But here's a surprisingly useful tool for understanding developmental psychology:

但這裡有個更有效的方法能了解心理的成長進程。

The Breakfast Club. This video, by the way, will contain Breakfast Club spoilers.

早餐俱樂部。順道一提，這部影片將會破壞了早餐俱樂部的名聲。

That classic 80s movie about a band of teenagers stuck in detention one fateful Saturday morning.

這部關於一群年輕人的經典的八零年代電影在星期六早晨受困於無可避免的校方拘留。

Do they do Saturday detentions anymore?

他們還會在星期六被學校拘留？

That was never a "thing" at my school.

這不可能在我的學校發生。

That was crazy, the idea that kids would come in on a weekend for detention.

這想法太瘋狂了，一群孩子在假日還要被學校拘留。

You got the hoodlum, the jock, the nerd, the princess, and the so-called basketcase.

會有混混、運動員、公主、書呆子、還有所謂的獨來獨往的怪咖。

And at first, they're all salty and standoffish with each other.

而且剛開始，他們不易親近、對彼此很冷漠。

Because you know, let's face it, American high schools are sort of a breeding ground for that kind of thing.

因為你知道的，我們承認吧，美國高中就是產生那種環境的溫床。

But as the day progresses, they start to open up and share things and have a little fun by way of a dance montage.

但隨著時間遞嬗，他們會開始敞開心胸、分享事情而且會在舞蹈片段中玩得愉快。

And at some point they each kind of crack, revealing something very important about adolescence in the process, which is - The struggle between the need to stand out, and the need to belong.

然後在某個時間點會出現裂痕，某些重要的事會被揭發，關於清純期，就是——在挺身而出與尋找歸屬感的掙扎過程。

All these kids feel tremendous pressure to maintain their image in their particular group in part because there's just some security in belonging to a group, even if that group gets picked on by another group.

所有的孩子為了維持他們在特定團體的形象，都感受到壓力沈重，因為某種程度來說，屬於某個團體有種安全感，就算那個團體被另個團體刁難著。

And so they wear the corresponding diamond earrings, combat boots, lettermans jackets, and spectacles, and act how their roles dictate.

所以他們會戴上對應的鑽石耳環、戰鬥靴、萊特曼夾克、眼鏡，並扮演好他們所擔任的角色。

But the thing is, none of those kids are satisfied with their outward identities.

但是，沒有一個孩子是對自己的外在特徵滿意的。

Instead, they're all stuck in the classic teenage struggle, one that German psychoanalyst Erik Erikson - yes, his name is actually Erik Erikson - called the crisis between identity and role confusion.

相反地，他們深陷于典型青少年的困境，有一個德國心理學家Erik Erikson，對，他真的叫做Erik Erikson，把這種危機稱作自我認知與角色間的混淆。

In other words, their newly-forming identities were at odds with other people's expectations of what roles they should play, hence the confusion.

換句話說，他們正在發展的個人特質與他人的對自己的角色期待產生衝突，因而令他們困惑。

The past couple weeks, we've been talking about childhood as a crucial period of growth, learning, and change, and it definitely is, but anyone who's ever seen a John Hughes movie knows that there's way more to growing up than just that.

過去數周，我們把童年比作成長、學習、改變的重要階段，而且的確如此，但任何看過John Hughes的電影的人都知道，關於成長不只是如此而已。

And I got some news for you -from adolescence into adulthood and into old age, the drama of your personal psychological development never ceases.

我有些新聞要告訴你：從青春期到成人到老年，你的心靈發展小劇場從來不會結束。

Never! So get used to it.

永遠不會！所以習慣它吧！

[INTRO]

[介紹]

Today, most psychologists view our psychological development as a lifelong process from infant, to adolescent, to adult, to card-carrying senior citizen, people keep right on changing.

今天，大部份的心理學家把心理發展是為一個生命過程，從嬰兒，到青年，到成人，到持有黨政的資深市民，人們保有改變的權利。

Just as Piaget gave us a helpful framework for thinking about early development, other scholars have given us ideas about how we develop through the rest of our lives, particularly Erik Erikson.

就如同皮亞傑給我們一個有用的早期心理發展概念，其他的學者則讓我們了解我們怎麼發展剩餘的人生階段，特別是Erik Erikson。

Like many others, Erikson believed our personalities develop in a predetermined order, which he outlined in an eight-stage model.

像其他人一樣，Erikson相信我們的個性是預先被決定的，他列出了八個發展過程。

And each stage, from infancy to old age, is defined by its own predominant issue or crisis.

每個階段的，從嬰兒期到老年是由其優勢與危機來區分。

If it freaks you out to think that you will always be dealing with a crisis at every stage of your life, we can just call them "issues."

如果知道自己總是在處理某個危機會讓你恐慌，在生命的每個階段，我們只能叫他們「議題」

Since we already talked a lot about early childhood development, I'm gonna skip ahead to the teenage meat of it.

既然我們討論了幼年的早期發展，我要直接跳到青年期。

But you can consult this table to learn about the rest.

但你可以參考這個表格了解一切。

Erikson defined the adolescent years, or "Stage 5," as starting in our teens, and extending for some as far as our early twenties.

Erikson將青春期稱為「第五階段」，從我們的青少期到大約二十出頭。

And as The Breakfast Club so artfully depicted, its main crisis is the one of identity vs. role confusion.

就像早餐俱樂部被優雅地描述的，主要問題在於身份與角色混淆。

Teen years are marked by lots of physical changes in the body and brain and sex hormones, along with growing independence, but also a real need to belong to something.

青春期由許多身體的改變界定，身體內、腦內、賀爾蒙以及更加獨立，但也有歸屬感的需求。

This often angsty time is when teens reexamine their identities, figuring out how to both blend in and how to stand out, often by trying on different roles.

這種常見的焦慮發生在青少年重新了解自己的身份時，試圖了解如何融入團體同時又展現獨特性，通常會藉由扮演不同角色達成。

Maybe they're experimenting with punk rock, or hockey, or theater, or ancient philosophy.

他們可能正嘗試著龐克搖滾，或曲棍球、電影或古哲學。

Maybe sophomore year they're preppy. Junior year they've got green hair.

或許二年級的時候他們衣著講究，三年級的時候他們有綠色頭髮。

Hopefully a person comes out of this stage with a reintegrated sense of self, but this stage can be particularly confusing as I'm sure anybody watching this video can attest to.

期望在這個階段的人能自我重建，但這個階段可能非常令人困惑，我相信看這影片的大家都能作證吧。

But of course, that's not the last crisis - sorry, "issue."

但當然，這不是最終的危機，呃不，我是指「議題」

Erikson believed that young adulthood, which in his view, started in a person's 20s and ended as late as the early 40s, was marked by another struggle, one between intimacy and isolation.

Erikson相信成年的初期，從二十歲開始到四十出頭為止，是另一段親密與孤寂間的掙扎過程。

By this stage in life, most of us have begun exploring intimate relationships, whether that's with a steady sweetheart, or just an active OkCupid profile.

但這個階段，大多數的人已經開始開拓親密關係，不管抱持著穩定的心態或只是個OkCupid（交友網站）的個人頁面。

A good relationship here can lead to feelings of safety and caring and commitment, while a lack of intimacy can lead to loneliness and isolation and depression.

一段好的關係可以導向安全感、關心與承諾，然而缺少親密關係可能會導致孤獨、孤立及憂鬱。

Recently, a number of psychologists have begun to refer to the first few years of this stage as emerging adulthood, and some suggest that it warrants its own classification distinct from adolescence or full adulthood.

最近，許多心理學家將這個階段的前幾年定義為「初顯成人」，有些甚至認為應該賦予其更多的分類，將這段時期從青春期與成年中分開。

And at least in modern western culture, many people in this stage do feel like they're stuck in a sort of in-between time.

至少在當今的西方文化中，許多人在這個階段確實認為他們被困在這個過渡期。

They know that they've pulled through all that high school stuff, but they're still pretty tied to their families.

他們知道他們已脫離那些高中的事了，但他們依然跟原生家庭緊密連結。

In 2011, the U.S. Census found that 65% of people under 24 still live with their parents.

2011年，美國人口普查顯示24歲以下的人口有65%依然與父母同住。

Just a reminder of how things like economic factors can weigh on development.

另外提一下，其他像經濟因素也會影響此現象的發展。

For Erikson, after young adulthood came the middle adulthood of our 40s to 60s.

對Erikson來說，在前段成年期後就是中段成年期如四十歲、六十歲等。

This stage, Stage 7, highlights our tendency toward either generativity or stagnation.

這個階段，所謂第七階段，著重於繁衍後代或者停滯。

By now, many people have established jobs or careers or perhaps families of their own.

這個時期，許多人已建立工作或事業，或這已經有自己的家庭了。

We better understand the bigger picture of life and contribute to society through productive, or generative, activities like work, community involvement, raising kids, paying taxes, all that grown-up stuff.

我們更了解整個生命的藍圖、社會的結構、透過生產、繁衍，活動諸如工作、社區參與、撫育孩子、納稅、那些「大人」在做的事。

The lack of those things, an overall boredom or absence of purpose, can make Stage 7-ers feel stagnant and unproductive, hence the often cliched, but really real and potentially painful, mid-life crisis.

少了這些事，無趣或無目標性，會讓第七階段的人們覺得停滯且缺乏生產力，因此產生這老掉牙的名詞—非常真實、痛苦的—「中年危機」

And finally, at the end, comes Stage 8.

最後，是第八階段。

In our late adulthood, from 65 and up, we often struggle with integrity vs. despair.

在我們的後段成年期，六十五歲以上，我們會糾結於正直與絕望。

Maybe you've hung out with a grandparent or some other senior and heard them contemplating their lives and accomplishments and reminiscing about how cheap a milkshake used to be.

或許你陪伴祖父母或其他長者時會聽到他們在回憶生命、成就、和那些微不足道的錯誤。

Well, if their overall vibe is positive,they've probably developed a sense of integrity and completeness, meaning they're pretty satisfied with a life well lived.

恩，如果整體氣氛是正面的，他們大概已經發展出完整的心智，代表他們對他們的人生還算滿意。

The flip side of that is looking back on life and feeling guilt and regret, and that kind of retrospective disappointment can ruin old age with depression and feelings of hopelessness.

另外一種在回憶人生實則會有罪惡感或是後悔之意，而那種令人沮喪的回憶會讓老年充滿憂鬱與無助。

Again, Erikson's model isn't really a perfect contemporary one, but it gave us an early idea of conflict and growth over our whole lives.

同樣的，Erikson的模型並不是最現代、完整的，但給予我們關於生命衝突與成長一個初步的概念。

His ideas have been developed further and even challenged by other scholars, but like Piaget, he remains a crucial figure to know in Western psychology.

他的想法被進一步發展，甚至受到許多學者挑戰。但就像皮亞傑，他在西方心理學保有重要地位。

So Erikson tackled our progressive psychosocial development, but what exactly happens to our bodies and brains after we hit adulthood and keep racking up the birthday cake candles?

所以Erikson解決了我們漸近的心理發展，但到底我們的身體和腦袋在成年其後、持續地為生日蛋糕插上蠟燭時會發生什麼？

It's hard to generalize these stages of adulthood because we don't really hit yearly milestones like we did when we were kids, and adult lifestyles can vary a whole lot. I mean, in a lot of ways, 70-year-old Mick Jagger's still living a younger lifestyle than a lot of 20-somethings I know.

我們很難概括成年人的階段，因為我們其實不會像我們還是孩子時一樣，有著年度目標，且成人生活可以很不一樣。我覺得，從很多方面來說，七十歲的Mick Jagger比許多二十幾歲的人活得還要年輕。

But despite all our differences, many of our life courses do have some similarities --physically, cognitively, and socially.

不過忽略我們之間的差異，有許多生命的課題的確有相似之處，生理上，認知上，社交上。

First, there are, yes, physical changes: the slow decline of reaction time, muscle tone, and strength, cardiac output, sex hormone production, and sharpness of senses like hearing and sight.

首先，是的，生理變化：反應時間的緩慢退化、肌肉質量和力量減弱、心血管功能、賀爾蒙分泌，以及聽覺、視覺的敏銳度都逐漸衰弱。

For most of us, bifocals are inevitable, and perhaps hearing aids as well.

對大部份的人來說，老花是無可避免的，或許還需要助聽器。

None of this is to say that a jacked 50-year-old couldn't beat a lazy 20-year-old on a 100-meter dash, because, of course, how well you take care of your body counts for a lot.

這一切都不代表一個五十歲的男子在100公尺短跑項目無法打敗一個懶惰的二十歲青年，因為，當然，你怎麼照顧自己的身體非常重要。

But still, you can't stop, let alone reverse the process of aging.

但你仍然無法停止，更不用說扭轉老化的過程。

The good news is our intelligence remains pretty stable throughout adulthood.

好消息是我們的智慧在成年後依然穩定。

Although some people might feel that their wits get a bit fuzzy with age, research suggests that while one kind of intelligence decreases after adolescence, another kind keeps increasing throughout your lifetime.

雖然某些人可能會覺得他們的智力會隨著年紀變得模糊，研究顯示雖然某種智能會在青春期後下降，另外一種會在餘生持續增加。

Psychologists Raymond Cattell and John Horn were the first to develop the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence, suggesting that intelligence itself is made up of different abilities that work together.

心理學家Raymond Cattell和John Horn 首先發展流體及晶體智力的概念，指出智能本身是由多種能力綜合運行的。

Fluid intelligence deals with your ability to solve problems，independent of your personal experience and education.

流體智力負責你解決問題的能力、獨立性及個人經歷與教育。

It's typically associated with thinking both quickly and abstractly, like teasing out the logic of a puzzle, rather than remembering how to find the cosine of an angle.

主要與快速、抽象思考有關，像是對拼圖的邏輯感到有趣，而非記得如何計算角度的三角函數。

So relatively inexperienced teens often show high fluid intelligence.

所以相對無經驗的年輕人常展現高度的流體智力。

The bummer is it peaks in adolescence, then typically starts its slow decline in the 30s...

討人厭的事，這種能力在青春期會達到巔峰，然後在三十歲後開始緩慢退化。

So I'm experiencing that now...

所以我整在經歷這個過程....

Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is just what it sounds like:

另一方面，晶體智力，就是他字面上的意思：

knowledge that's based on facts, solidified by past experiences and prior learning.

根據固化的事實、過往經驗及先前學習的智慧。

This type of experiential intelligence gets stronger with age, as we continue to take in new knowledge and understanding,

這種經驗性的智力會隨著年紀增長，隨著我們持續學習新知與了解。

and it's part of why grandmas are so good at crossword puzzles!

這就是為什麼奶奶們都很擅長填字遊戲。

Both fluid and crystallized intelligence are equally important on any given day, and ideally, they work together to get the job of thinking done.

但流體和晶體智力同等重要，理想中他們會互相運作幫助思考。

So in the end, some of our thinking gets rusty with age, but some of it keeps getting better.

所以最終，有些思考隨著年紀腐壞，但友協則會持續進步。

Of course, there are exceptions.

當然也是有例外的。

While most people who live into their 90s are still pretty sharp, some will experience a substantial loss of brain cells and suffer serious consequences.

當某些九十歲的人依然十分敏銳，有些人面臨著持續性的腦細胞喪失以及嚴重結果。

Brain tumors, small strokes, or continued alcohol dependence can all progressively damage the brain, increasing the risk of dementia.

腦瘤、小中風或持續性的酒精依賴都會逐漸損害大腦、增加癡呆的風險。

Dementia isn't a specific disease, but rather a set of symptoms related to

癡呆並不是特定的疾病，而是一系列的症狀。

impaired thinking, memory loss, confusion, and potential changes in personality that become severe enough to interfere with regular functioning.

像是受損的思考、記憶流失、混淆，還有個性可能改變，而且嚴到重足以干擾日常功能。

Alzheimer's disease is a form of progressive, irreversible dementia.

阿滋海默症是一種持續性、無法逆轉的癡呆。

First, memory declines, then reasoning, and then eventually basic physiological functions as vital brain neurons continue to deteriorate.

首先，記憶會消退，接著是理解力，最後是基本的心智功能，隨著重要的腦神經持續惡化。

It strikes about 3% of the world's population before age 75,

這個疾病衝擊了世界上3%的75歲以下人口。

although from there, the rate roughly doubles every five years.

儘管從那時起，這個比率每五年成長雙倍。

But again, not all dementia is related to Alzheimer's disease, nor is it as extreme.

但一樣地，不是所有的癡呆都與阿茲海默症有關，也不是每個都如此極端。

And while the risk of dementia certainly increases in older adults,

當患得癡呆症的風險確實會在老年人中增加。

it's important to remember that it is not part of normal, healthy aging.

重要的是要記得，這不是正常、健康老化的一部分。

Some memory changes are normal, but most memories should remain intact.

某些記憶力的改變是正常的，但大部分記憶應該要保持完整。

In the end, we still have a lot to learn about the aging process.

最後，關於老化我們還有很多值得學習。

As our lifespans continue to get longer, we might need to tweak what we think we know about its effects on human psychology.

隨著我們的生命長度逐漸延長，我們或許需要思索這些對人類心理學的影響。

In some ways, you might say that this is psychology's next frontier.

從某些方面來說，你或許會說這是心理學的下一個要拓展的新領域。

By the time we figure out what that looks like, the cast of The Breakfast Club might just be ready for a reunion... and they'd better make a movie about it.

屆時等我們搞清楚老化過程的全貌時，早餐俱樂部的演員們剛好準備好要重聚了，而他們最好也拍部電影。

Today, your developing brain learned about Erikson's eight stages of progressive psychosocial development and their accompanying issues.

今天，你那發展中的腦學習著Erikson心理進化的八種階段以及伴隨而來的議題。

You also learned about emerging adulthood, the differences between fluid and crystalline intelligence, and some facts about dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

你也學到「 初顯成人」、流體智力與結晶智力的差異以及一些癡呆與阿茲海默症的概念。

Thank you for watching this episode of Crash Course, especially to all of our Subbable subscribers who make this possible!

謝謝你關上本集的Crash Course，特別是我們的Subbable 訂閱者讓這一切成真。

To find out how you can become a supporter, just go to subbable.com/crashcourse.

想知道如何變成我們的支持者，請上subbable.com/crashcourse。

This episode was written by Kathleen Yale, edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant is Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat. Our director and editor is Nicholas Jenkins.

這部短片是由Kathleen Yale創造，經由 Blake de Pastino修改。而我們的顧問為Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat。導演與編劇是 Nicholas Jenkins。

The script supervisor is Michael Aranda who is also our sound designer, and the graphics team is Thought Café.

本翻譯的監製是Michael Aranda，他同時也是聲音設計，設計小組則是Thought Café。