynamics did consider a canard configuration, testing different configurations and geometries, including versions with no strakes or canards, with subscale models in wind tunnels.

在 F-16 戰鬥機的研發過程中，通用動力公司確實考慮過採用鴨翼結構，並在風洞中使用亞比例模型測試了不同的結構和幾何形狀，包括沒有翼帶或鴨翼的版本。
Testing through it's optimum manoeuvring speeds between 0.4 and 0.8 mach.

在 0.4 至 0.8 馬赫之間測試其最佳機動速度。
The goal was to maximise lift and minimise drag at high angles of attack.

目標是在高攻角情況下最大限度地提高升力，最小限度地減少阻力。
Producing graphs like this, and these were used to compare designs.

製作這樣的圖表，用來比較設計。
As they were narrowing down on the design, they consulted NASA, and they found one area to improve on.

在縮小設計範圍的過程中，他們諮詢了美國國家航空航天局（NASA），發現有一個地方需要改進。
The sharpness of the leading edge.

前緣的鋒利程度。
General Dynamics had rounded the leading edge of the wing to weaken these high angle of attack vortices, but NASA advised them to sharpen the leading edge in order to strengthen them.

通用動力公司將機翼前緣削成圓形，以削弱這些高攻角渦流，但美國國家航空航天局建議他們將前緣削尖，以加強這些渦流。
The F-16 underwent a great deal of iterative design in the wind tunnel phase, before eventually landing on the design we are familiar with today.

F-16 在風洞階段經歷了大量的反覆設計，最終形成了我們今天所熟悉的設計。
With the long blended leading edge strake that makes the F-16 immediately recognisable, and this comes with an added benefit.

長長的混合前緣翼帶使 F-16 一看就能辨認出來，而且還有一個額外的好處。
It provides enough space for the barrel of the F-16's powerful 20mm rotary cannon.

它為 F-16 強大的 20 毫米旋轉機炮的炮管提供了足夠的空間。
You can see the barrel of the M61 Vulcan hiding here.

你可以看到 M61 火神炮的炮管就藏在這裡。
A minor clue to the weapon hidden within the fuselage of the tiny plane.

小飛機機身內藏有武器的一條小線索。
One of the early conclusions of the Red Baron report was that the lacklustre ornament of the F-4 made it difficult for it to compete in close quarter battles.

紅男爵報告》的早期結論之一是，F-4 缺乏華麗的裝飾，很難在近距離戰鬥中與之抗衡。
It lacked an internal cannon, which left the F-4 without offensive options in close quarter battles, where missiles could not be safely used.

它沒有內置機炮，這使得 F-4 在近距離戰鬥中沒有進攻性選擇，無法安全地使用飛彈。
The F-4 was eventually retrofitted with the M61 slung underneath the plane, but the F-16, looking to fix the problems of the past, came with the General Dynamics M61 Vulcan Rotary Gatling Gun as standard, and it was packed neatly inside the plane, creating minimal aerodynamic drag.

F-4 最終改裝了將 M61 掛在機身下方的裝置，而 F-16 則希望解決過去的問題，將通用動力公司的 M61 "火神 "旋轉加特林機槍作為標準配置，並將其整齊地安裝在飛機內部，從而將氣動阻力降到最低。
The M61 is the smaller cousin of the A-10's GAU-8A, and while its rounds are tiny in comparison, the noise it emits still packs a punch.

M61 是 A-10 的 GAU-8A 的小表弟，雖然相比之下它的子彈很小，但它發出的噪音仍然很強。
A massive cannon for a tiny aircraft.

小飛機上的大炮
The 6 barrel cannon fires from the top position, spinning 16 times per second.

6 管加農炮從頂部位置發射，每秒旋轉 16 次。
The Gatling rounds, the full ammunition drum can be unloaded in just over 5 seconds.

加特林炮彈，只需 5 秒鐘就能裝滿彈藥桶。
The drum fits neatly behind the pilot here, and the vibration of the gun firing on the pilots left side is jarring for many new pilots.

炮鼓整齊地安裝在飛行員身後，對許多新飛行員來說，炮口在飛行員左側開火時產生的震動很刺耳。
It is such a small fighter.

它的戰鬥機太小了。
You know, when you, and I think I've said this before, when you get into an F-16, you sit down and you strap into that, it's not like you're sitting in the jet, it's like you're wearing the jet, and the gun is right here.

你知道，當你，我想我以前說過，當你進入F-16，你坐下來，你綁上帶子，它不像你坐在飛機上，它就像你穿著飛機，槍就在這裡。
As I sit there in the cockpit, the gun barrels, the muzzles are right back here.

當我坐在駕駛艙裡時，槍管和槍口就在後面。
It's just out of reach, it's so close though, and so when you shoot the gun, and you're shooting 100 rounds a second of 20mm, it is unbelievably violent in the jet, but you're thinking about the that you have to go and shoot.

雖然近在咫尺，卻遙不可及，所以當你開槍時，每秒要發射 100 發 20 毫米口徑的子彈，在噴氣式飛機上，子彈的威力大得令人難以置信，但你要考慮的是，你必須去射擊。
And so, you know, one of my experiences flying the F-16 was I was teaching as an instructor pilot at Luke Air Force Base in Phoenix, Arizona.

是以，我駕駛 F-16 的經歷之一，就是在亞利桑那州鳳凰城的盧克空軍基地擔任教官飛行員。
And so I had the privilege of taking in Air Force pilots, they're wearing wings, they've graduated Air Force pilot training, but they're not fighter pilots yet, and putting them into an F-16, and then we would make sure that everybody shot the gun in training, in fact they had to qualify with the gun as a weapon.

是以，我有幸接收了空軍飛行員，他們戴著翅膀，已經從空軍飛行員培訓畢業，但還不是戰鬥機飛行員，把他們送進F-16戰鬥機，然後我們會確保每個人在訓練中都會開槍，事實上，他們必須把槍作為武器來使用。
And so the first time experience for anybody shooting the gun in an F-16 is a little bit of an emotional experience.

是以，對於第一次駕駛 F-16 戰鬥機的人來說，第一次開槍的經歷會讓他們有些激動。
People would say funny things, they would cuss, it was all on the tapes, the HUD tapes, the heads-up display recordings, and we'd come back in the debrief and kind of laugh at the students because they were just, they knew that they were going to go shoot the gun, and it was not always shooting at a target on the ground is when they would do this for the first time.

人們會說有趣的話，會罵人，這些都記錄在錄音帶、HUD 錄音帶、平視顯示器的錄音中，我們回來彙報時會嘲笑學生，因為他們知道他們要去開槍，而且他們第一次開槍並不總是射擊地面上的目標。
Strafe.

Strafe.
And so it's a little bit intense, you're diving at the ground, you're doing 450, 500 knots, pointed at the ground, obviously there's a survival instinct that kicks in there, you're trying to put the pipper on the target, you pull the trigger for the first time, and the whole jet shakes violently.

你正以 450、500 海里的速度俯衝地面，對準地面，顯然，求生的本能在那裡起作用，你正試圖把槳放在目標上，你第一次扣動扳機，整個噴氣式飛機劇烈地搖晃起來。
It's like somebody started up a chainsaw just in your left ear.

就好像有人在你的左耳啟動了電鋸。
And the whole jet is shaking, and your hand's on the throttle there, and I can always remember every time I would shoot the gun, there's this hard foam insulation that's just behind the closeout panel, but the vibrations would cause some of those little bits of foam to fleck off, to flake off, and they would come around the closeout panel, and every time I would go shoot the gun for practice, for strafe, I'd come back and as I'm getting out of the airplane, I'd see like these little yellow flecks of foam all over my green flight suit on my left arm, they would just, the vibrations were so intense, you get used to it after the first time you shoot it, it's a little bit of an emotional event, and after that you're focused on, I need to put those rounds on target.

整個飛機都在顫抖你的手放在油門上我一直記得每次我開炮的時候在關閉面板後面有一個堅硬的保麗龍隔熱層每次練習掃射，我都會回來，當我從飛機上下來的時候，我就會看到這些黃色的保麗龍小碎片佈滿了我的綠色飛行服，佈滿了我的左臂，它們就這樣，震動非常劇烈，當你第一次射擊後，你就會習慣，這有點像情感事件，之後你就會專注於，我需要把這些子彈打到目標上。
So the F-16 is incredibly well integrated as far as a weapons system with that gun, and I will tell you that both for air-to-ground, and also for air-to-air, the and even with dynamics on the aircraft, even under maneuvers in terms of air-to-air shoots, where we're shooting at a banner, there's not been a lot of actual air-to-air dogfighting with the gun in recent memory, but the F-16 is incredibly accurate when it shoots at air-to-air practice targets to the point of, it's almost not even fair, it used to be kind of a scoring, kind of a skill thing, and now you can just park the piper on the target, open up, and it just shreds anything you point it at in terms of an air-to-air target.

是以，就武器系統而言，F-16 的火炮集成度極高，我可以告訴你，無論是空對地，還是空對空，甚至是飛機的動態性能，甚至是在空對空射擊的機動狀態下，我們都是對著一面旗幟射擊，在最近的記憶中，並沒有很多實際的空對空狗鬥、但是，F-16 在空對空練習目標上的射擊精確到令人難以置信的地步，這幾乎是不公平的，這曾經是一種得分，一種技巧，而現在你只需將笛子停在目標上，打開，它就能粉碎你指向的任何空對空目標。
And then in terms of air-to-ground, you can be extremely precise with it, it's not quite a laser beam, but you can be extremely precise, and there's even ways that you can couple up other sensors on the aircraft and share information, even in an at night, blacked out type of close air support role, you can hit what you want to hit on the ground.

在空對地方面，你可以用它來實現極高的精確度，它雖然不是激光束，但你可以做到極高的精確度，甚至你還可以將飛機上的其他傳感器連接起來，共享資訊，即使是在夜間，在黑夜中執行近距離空中支援任務，你也可以擊中你想擊中的地面目標。
All from a gun hidden away inside the tiny fighter.

這一切都來自隱藏在小型戰鬥機裡的一把槍。
If we follow this leading edge strake down the wing, we come to another device designed to increase lift at high angles of attack, the leading edge flap.

如果我們沿著機翼前緣條紋向下看，就會看到另一種設計用於在大迎角時增加升力的裝置--前緣襟翼。
It deflects downwards during high angle of attack manoeuvres to delay stall, allowing air to remain attached to the wing surface.

在高攻角機動時，它會向下偏轉，以延遲失速，讓空氣繼續附著在翼面上。
When performing a sustained turn at 0.9 mach at cruising altitude, it increases lift by 18% and decreases drag by 22%.

在巡航高度以 0.9 馬赫進行持續轉彎時，升力增加 18%，阻力減少 22%。
You can see them actuate here during the 5G take-off I performed with the Thunderbirds back in 2019.

在這裡，你可以看到它們在 2019 年我與雷鳥表演的 5G 起飛中啟動。
The seam between the leading edge flap and the main wing is barely noticeable, and fitting a control system into this wing, which is only around 4 centimetres thick where the actuator system needed to fit, proved a challenge.

前緣襟翼與主翼之間的接縫幾乎不引人注意，而將控制系統安裝到這一厚度僅約 4 釐米的機翼上需要安裝推杆系統，這對我們來說是一個挑戰。
The amount of torque needed to actuate a control surface like this at 0.9 mach is not trivial.

要在 0.9 馬赫的速度下驅動這樣一個控制面，所需的扭矩並不小。
To solve this problem, power is transferred from two hydraulic motors, which convert the pressure in the hydraulic system into rotational motion.

為了解決這個問題，兩個液壓馬達提供動力，將液壓系統中的壓力轉化為旋轉運動。
The hydraulic drive motor itself is tucked away behind the M61 rotary cannon, next to the hydraulic motor that drives the cannons rotation and ammo drive system.

液壓驅動馬達本身藏在 M61 旋轉炮後面，緊挨著驅動大炮旋轉和彈藥驅動系統的液壓馬達。
This power has to be transferred to the wing, and this is done through a series of torque shafts, angular gearboxes, and down another series of torque shafts with rotary actuators in between.

這些動力必須傳遞到機翼上，而這需要通過一系列扭矩軸、角齒輪箱以及另一系列扭矩軸和中間的旋轉執行器來完成。
This leading edge flap is not controlled by the pilot however, it's controlled automatically by the flight computer, and the F-16 was groundbreaking in this regard.

不過，這種前緣襟翼並非由飛行員控制，而是由飛行計算機自動控制，F-16 在這方面具有開創性意義。
The F-16 was the first fighter aircraft to have a fly-by-wire system controlling every control surface.

F-16 是第一種採用線控飛行系統控制每個控制面的戰鬥機。
The leading edge flaps, the flaperons, the rudder, and the horizontal tail of the F-16 are not controlled directly by the pilot.

F-16 戰鬥機的前緣襟翼、副翼、方向舵和水平尾翼並非由飛行員直接控制。
A fly-by-wire system uses a network of sensors, wires, and computers, as well as the pilot's own input to control the plane.

線控飛行系統利用傳感器、電線和計算機網絡以及飛行員自己的輸入來控制飛機。
The F-16 was employing this new technological wizardry to allow it to efficiently spend the energy it's single jet engine provided.

F-16 採用了這種新技術，使其能夠有效地利用單噴氣發動機提供的能量。
Traditional flight control systems up to this point used a mechanical system connected directly to the pilot's controls to manipulate the flight surfaces.

在此之前，傳統的飛行控制系統使用直接連接到飛行員控制裝置的機械系統來操縱飛行表面。
This is footage of the F-4's control system.

這是 F-4 控制系統的鏡頭。
A heavy and complicated network of cables, rods, linkages, and hydraulics.

一個由電纜、杆、連桿和液壓裝置組成的沉重而複雜的網絡。
It even has a 2 kilogram bob weight attached to the pilot's stick.

它甚至還在飛行員的操縱桿上安裝了一個 2 千克重的晃動砝碼。
A mechanism designed to make it harder to pull the stick as G's increase.

該裝置的設計目的是在 G 值增大時增加拉桿的難度。
An analogue feedback system.

模擬反饋系統
To provide the pilot with analogue feedback on speed, the F-4 also featured a diaphragm that deflected with ram air taken from this probe on the vertical fin.

為了向飛行員提供模擬速度反饋，F-4 還配備了一個膜片，該膜片在垂直鰭上的探頭產生的衝壓空氣作用下發生偏轉。
This introduced a force that acted to push the stick backwards and indicated to the pilot to adjust a trim setting.

這就產生了一種向後推動操縱桿的力，並訓示飛行員調整微調設置。
This system not only added a huge amount of weight to the F-4, reducing it's manoeuvrability, it also added workload to the pilot and was more vulnerable to damage in dogfights with little redundancy.

該系統不僅增加了 F-4 戰鬥機的重量，降低了其機動性能，還增加了飛行員的工作負擔，而且在幾乎沒有冗餘的狗鬥中更容易受到損傷。
With a fly-by-wire system, none of this was needed.

有了線控飛行系統，就不需要這些了。
The first batch of F-16's actually a stick that was immovable.

第一批 F-16 戰鬥機實際上是一根無法移動的棍子。
It was just for sensing.

這只是為了感知。
Later, a small amount of movement was added after pilots complained.

後來，在飛行員的抱怨下，又增加了少量的移動。
So the non-movable stick, kind of a little known fact, you know the original F-16 wasn't a Lockheed Martin product, it was General Dynamics, and they had made the F-111 previously and the weapon system operator on the F-111 had a small joystick that they could use to movement.

是以，不可移動的操縱桿是一個鮮為人知的事實，要知道最初的 F-16 並不是洛克希德-馬丁公司的產品，而是通用動力公司的產品，他們之前製造過 F-111，F-111 上的武器系統操作員可以使用一個小操縱桿來移動。
It wasn't really a joystick that would move, it was just to apply force.

它其實並不是一個會動的操縱桿，只是用來施力的。
And so they took that same concept and then they put it into the F-16 stick.

於是，他們採用了同樣的概念，並將其應用到 F-16 戰鬥機上。
So it was sort of a General Dynamics thing of we've got a force transducer, a control inceptor is what you'd call that.

是以，這是一種通用動力公司的東西，我們已經有了一個力傳感器，你可以稱之為控制感應器。
So what it turns out though is that the human body does really well with knowing where your limbs, hands are moving.

事實證明，人體能夠很好地知道四肢和雙手的運動軌跡。
Knowing the position of your body is something that you naturally do pretty well and that is something called proprioceptive feedback.

瞭解自己身體的位置是人與生俱來的本能，這就是所謂的本體感覺反饋。
Well when I have a force-based inceptor, I don't get that proprioceptive feedback anymore.

當我使用基於力的感知器時，就不會再有本體感覺反饋了。
And it's really hard to judge.

這真的很難判斷。
It's something that I think if you challenge yourself to go pick up a small weight at the gym and ask yourself how much does that weigh without looking at it, it's actually kind of hard to guess when you're down in those few pounds range and the maximum force you can put on the F-16 side stick is 25 pounds.

我認為，如果你挑戰一下自己，在健身房裡拿起一個小砝碼，問自己這砝碼有多重，而不去看它，當你的重量降到幾磅的範圍內時，其實是很難猜到的，而你能施加在 F-16 側杆上的最大力量是 25 磅。
So it's kind of hard to tell the difference between 15 pounds and 15.2 pounds.

是以，15 磅和 15.2 磅之間的差別很難說。
We don't do very well with that.

我們在這方面做得不好。
We do a lot better with knowing how far we've pulled something.

如果我們能知道我們已經拉了多遠的距離，我們就會做得更好。
And so the thing that we found was that they were having a difficult time, the test pilots at Edwards were having a difficult time judging exactly how hard they would move the controls and so they would think they were going to get a certain response from the jet and then they weren't and then they pull harder, too hard, and then they get a different response.

是以，我們發現，他們很難，愛德華茲的試飛員很難準確判斷控制桿的力度，是以他們會認為噴氣式飛機會做出某種反應，但事實並非如此。
There is a phenomenon called pilot-induced oscillations or pilot-in-the-loop oscillations.

有一種現象叫做飛行員誘發振盪或飛行員在環振盪。
Sometimes it's just shortened to PIO.

有時簡稱為 PIO。
And the F-16, even to this day, particularly if you have a lot of wing stores, can have a little bit of a wing rock on landing.

而 F-16 戰鬥機，即使到了今天，特別是如果機翼上有很多儲物，在著陸時也會出現機翼搖晃的情況。
And if you look at some videos of F-16s landing, sometimes you can find if they have wing tanks or they're bringing back some bombs that they didn't expend, you'll find an F-16 that'll sort of do this little back and forth wing rock.

如果你看一些 F-16 戰鬥機著陸的視頻，有時你會發現，如果它們有機翼油箱，或者它們帶回了一些沒有消耗掉的炸彈，你會發現一架 F-16 戰鬥機會做這種小的前後機翼搖晃。
And that is still to this day, it's an artifact of having a side stick that doesn't move very much because it's one of those things that in terms of the mind to the hand, eye-hand coordination, you start to make a movement.

時至今日，這仍然是邊杆不太移動的一個偽命題，因為就心手協調、眼手協調而言，這是一個你開始做出動作的東西。
By the time you see the effect, it's more than you wanted.

當你看到效果時，它已經超出了你的預期。
So you take it out, you put in a correction.

所以，你要把它取出來，再進行修正。
By the time the correction takes effect, it's more than you wanted.

當修正生效時，已經超出了你的預期。
You see it, you come back.

看到它，你就會回來。
It's a feedback loop in our minds.

這是我們頭腦中的一個反饋迴路。
And now PIO is kind of a dirty word in aircraft design and nobody wants any PIOs.

現在，PIO 在飛機設計中已經成了一個骯髒的詞，沒有人想要任何 PIO。
I'll tell you PIOs, pilot-induced oscillations are like snakes and some snakes are very dangerous and some snakes are not.

我告訴你，飛行員誘發的振盪就像蛇，有些蛇非常危險，有些蛇則不危險。
And so the PIO that's remaining in the F-16 in terms of its wing rock on final at landing is not super dangerous.

是以，F-16 剩餘的 PIO 在著陸時機翼搖晃的危險性並不大。
These pilot-induced oscillations can also be naturally stabilized through passive stability, where the plane naturally self-corrects itself without pilot input.

這些由飛行員引起的振盪也可以通過被動穩定性自然穩定下來，即飛機在沒有飛行員輸入的情況下自然進行自我修正。
However, the F-16 was the first aircraft in history to do away with passive stability and make the plane intentionally unstable in flight.

然而，F-16 是歷史上第一種取消被動穩定性、故意使飛機在飛行中不穩定的飛機。
This was done because it lowers the energy needed to fly and maneuver.

這樣做是因為它降低了飛行和機動所需的能量。
We can understand why with this simple analogy.

打個簡單的比方，我們就能明白其中的原因。
Here we have two situations, a ball placed on top of a hill and a ball placed in a valley.

這裡有兩種情況，一個球放在山頂，另一個球放在山谷。
If we push the ball on top of the hill even a tiny bit, it will begin to accelerate down the hill and will not stop until we put energy in to slow it down.

如果我們把小球推到山頂上，哪怕是很小的一點，它就會開始加速向山下衝去，除非我們投入能量讓它減速，否則它是不會停下來的。
This is an unstable system.

這是一個不穩定的系統。
The opposite is true for the ball in the valley.

山谷中的球則恰恰相反。
Apply a force and the ball will roll uphill and gravity will now provide a restoring force to bring it back.

施加一個力，球就會向上坡滾動，此時重力會提供一個恢復力，將球帶回來。
It may oscillate back and forth a few times before coming to a stop, but it will eventually return to its original position.

在停止之前，它可能會來回擺動幾次，但最終還是會回到原來的位置。
This is a stable system.

這是一個穩定的系統。
We want to tailor our stability to find a balance between these two scenarios, where we can cause a rapid change in direction with a small energy input, while also managing the amount of energy required to get back to our original position.

我們希望調整我們的穩定性，在這兩種情況之間找到一個平衡點，即我們可以用少量的能量輸入快速改變方向，同時也要控制好回到原來位置所需的能量。
This is called Relaxed Static Stability.

這就是所謂的鬆弛靜態穩定性。
The F-16's pitch stability is one of the areas where this idea was applied.

F-16 的俯仰穩定性就是應用這一理念的領域之一。
One of the key factors that affects pitch stability is the location of the centre of gravity and centre of lift.

重心和升力中心的位置是影響俯仰穩定性的關鍵因素之一。
The centre of gravity for the F-4 is located about here.

F-4 戰鬥機的重心大約位於此處。
This is the point at which all lift will act around.

在這一點上，所有的提升都將圍繞這一點進行。
It's like the fulcrum on a seesaw.

它就像蹺蹺板上的支點。
As a result of the wing design, the centre of lift is slightly behind the centre of gravity.

由於機翼的設計，升力中心略微落後於重心。
This would force the plane to pitch downwards, but the horizontal stabilizer provides a counteracting downwards force.

這將迫使飛機向下俯衝，但水準穩定器提供了一個向下的反作用力。
This isn't ideal.

這並不理想。
We are wasting energy on downwards lift.

我們在向下提升時浪費了能量。
We need upwards lift to fly.

我們需要向上的升力才能飛翔。
It also increases the amount of energy the F-4 needs to input to change its pitch.

這也增加了 F-4 改變音高所需的輸入能量。
When it pitches upwards, the force on the horizontal stabilizer decreases because of reduced airflow, and as a result the weight of the plane, acting through the centre of gravity, forward of the centre of lift, wants to move the nose down again.

當飛機向上俯衝時，由於氣流減少，水準安定面上的作用力減小，是以飛機的重量通過升力中心前方的重心作用，使機頭再次向下移動。
But the pilot is trying to pitch the plane up, and this natural stability is fighting them.

但飛行員正試圖將飛機升高，而這種自然穩定性卻在與他們對抗。
So, more kinetic energy has to be wasted by converting it to lift and drag with an increased elevator deflection.

是以，必須將更多動能轉化為升力和阻力，增加升降舵偏轉，從而浪費更多動能。
The F-16 is different.

F-16 則不同。
Its centre of lift is ahead of its centre of gravity, in part thanks to those leading edge strakes pushing the centre of lift forward.

它的升力中心領先於重心，部分原因是前緣翼板將升力中心向前推進。
This means to balance the plane, the horizontal stabilizer needs to create upwards lift.

這意味著為了平衡飛機，水準穩定器需要產生向上的升力。
This is useful the energy needed to keep the plane airborne, and increases our maximum lift, pushing this line on our energy manoeuvrability diagram up, increasing our turn rate.

這對保持飛機在空中飛行所需的能量非常有用，並增加了我們的最大升力，將能量機動性圖上的這條線推高，提高了我們的轉彎速度。
However, it's an unstable system.

然而，這是一個不穩定的系統。
When the plane pitches up, it increases the angle of attack on the wing and increases the lift.

當飛機向上俯衝時，會增大機翼的攻角，從而增加升力。
Because the centre of lift is ahead of the centre of gravity, this forces the nose up even more.

由於升力中心位於重心之前，這就迫使車頭進一步上揚。
In an air to air battle, energy isn't just a fuel burning problem.

在空對空作戰中，能源不僅僅是燃料燃燒的問題。
Energy is needed to manoeuvre, and as we spend it, our ability to manoeuvre diminishes until we replenish it by gaining speed or altitude again.

機動需要能量，當我們消耗能量時，我們的機動能力就會減弱，直到我們再次通過提高速度或高度來補充能量。
Any fighter pilot will tell you, speed is life.

任何戰鬥機飛行員都會告訴你，速度就是生命。
And as a fighter pilot, energy management is one of the most important things that you can do.

作為戰鬥機飛行員，能源管理是最重要的事情之一。
It's part of your situational awareness in that combat arena.

這是你在戰鬥中對態勢感知的一部分。
You don't want to get slow, and you don't want to put yourself in a place where you are vulnerable, and now I can't turn, I can't move, I can't get my sensors or my weapons engaged where I need to.

你不想變得遲鈍，也不想讓自己處於易受攻擊的境地，現在我無法轉彎，無法移動，無法在需要的地方使用傳感器或武器。
And that's not just an air to air thing.

這不僅僅是空對空的問題。
That's in every aspect of being a fighter pilot.

這體現在戰鬥機飛行員的方方面面。
And that's even engaging in an air to ground arena, because often times when you're engaging air to ground, an interdiction mission, a strike mission, or a close air support mission, well, you're supporting friendly troops on the ground, but there's also people that really don't like you in the vicinity, and they have weapons also.

甚至在空對地戰場上也是如此，因為很多時候，當你執行空對地任務、攔截任務、打擊任務或近距離空中支援任務時，你是在支援地面上的友軍，但附近也有不喜歡你的人，他們也有武器。
And so, you have to maintain that energy to be able to evade, to be able to move out of the way if you're getting shot at.

是以，你必須保持這種能量，以便在遭到槍擊時能夠躲避和轉移。
So, with the energy management on the F-16, it's interesting that this jet doesn't really talk to you in terms of feedback to the pilot.

有趣的是，F-16 戰鬥機的能量管理並不會向飛行員提供反饋資訊。
It doesn't really shake and rattle and vibrate like a lot of other aircraft will do.

它不會像許多其他飛機那樣搖晃、嘎嘎作響和震動。
I've flown the F-16, I've also flown the F-15, the F-18, the A-10, and those aircraft will talk to you, those other aircraft will talk to you a lot more than the F-16.

我駕駛過 F-16，也駕駛過 F-15、F-18 和 A-10，那些飛機會跟你說話，其他飛機比 F-16 更會跟你說話。
The F-16 just feels smooth all the time, whether you're 200 knots and really slow, or you're 600 knots and really fast.

無論是 200 節的低速飛行，還是 600 節的高速飛行，F-16 始終給人平穩的感覺。
It just sort of does what you ask it to do.

你讓它做什麼，它就做什麼。
You think, you move the controls just a tiny bit, and the aircraft responds.

你只要想一想，稍微移動一下操縱桿，飛機就會做出反應。
So, managing your energy becomes a situational awareness challenge for the fighter pilot.

是以，對於戰鬥機飛行員來說，管理自己的能量就成了一項態勢感知挑戰。
And so, a lot of that's helped now with the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System, or JEHEMIX is what it's called, where right there in your right eye, you've got your airspeed, you've got your altitude, you've got your G, and so you can engage visually in that fight.

是以，"聯合頭盔提示系統"（JEHEMIX）的出現在很大程度上解決了這一問題，在你的右眼中，你可以看到你的空速、你的高度、你的重力，是以你可以通過視覺參與戰鬥。
I can keep my eyes on the threat, the target, keep situational awareness, and I don't have to look back in at my heads-up display or down at the console to see how fast I'm going and how high I'm going.

我可以緊盯威脅和目標，保持態勢感知，而不必回頭看我的平視顯示器或控制檯，看看我的速度有多快，高度有多高。
You get the feel for it, you get a feel for how the aircraft is responding, but that's where experience comes in, and it's imperative.

你要有感覺，你要知道飛機是如何反應的，但這就是經驗的作用，也是必須的。
Experience and training comes in.

經驗和培訓是關鍵。
It's imperative to maintain that energy awareness in any kind of fight.

在任何形式的戰鬥中，都必須保持這種能量意識。
The unstable design of the F-16 helped fighter pilots like David to manage energy more efficiently.

F-16 戰鬥機的不穩定設計幫助像戴維這樣的戰鬥機飛行員更有效地管理能量。
But, to maintain control of an unstable fighter, a pilot would have to make constant, tiny corrections.

但是，為了保持對不穩定戰鬥機的控制，飛行員必須不斷進行微小的修正。
A task deemed impossible before fly-by-wire systems were invented.

這項任務在線控飛行系統發明之前被認為是不可能完成的。
The system consists of a network of accelerometers, gyros, and airspeed sensors, all feeding into a central computer that manages the work.

該系統由一個加速度計、陀螺儀和空速傳感器網絡組成，所有傳感器都輸入一臺中央計算機，由該計算機管理工作。
This instability makes the plane extremely nimble, ready to change direction, with very little energy input.

這種不穩定性使飛機非常靈活，只需輸入極少的能量就能隨時改變方向。
We could see this in practice on the first flight of the F-16 prototype, the YF-16.

我們可以從 F-16 原型機 YF-16 的首飛中看到這一點。
A flight that was never supposed to happen.

一次本不該發生的飛行
This was intended to be a short test along the runway, but the early control logic of the plane would not allow the engine nozzle to open to cut thrust if the wheels had left the ground.

這本是沿跑道進行的一次短途測試，但飛機的早期控制邏輯不允許在機輪離開地面的情況下打開發動機噴嘴以切斷推力。
Meaning, even at idle the plane was generating too much thrust.

這意味著，即使在怠速狀態下，飛機也會產生過大的推力。
Then the plane rolled left, which caused the pilot to counteract it with a roll right command.

隨後，飛機向左翻滾，導致飛行員發出向右翻滾的指令來抵消。
But again, the control logic of the early prototype was not dialed in, with control input resulting in higher roll than expected at such a low speed, resulting in an overcorrection, leading to an oscillation.

但是，早期原型機的控制邏輯同樣沒有調整好，控制輸入導致在如此低的速度下滾動比預期的要高，造成過度修正，從而導致振盪。
With this being the first full fly-by-wire plane, there were many lessons to be learned along the way.

由於這是第一架全電傳操縱飛機，一路上要吸取許多經驗教訓。
But the benefits it now provides are game changing.

但它現在帶來的好處卻改變了遊戲規則。
It helps the pilot get the most out of the plane.

它能幫助飛行員最大限度地利用飛機。
So, for example, with an F-16, the airframe is limited to 9Gs.

是以，以 F-16 型戰鬥機為例，機身的重力限制為 9G。
And so I can go and pull back on the controls on an F-16, and if I am less than about 300 knots or so, actually more like 400 knots, I'm not going to get 9Gs.

是以，我可以向後拉動 F-16 戰鬥機的操縱桿，如果我的速度低於 300 節左右，實際上更像是 400 節，我就不會獲得 9Gs 的加速度。
It's just, that's how much lift the aircraft can make.

飛機的升力就是這麼大。
But once I get above about 400 to 450 knots, now the wing on the F-16 is capable of creating at least 9Gs.

但是，一旦我的速度超過 400 至 450 節，F-16 的機翼就能產生至少 9Gs 的加速度。
In fact, it's capable of creating a lot more than 9Gs.

事實上，它能產生的能量遠遠超過 9 千兆瓦。
But what that fly-by-wire system does, is when I start pulling back all the way to the stop, it goes to 9Gs and it sits there.

但電傳操縱系統的作用是，當我把車一直開到停車點時，它的加速度就會達到 9Gs，然後就停在那裡。
Even if the wing, even if the aerodynamic effect of the whole airframe is that it could generate 15Gs or 20Gs, the fly-by-wire system says, hey, I know you're asking for your best possible turn, I'm just going to give you 9Gs because we're not going to break the airplane.

即使機翼，即使整個機身的空氣動力效應可以產生 15Gs 或 20Gs，飛控系統也會說："嘿，我知道你要求的是儘可能好的轉彎，我只給你 9Gs，因為我們不會弄壞飛機。
Or, again, in like a slow speed fight, where I'm having to, it's less than 300 knots, I'm having to crank the nose around to either bring my adversary, or maybe I'm trying to jink out of the way of an adversary's weapon system.

或者，在慢速戰鬥中，我不得不在低於 300 節的速度下，搖動機頭來吸引對手，或者試圖避開對手武器系統的攻擊。
Pull suddenly on the controls of an aircraft and your angle of attack is going to increase rapidly.

突然拉動飛機的操縱桿，你的攻角就會迅速增大。
All right, well, with a lot of more conventional aircraft, you're worried about things like stall.

好吧，對於很多傳統飛機來說，你會擔心失速之類的問題。
Well, the F-16 doesn't really stall in the same kinds of ways, but that fly-by-wire system says, hey, I know that if you get past about 26 degrees angle of attack, bad things are going to start to happen in terms of the controllability.

F-16並不會以同樣的方式失速，但飛控系統會說，嘿，我知道，如果你的攻角超過26度，在可控性方面就會開始發生不好的事情。
The F-16 stops behaving as predictably above 26 degrees angle of attack, and so the fly-by-wire system simply says, that's where I'm going to stop you right there, and I'm going to give you up to 26 degrees, or 9Gs, and do with that whatever you need to.

F-16 在攻角超過 26 度時就不再有可預測的表現，是以電傳操縱系統會簡單地說："我要讓你停在那裡，讓你的攻角達到 26 度或 9Gs，然後你就可以做任何你需要做的事情了。
A plane capable of 9G manoeuvres is not much use if the pilot cannot remain conscious during them.

如果飛行員在做 9G 機動時不能保持清醒，那麼能做 9G 機動的飛機也就沒有什麼用處了。
The F-16 has some interesting adaptions in the cockpit for this.

為此，F-16 在駕駛艙內進行了一些有趣的改裝。
Traditionally the control stick was mounted centrally, between the pilots legs.

傳統上，控制桿安裝在飛行員兩腿之間的中央位置。
This made it mechanically simpler, with the network of mechanical linkages being central and symmetric throughout the plane.

這使得它的機械結構更加簡單，機械連接網絡位於整個飛機的中心並保持對稱。
It also allowed the pilots to use both hands to wrestle the control surfaces into position during high G manoeuvres, as the air flowing by them tried to push them back down.

它還允許飛行員在進行高重力機動時用雙手將控制面扳回原位，因為氣流試圖將它們推回原位。
For the F-16 this wasn't a problem, and the control stick was mounted conveniently on the pilots right hand console.

對於 F-16 戰鬥機來說，這不是一個問題，控制桿安裝在飛行員右手的控制檯上，非常方便。
A comfortable resting position that makes it far easier for the pilot to control the plane while trying to stay conscious at 9Gs.

舒適的休息姿勢，讓飛行員更容易控制飛機，同時努力在 9Gs 的速度下保持清醒。
The seat is also reclined by 30 degrees.

座椅還可傾斜 30 度。
This makes the F-16 feel like an executive office in the sky, with unobstructed 360 degree views thanks to the bubble canopy.

這使 F-16 感覺就像空中的行政辦公室，由於採用了氣泡頂篷，360 度視野一覽無餘。
But it also comes with major advantages in increasing the pilots G tolerance.

但它在提高飛行員的 G 耐受力方面也有很大優勢。
The most common G-force a pilot experiences is directly down.

飛行員最常見的 G 力是直接向下。
When flying in a straight line, even cells in your body have inertia in that direction, and when suddenly pitching the plane upwards, those cells want to continue travelling in that direction.

在直線飛行時，即使是你身體中的細胞也有朝那個方向飛行的慣性，而當飛機突然向上俯衝時，這些細胞就會想繼續朝那個方向飛行。
This isn't too much of a problem for cells that stay fixed, but your blood cells are free to travel through your body.

這對於固定不動的細胞來說問題不大，但您的血細胞卻可以在體內自由穿梭。
And in a scenario like this, they race in the direction of that travel, pooling in your lower extremities.

在這種情況下，它們就會沿著行進方向奔跑，彙集到你的下肢。
This can starve the pilots brain of oxygen and they can pass out as a result.

這會導致飛行員大腦缺氧，從而昏迷。
This effect can be minimized by placing the pilot flat on their back.

讓飛行員平躺可以最大限度地減少這種影響。
With the entire body aligned, blood wouldn't have to fight gravity to get to the brain, but this position isn't practical.

整個身體對齊後，血液就不必對抗重力就能到達大腦，但這種姿勢並不實用。
The F-16 found a compromise with a 30 degree recline, reducing the pressure on the heart by an equivalent of about 1G.

F-16 找到了一個折中的辦法，即傾斜 30 度，將心臟承受的壓力降低約 1G。
The recline also makes it easier to fit taller pilots into the small forward fuselage of the F-16.

傾斜裝置還能使身材高大的飛行員更容易適應 F-16 前部狹小的機身。
Another measure to increase the pilots G tolerance is the G-suit.

另一項提高飛行員 G 耐受力的措施是 G-防護服。
A pilot's G-suit contains multiple air bladders that are connected directly to the F-16.

飛行員的 G 型戰鬥服包含多個氣囊，直接與 F-16 戰鬥機相連。
When the plane is instructed to perform a high G manoeuvre, it immediately begins to pump compressed air into these bladders.

當飛機接到執行高重力機動的指令時，會立即開始將壓縮空氣泵入這些氣囊。
This squeezes the pilots legs to limit the volume available for blood to pool into.

這就擠壓了飛行員的雙腿，限制了血液彙集的體積。
The F-16 is a 45 year old aircraft and many advances have occurred in aviation since its maiden flight.

F-16 已有 45 年的歷史，自其首飛以來，航空業取得了許多進步。
Stealth technology and interconnected intelligence networks have been the main focus for 5th generation aircraft like the F-35, that have been slowly replacing the F-16.

隱形技術和互聯情報網絡一直是 F-35 等第五代飛機的主要關注點，這些飛機正在慢慢取代 F-16。
But, one thing has not changed since 1975.

但是，自 1975 年以來，有一點沒有改變。
Physics.

物理學
The F-16 pushes the boundaries of manoeuvrability for a fighter aircraft and the pilot inside.

F-16 突破了戰鬥機和機內飛行員機動性的極限。
It's a highly capable fighter aircraft that the strongest air force in the world deemed capable of continuing service until 2048.

世界上最強大的空軍認為，這種戰鬥機具有很強的作戰能力，可以一直服役到 2048 年。
The plane will be a major asset in the next phase of the fight for Ukraine's freedom, providing essential air support to the troops on the ground as they attempt to push forward through entrenched Russian defences.

這架飛機將成為下一階段烏克蘭自由之戰中的重要資產，為地面部隊提供必要的空中支援，幫助他們突破俄羅斯堅固的防禦工事。
Ukraine has been targeting long range anti-aircraft batteries with success, and captured oil platforms off the coast of Crimea that were housing Russian sensors.

烏克蘭一直在成功瞄準遠程防空炮臺，並奪取了克里米亞沿岸安裝有俄羅斯傳感器的石油平臺。
All to clear the way for Ukrainian Su-24s to get close enough to launch cruise missiles.

這一切都是為了給烏克蘭蘇-24 戰鬥機掃清道路，使其能夠靠近發射巡航導彈。
Targeting high value Russian assets in Crimea, including a Kilo-class submarine.

以俄羅斯在克里米亞的高價值資產為目標，包括一艘基洛級潛艇。
The F-16 can also carry these cruise missiles.

F-16 也可以攜帶這些巡航導彈。
Every asset in the Ukrainian air force is going to play a vital role in Ukraine's fight for freedom.

烏克蘭空軍的每一份力量都將在烏克蘭爭取自由的鬥爭中發揮重要作用。
Having an actual fighter pilot add context to this story was incredibly valuable.

有一位真正的戰鬥機飛行員為這個故事增添了背景，這是非常有價值的。
Helping us truly understand the power of those energy manoeuvrability diagrams.

幫助我們真正理解那些能量機動圖的威力。
We ended up talking to David for nearly two hours, and ended up cutting an incredibly interesting story from this video about how he helped develop an automatic obstacle avoidance system for the F-16 that has saved many lives.

我們與戴維聊了近兩個小時，最後從這段視頻中剪輯了一個非常有趣的故事，講述了他如何幫助 F-16 戰鬥機開發自動避障系統，挽救了許多人的生命。
A fascinating system that works in a way I didn't expect.

這是一個迷人的系統，其工作方式出乎我的意料。
I had assumed it simply used radar to measure distance, but that is not how it works.

我原以為它只是利用雷達來測量距離，但事實並非如此。
You can watch that extra video on Nebula right now, along with an uncut explanation of energy manoeuvrability diagrams.

你現在就可以在星雲上觀看這段額外的視頻，以及對能量機動圖的未刪減解釋。
Access usually costs $5 a month, but you can get access right now with the huge discounted price of $2.50 a month using the link in the description.

訪問費用通常為每月 5 美元，但現在您可以使用說明中的鏈接，以每月 2.50 美元的超低折扣價獲得訪問權。
Bonus videos are just one benefit to Nebula.

獎勵視頻只是星雲的一個好處。
You will also get ad free versions of our With YouTube cracking down on ad blockers, this is the best way to support our channel while not having to deal with ads interrupting your viewing experience.

在 YouTube 嚴打廣告攔截器的情況下，這將是支持我們頻道的最佳方式，同時還能避免廣告干擾您的觀看體驗。
Something I find really valuable while watching long form videos.

在觀看長視頻時，我發現了一些非常有價值的東西。
When I am taking flights to shoot interviews, I often download videos from Nebula, which you can do by the way, and watch them on the flight.

當我乘飛機去拍攝採訪時，我經常從星雲下載視頻，順便說一下，你也可以這樣做，然後在飛機上觀看。
You will also get access to our original World War 2 series, The Logistics of D-Day and The Conflicts like The War in Ukraine, along with originals from some of your favourite creators like Mustard, Practical Engineering, Neo and Wendover Productions.

您還可以訪問我們的原創第二次世界大戰系列、《D 日後勤》和《烏克蘭戰爭》等衝突系列，以及您最喜愛的創作者（如 Mustard、Practical Engineering、Neo 和 Wendover Productions）的原創作品。
Nebula is simply the best place to watch our videos.

星雲是觀看我們視頻的最佳場所。
No ads, bonus videos and exclusive high budget originals, all for the price of $2.50 a month.

無廣告、獎勵視頻和獨家高預算原創內容，所有這些每月只需 2.50 美元。