Name: 今年是超級選舉年，超過40億人實體投票，但是為什麼做不到「線上投票」呢？ (Why Can't I Vote Online?)
Uploaded: 2024-11-05T21:01:20.000Z
Duration: 12 min 45 s

情態副詞

This year, more people will likely vote than at any time in history.

今年，參加投票的人數可能比歷史上任何時候都多。

It's being called the ultimate election year, when countries with half the world's population can vote for their leaders.

今年被稱為終極選舉年，屆時擁有世界一半人口的國家可以投票選舉自己的領導人。

This is a big test of democracy that requires millions of polling places and billions of ballots.

這是一場民主大考，需要數百萬個投票站和數十億張選票。

In some places, people need to travel long distances or wait in long lines.

在一些地方，人們需要長途跋涉或排長隊等候。

In the United States, we vote on a Tuesday, so sometimes people need to take off from work.

在美國，我們在星期二投票，所以有時人們需要請假。

And I'm wondering, wouldn't it be easier if I could just...

Over the past few months, I've been talking to voting and security experts to try to answer that question.

在過去的幾個月裡，我一直在與投票專家和安全專家交談，試圖回答這個問題。

And it turns out that the answer is more controversial, complicated, and high-stakes than I could have ever imagined.

而事實證明，答案的爭議性、複雜性和高風險超出了我的想象。

They have unbounded amounts of hackers, computers, and cash.

他們擁有不計其數的黑客、電腦和現金。

One of the surprising origins of online voting is actually space.

網絡投票令人驚訝的起源之一其實是太空。

In 1997, the U.S. state of Texas added an option for online voting to let this astronaut vote from the Mir space station.

1997 年，美國得克薩斯州增加了在線投票選項，讓這位太空人在和平號空間站上投票。

We fill out this application, the ballot is encrypted to us, we send it back down, and they record the vote.

我們填寫申請表，選票加密後發給我們，我們再把選票發回去，他們就會記錄投票。

This tradition of allowing astronauts to vote from space is still happening.

這種允許太空人在太空投票的傳統仍在延續。

The two American astronauts that are trapped on the ISS right now are planning to vote this way.

目前被困在國際空間站上的兩名美國太空人正計劃這樣投票。

And now, all of these states allow options for online voting for military and overseas citizens.

現在，所有這些州都允許軍人和海外公民選擇在線投票。

All in, about 300,000 Americans voted online in 2020.

總之，2020 年約有 30 萬美國人在網上投票。

Around the world, this map isn't exhaustive, but all of these countries have options for people to vote online to varying degrees.

在世界各地，這張地圖並不詳盡，但所有這些國家都在不同程度上為人們提供了在線投票的選擇。

But again, it's mostly available to people with special circumstances, it's not available to everybody.

但還是那句話，這主要是提供給有特殊情況的人，並不是每個人都能享受到。

In most of the world, voting looks like this.

在世界上大多數國家，投票是這樣進行的。

In India, for example, the world's largest democracy, people go to polling stations and then vote using electronic machines like this.

例如，在世界上最大的民主國家印度，人們前往投票站，然後使用這樣的電子投票機投票。

And then election officials paint their fingers with ink that lasts around two weeks.

然後，選舉官員在他們的手指上塗上墨水，這種墨水可以持續兩週左右。

Or in Gambia, for example, people place marbles into colored drums like this.

例如，在甘比亞，人們會把彈珠放到這樣的彩色鼓裡。

Or in the United States, here's me voting for the first time when I was 19.

或者在美國，這是我 19 歲時第一次投票。

I love that picture because I got all dressed up.

我喜歡這張照片，因為我打扮得漂漂亮亮的。

When I go this year, I'll mark a paper ballot, put it into the machine like this, and my vote will likely be counted using an optical scan ballot counter, which records the vote by reading the ballot like one of those Scantron tests you might have taken at school.

今年投票時，我會在紙質選票上做記號，然後像這樣把選票放進投票機，然後可能會使用光學掃描計票機來計算我的選票，這種計票機通過讀取選票來記錄選票，就像你在學校參加的 Scantron 考試一樣。

Importantly, the physical paper ballot is kept as a backup in case of an audit or a recount.

重要的是，實物紙質選票將作為備份保存，以備審計或重新計票時使用。

Many countries do something similar to this process.

The totals then get sent to a central office, which reports unofficial results.

然後，這些總數被送到中央辦公室，由其報告非官方結果。

That's what we see on TV on election night.

這就是我們在選舉之夜從電視上看到的。

We can now project the winner of the presidential race.

我們現在可以預測總統競選的勝者了。

The official results can sometimes come weeks later after election officials have had a But only about two-thirds of eligible U.S. citizens usually vote.

官方結果有時會在幾周後，在選舉官員對投票結果進行分析後才會公佈，但通常只有約三分之二的合格美國公民參加投票。

Compared to other countries, that's not great.

與其他國家相比，這並不算好。

The biggest dream North Star of online voting is to help increase the number of people who vote.

網絡投票最大的夢想北極星是幫助增加投票人數。

But it would be enough, in my mind, if it just made it easier for people to participate in their own democracies.

但在我看來，只要能讓人們更容易地參與自己的民主政治，這就足夠了。

如果而且只有在我們能夠安全地做到這一點的情況下。

The biggest thing to remember here about online voting is that the stakes couldn't be higher.

關於網絡投票，最重要的一點是，其利害關係不可謂不大。

We're talking about the most important, well-armed countries in the world choosing who runs them and trying to affect who runs their enemies.

我們談論的是世界上最重要、武器最精良的國家選擇誰來管理他們，並試圖影響誰來管理他們的敵人。

This is cybersecurity on a whole other level.

這是另一個層面上的網絡安全。

If you're one of the select people voting online in the U.S. now, you often have to email or fax your ballot.

如果您是美國現在網上投票的特定人群之一，您通常需要通過電子郵件或傳真來發送選票。

And the cybersecurity experts that I spoke to were very clear.

與我交談過的網絡安全專家都非常清楚。

That is not a system that you want a whole country using.

你不希望整個國家都使用這種系統。

但是，如果這是真的，那就不得了了。

What would good online voting actually take?

良好的網絡投票究竟需要什麼？

This is Dr. Joe Connery and Dr. Josh Benalow, who are both cybersecurity experts with over 20 years' experience working on online voting.

這位是喬-康納利博士（Dr. Joe Connery）和喬什-貝納洛博士（Dr. Josh Benalow），他們都是網絡安全專家，在網絡投票方面擁有 20 多年的工作經驗。

They're going to be our guides to understand why this problem is so hard and how we might be able to solve it.

他們將成為我們的嚮導，幫助我們理解為什麼這個問題如此棘手，以及我們如何才能解決這個問題。

We don't have all of the problems solved or well enough solved.

我們並沒有解決所有問題，也沒有解決得足夠好。

I usually will list four basic challenges to voting online.

我通常會列出網絡投票的四個基本挑戰。

If you're voting online, you have to have credentials of some sort, digital credentials.

如果你在網上投票，你必須有某種憑證，數字憑證。

In Estonia, every citizen gets an electronic ID card, which they use for healthcare, taxes, and since the early 2000s, online voting.

在愛沙尼亞，每個公民都有一張電子身份證，他們可以用這張身份證進行醫療保健、納稅，從 2000 年代初開始，還可以進行在線投票。

When an Estonian goes to vote, they use their ID card to validate their identity and then cast their vote.

愛沙尼亞人去投票時，先用身份證驗證身份，然後再投票。

In Europe, national ID cards are a thing and they've been around forever.

在歐洲，國家身份證是個東西，而且一直存在。

In America, there has always been an extreme resistance to the rollout of a national ID system.

在美國，推行全國身份證系統一直受到極大的阻力。

And that number sort of represents the foundation of what could be, you know, the first step of 1,000 to get to a national ID card from a technical standpoint.

從技術角度看，這個數字可以說是實現國民身份證的第一步。

But from a political standpoint, it's simply a no-go.

但從政治角度來看，這根本不可能。

The second challenge is both technical and political.

第二個挑戰既是技術性的，也是政治性的。

If I'm using a phone to vote and I log into the phone, like with my facial ID, I can just then hand that to someone else and they can vote.

如果我用手機投票，並用面部 ID 登錄手機，我就可以把手機交給其他人，讓他們投票。

Though you can't do that in a polling place.

不過在投票站可做不到這一點。

Imagine your boss says that they'll give you $500 to vote for a particular candidate.

想象一下，你的老闆說給你 500 美元，讓你投給某位候選人。

您的投票是保密的，這一點至關重要。

And not just that you vote in secret, but also that you don't have a receipt that you could then take back to your boss and say, ka-ching.

不僅是祕密投票，還因為你沒有收據，無法拿回去對老闆說 "咔嚓"。

When we didn't have secret ballot, we had lots of vote selling and vote buying and, you know, manipulation of voters.

在沒有無記名投票的時候，我們有很多賣票和買票的行為，你知道，還有操縱選民的行為。

Estonia deals with this by allowing voters to recast their vote as many times as they want online, with the last recorded vote being counted.

愛沙尼亞在處理這一問題時，允許選民在網上不限次數地重新投票，最後一次記錄的投票將被計算在內。

So if someone forced you to vote a certain way, you could re-vote later.

是以，如果有人強迫你以某種方式投票，你可以稍後再投。

We think of other things like online banking as being secret.

我們認為網上銀行等其他東西都是祕密的。

But by this standard, they're not at all.

但按照這個標準，他們根本不是。

You're logging into a website and every transaction you make has to be part of your public ledger shared with the bank.

你登錄一個網站，你所做的每一筆交易都必須成為與銀行共享的公共分類賬的一部分。

You can see all of your transactions afterward and your bank can see them too.

之後，您可以查看您的所有交易，您的銀行也可以看到這些交易。

Online voting is not like online banking.

That brings us to the third problem with online voting.

這就是網絡投票的第三個問題。

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今年是超級選舉年，超過40億人實體投票，但是為什麼做不到「線上投票」呢？ (Why Can't I Vote Online?)

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