I'm standing on land in what's now South Florida that's currently controlled by the U.S., but in the past has been controlled by the Spanish, is possibly named after the Moyaimi, and is the traditional territory of the Colusa, Miccosukee, Seminole, Taino, and Tequesta nations.

我現在所站的這片土地位於現在的南佛羅里達州，目前由美國控制，但過去曾由西班牙人控制，可能是以莫亞米人的名字命名的，也是科魯薩、米科蘇凱、塞米諾爾、泰諾和特克斯塔等民族的傳統領地。

As we've talked about a few times here on Crash Course Geography, each place comes with multiple names and a long history of rulers and claims that can still influence how it's perceived today.

正如我們在《地理速成班》中多次談到的那樣，每個地方都有多個名稱和悠久的統治者歷史，這些都會影響人們今天對它的看法。

As geographers, we can look at why those territories change control so much, and what the impact of that control has on relationships and landscapes.

作為地理學家，我們可以研究為什麼這些領土的控制權會發生如此大的變化，以及這種控制權對人際關係和景觀會產生什麼影響。

I'm Alizé Carrère and this is Crash Course Geography.

我是 Alizé Carrère，這裡是地理速成班。

Last time, we explored the relationships different economic systems can create between states.

上次，我們探討了不同的經濟體系在國家之間可能產生的關係。

This can be a relationship like the one between Bulgaria and Germany.

這可能是一種類似於保加利亞和德國之間的關係。

Their shared communist then capitalist history has led to long-standing alliances and being committed trading partners through all sorts of governments and economies.

它們共同的共產主義和資本主義歷史促成了長期聯盟，並在各種政府和經濟體中成為堅定的貿易伙伴。

Though we've also seen how geopolitics and different governments can influence the relationships between states. And today we're going to talk about a particular form of governing and the lasting impact it can have throughout the world. That's right, get out your risk boards, we're talking about empires. An empire forms when a single authority controls multiple territories, states, and countries. There are several ways an empire can function ranging from intrusive to rather hands-off. But when an empire also creates unequal economic or power relationships, that relationship is considered imperialism. Though this relationship can eventually be more hands-off too. Imperialism describes the domination and subordination of one state over others, and is often motivated by the acquisition of land, resources, or strategic positions.

儘管我們也看到了地緣政治和不同政府如何影響國家之間的關係。而今天，我們要討論的是一種特殊的統治形式，以及它可能對整個世界產生的持久影響。沒錯，拿出你們的風險板，我們要討論的就是帝國。當一個權力機構控制多個領土、州和國家時，帝國就形成了。帝國有幾種運作方式，有侵入式的，也有放手不管的。但是，當一個帝國同時建立起不平等的經濟或權力關係時，這種關係就被視為帝國主義。儘管這種關係最終也可能是不相干的。帝國主義描述的是一個國家對其他國家的統治和從屬關係，其動機通常是獲取土地、資源或戰略地位。

From there, we can look at different types of colonization, which is either a type of imperialism or just another type of empire, depending on who you ask, that often implies settlement of people in an area, and a degree of cultural control in addition to control of land and resources. Which kind of sounds like imperialism plus. Imperialism and colonialism do have really similar definitions. In fact, they're still debated within geography and other disciplines. In the early 21st century, when we talk about colonialism, we're often referring to European colonialism, which happened globally between the 15th century to the present.

從這一點出發，我們可以看看不同類型的殖民，殖民要麼是帝國主義的一種類型，要麼只是帝國的另一種類型，這取決於你問的是誰，殖民往往意味著人們在一個地區定居，除了控制土地和資源之外，還有一定程度的文化控制。這聽起來有點像帝國主義加殖民主義。帝國主義和殖民主義的定義非常相似。事實上，它們在地理學和其他學科中仍有爭論。在 21 世紀初，當我們談論殖民主義時，我們通常指的是 15 世紀至今發生在全球範圍內的歐洲殖民主義。

But the Chinese, Japanese, and Mongols built vast empires too. In this case, we talk about imperialism because of the way each expanded through force, and each had elements of extraction of resources and control of local politics. We feel the impacts of colonialism and imperialism around us in almost all places in the world, even though many of those systems have been formally ended. For instance, the Mongol Empire consolidated a huge chunk of Central Asia, and even though the territory has changed hands many times, it's still more or less together.

但中國人、日本人和蒙古人也建立了龐大的帝國。在這種情況下，我們之所以談論帝國主義，是因為它們都通過武力進行擴張，而且都有攫取資源和控制當地政治的因素。在世界上幾乎所有地方，我們都能感受到殖民主義和帝國主義的影響，儘管其中許多制度已經正式終結。例如，蒙古帝國鞏固了中亞的大片領土，儘管這些領土已多次易手，但或多或少仍在一起。

Today, that land makes up much of what's now Russia and Mongolia. Ultimately, empire, imperialism, and colonialism are all interrelated tactics of geopolitics that are used to achieve similar goals of one state maintaining economic, political, or cultural dominance over other territories, often for economic gain. In geography, when we want to study how colonialism changes the cultural landscape, we'll start with economic relationships. As we'll talk about more next time, geographers are particularly interested in the mechanisms that create uneven development, where one place has more wealth and power than another. Modern economic relationships have deep connections to colonialism, and geographers have a few different ways to think about the connection between colonialism and current economic landscapes. One way to think about lasting impacts of colonialism on the landscape is through dependency theory. The basic idea is that the long history of extraction between a colony and its colonizer creates an economic situation that's difficult to pull out of. It leaves those former colonies still economically reliant on the colonizer after gaining independence. To further explain the relationship between those with global power and those without, world systems theory categorizes the world into core areas with a lot of wealth and power, periphery areas that send raw materials to the core and rely on the core for economic support, and then semi-periphery areas which rely on relationships with both the core and the periphery and some wealth and power. And neocolonialism is another theory that attempts to explain situations where one country is outwardly independent, but their economic and political power is closely monitored and controlled by external forces. Geographers use ideas like these and others to explain the way powerful and less powerful countries relate to each other.

如今，這片土地的大部分已成為俄羅斯和蒙古的領土。歸根結底，帝國主義、帝國主義和殖民主義都是地緣政治中相互關聯的策略，用來實現一個國家對其他領土保持經濟、政治或文化統治的類似目標，通常是為了獲取經濟利益。在地理學中，當我們想研究殖民主義如何改變文化景觀時，我們會從經濟關係入手。正如我們下次將詳細討論的那樣，地理學家對造成不均衡發展的機制特別感興趣，即一個地方比另一個地方擁有更多的財富和權力。現代經濟關係與殖民主義有著深刻的聯繫，地理學家有幾種不同的方法來思考殖民主義與當前經濟格局之間的聯繫。思考殖民主義對景

Like in Taiwan, which has had imperial and colonial-esque relationships a few times.

就像臺灣，曾經有過幾次帝國和殖民地式的關係。

Around 1624, the Dutch colonized the indigenous people of Taiwan and used Taiwan mainly as a shipping port to get goods out of Asia and back to Europe. They fought for control of the island with the indigenous people who were already there, using mostly subsistence agriculture, or small-scale agriculture for local use by families and communities, rather than for export.

大約在 1624 年，荷蘭人對臺灣原住民進行殖民統治，並將臺灣主要用作將貨物運出亞洲、運回歐洲的港口。他們與島上的原住民爭奪對島嶼的控制權，主要使用自給農業，即供家庭和社區在當地使用的小規模農業，而不是用於出口。

The Dutch version of colonization was pretty much just for Taiwan's strategic location for their shipping needs. But as the Qing dynasty took control of Taiwan in the 1680s, it was a more imperial relationship, at first mostly as a way to keep pirates from controlling key ports.

荷蘭人殖民臺灣，主要是看中了臺灣的戰略位置，以滿足其航運需求。但隨著清朝在 16 世紀 80 年代控制了臺灣，雙方的關係更加帝王化，起初主要是為了防止海盜控制重要港口。

Then, as Chinese refugees moved to the island due to political tensions in China, the new settlers began farming sugar and rice on a small scale and changing land ownership arrangements.

後來，由於中國的政治緊張局勢，中國難民移居島上，新移民開始小規模種植蔗糖和大米，並改變了土地所有權安排。

For all intents and purposes, this was a settler-colonial relationship, meaning that people from China moved to the island to live and in doing so changed the cultural practices of the area. As Chinese people moved in, they negotiated and fought with the indigenous peoples as they tried to set up their own small rice and sugar farms, along with planning out towns. In some cases, indigenous peoples were able to claim ownership of the land and charge rents, but in others, the indigenous peoples quit subsistence farming to work on the sugar plantations or were forced to move their subsistence plots into more rugged territory. Then, by 1895, when Japan took control of Taiwan, Japan wanted Taiwan to move from a subsistence to an industrial level of rice and sugar production. They created restrictions on where people could live and farm that made it difficult to continue subsistence farming.

就所有意圖和目的而言，這是一種殖民者與殖民地的關係，這意味著來自中國的人搬到島上居住，從而改變了該地區的文化習俗。隨著中國人的遷入，他們試圖建立自己的小型水稻和蔗糖農場，並規劃出城鎮，在此過程中，他們與原住民進行了談判和爭鬥。在某些情況下，原住民能夠要求獲得土地所有權並收取租金，但在另一些情況下，原住民放棄了自給自足的耕作，轉而在蔗糖種植園工作，或被迫將自給自足的土地遷移到更加崎嶇不平的地方。到了 1895 年，日本控制了臺灣，日本希望臺灣的稻米和蔗糖生產從自給自足發展到工業化水準。他們對人們的居住和耕作

People began to change what they grew and many had to work on plantations to make enough money.

人們開始改變他們種植的作物，許多人不得不在種植園工作，以賺取足夠的錢。

As the Japanese empire rose, Japan became less isolated and more open to European trade.

隨著日本帝國的崛起，日本不再孤立，對歐洲貿易更加開放。

They were trying and succeeding to be an imperial force, one that was strong enough militarily and economically to avoid being colonized themselves. To create that strength,

他們試圖併成功地成為一支帝國力量，一支在軍事和經濟上足夠強大的力量，以避免自己被殖民化。為了創造這種力量、

Japan became an economic colonizing force, meaning they used land outside of their own territory to improve their economic resources. Taiwan became the source of primary goods like sugar and rice, and those goods mostly went to Japan. All of this extraction and separating of people from their land should have kept Taiwan from having much power in economic relationships with larger economies like China and Japan after World War II.

日本成為一股經濟殖民勢力，這意味著他們利用本國領土以外的土地來改善其經濟資源。臺灣成為糖和大米等初級產品的產地，而這些產品大多銷往日本。所有這些榨取和人地分離的行為本應在二戰後使臺灣在與中國和日本等較大經濟體的經濟關係中沒有多少力量。

But at the end of the 1940s, China went through a civil war that led to communist rule, and prompted the U.S. and their allies to provide ample funding to set up strong, capitalist economies to reinforce and maintain a containment zone around Chinese communism.

但在 20 世紀 40 年代末，中國發生內戰，導致共產黨統治，促使美國及其盟國提供大量資金，建立強大的資本主義經濟體，以加強和維持對中國共產主義的遏制區。

Today, Taiwan still acts as a shatterbelt between China and the West, meaning it's strategically located between two large powers, the U.S.'s allies and China.

今天，臺灣仍然是中國和西方之間的破碎帶，這意味著它位於兩個大國--美國的盟國和中國--之間的戰略要地。

So by the 1980s, Taiwan was considered one of the Asian Tigers, which was a term used for Asian economies that experienced intense growth and industrialization after World War II. That's a lot of land-grabbing and economic movement, and all that just in this one island. Taiwan shows us that there are a host of motivations for one country to colonize another, and that the outcomes of colonization aren't uniform.

是以，到 20 世紀 80 年代，臺灣被認為是 "亞洲四小龍 "之一。"亞洲四小龍 "指的是二戰後經歷了快速增長和工業化的亞洲經濟體。僅僅在這一個島嶼上，就發生了大量的土地掠奪和經濟運動。臺灣向我們展示了一個國家殖民另一個國家的多種動機，殖民的結果也不盡相同。

But a country is more than just its economy, and colonialism can shape the landscape in other ways too. Colonizers have been known to antagonize existing ethnic conflicts, or create new ones by promoting one group over another and making sure both groups know why, which ultimately meddles in both local politics and culture. This is what happened in what is now called Myanmar, which was most recently a part of the British Empire.

但是，一個國家不僅僅只有經濟，殖民主義還能以其他方式塑造國家的面貌。眾所周知，殖民者會激化現有的民族衝突，或通過提拔一個群體而不是另一個群體來製造新的衝突，並確保兩個群體都知道原因，最終干涉當地的政治和文化。這就是發生在現在的緬甸的情況，緬甸最近曾是大英帝國的一部分。

This can be as simple as how different groups are talked about and how language gets used to signal the good cultures. The messaging throughout Myanmar's colonial period about which groups were outsiders and which groups belonged set up foundations for ongoing conflicts between the peoples of this region. Usually, the so-called civilized, developed, and modern cultures are either the colonizers or the colonizers' preferred cultural group.

這可以很簡單，比如如何談論不同的群體，以及如何使用語言來表達好的文化。在緬甸的整個殖民時期，關於哪些群體是外來者、哪些群體屬於外來者的資訊為該地區各民族之間的持續衝突奠定了基礎。通常情況下，所謂的文明、發達和現代文化要麼是殖民者的，要麼是殖民者喜歡的文化群體。

And derogatory language like uncivilized, primitive, or backward refers to the people being colonized or the more marginal groups. This coding of people and cultural traits as acceptable and unacceptable allows for the mistreatment, enslavement, and genocide of people.

而不文明、原始或落後等貶義詞則是指被殖民者或邊緣群體。這種將人和文化特徵劃分為可接受和不可接受的編碼方式，導致了對人的虐待、奴役和種族滅絕。

And today, Myanmar is known for regular war and conflict between groups and an ongoing genocide as of late 2021. Both Myanmar and Taiwan are examples of how empires treat a peripheral territory. In the case of Taiwan, it was advantageous for the territory to build up a strong presence through a powerful economy. Because they have control over their own economy and are strong enough to negotiate favorable trade for themselves, they are not fully dependent on any one country. They are semi-periphery.

而如今，緬甸因經常發生戰爭和群體間衝突以及 2021 年末仍在進行的種族滅絕而聞名。緬甸和臺灣都是帝國如何對待邊緣領土的例子。就臺灣而言，通過強大的經濟來建立強大的存在對該領土是有利的。因為他們可以控制自己的經濟，並有足夠的實力為自己進行有利的貿易談判，所以他們並不完全依賴於任何一個國家。它們是半邊緣國家。

But in the case of Myanmar, it went through a type of colonization that politically divided different cultural groups, leaving the resulting state fractured. The British Empire united its own power through national pride and accumulating immense wealth, but destroyed local power through suppression of national cultural expression like languages and religions, changing local knowledge and education, and dismantling the existing economy. So in Myanmar and other former colonies, the long-term political consequences of colonization are bound up in the impact of how colonizers treated their cultural heritage and landscapes. In other parts of the world, settler colonialism like Taiwan experienced with the Qing dynasty often makes the largest impact on the cultural landscape. Settlers can use processes like forced migration, remaking place names, and other tactics that rewrite the landscape to signal that one culture is prioritized over other, already existing cultures. As North America also struggles to reconcile its history and present day settler colonial system with social calls for equality for black, indigenous, and other people of color, we can see the roots of those stereotypes and tensions going back to colonial language. So much of the world has spent time in one form of empire or colonial structure or another that we can also find the imprint of colonialism even in places that were never colonized.

但就緬甸而言，它經歷了一種殖民化，在政治上分裂了不同的文化群體，導致國家四分五裂。大英帝國通過民族自豪感和積累鉅額財富凝聚了自己的力量，卻通過壓制語言和宗教等民族文化表現形式、改變當地知識和教育以及瓦解現有經濟摧毀了當地的力量。是以，在緬甸和其他前殖民地，殖民化的長期政治後果與殖民者如何對待其文化遺產和景觀的影響息息相關。在世界其他地區，定居者殖民主義（如臺灣在清朝所經歷的殖民主義）往往對文化景觀產生最大的影響。定居者可以利用強迫移民、重塑地名等過程，以及其他改寫景觀的策略，來表明一種文化優先於其他已經存

Like in Thailand, which was never a colony despite being nestled between territories once part of

就像泰國一樣，儘管它坐落在曾經屬於蒙古帝國、日本帝國，甚至歐洲帝國的領土之間，但它從來都不是殖民地。

Mongolian, Japanese, and even European empires. But it still felt the pressure of those narratives that dictated what was a desirable culture. Now I'm going to use my psychic geography powers and guess that you have a Thai restaurant somewhere near you. Feeling pressure to fit in, the Thai government tried to both make their food seem palatable to non-Thai audiences, which would help them align with dominant cultures, and remain true to their cultural heritages. And by 2003, the Thai government invested millions providing loans to Thai citizens who wanted to create restaurants abroad. This furthers their cultural outreach and international goodwill. This is a form of culinary colonization, or pressure to change and conform the cultural trait of food for diplomatic reasons. While no one external leader or state required this change, the leaders of Thailand realized that if Thai people were going to control the narrative about their culture, they would have to get out ahead of the pressure to conform. Thailand crafted their own story and worked to ensure the world could see them in a favorable light before any other cultural group could decide what to privilege and what to silence about Thai cultural traits. Like food. So as cultural and human geographers, unraveling colonial influence is part of understanding the cultural landscape. And as economic and political geographers, being able to read the causes of unequal economic opportunity or political power is part of our work. But colonialism isn't a thing of the past. We still see the push and pull for control over resources in regions all over the world. And we'll begin to explore that relationship next time when we talk about development and the ways that countries measure their success on the global stage. Many maps and borders represent modern geopolitical divisions that have often been decided without the consultation, permission, or recognition of the land's original inhabitants. Many geographical place names also don't reflect the indigenous or aboriginal people's languages. So we at Crash Course want to acknowledge these people's traditional and ongoing relationship with that land and all the physical and human geographical elements of it. We encourage you to learn about the history of the place you call home through resources like NativeLand.ca and by engaging with your local indigenous and aboriginal nations through the websites and resources they provide. Thanks for watching this episode of Crash

但它仍然感受到了這些敘事的壓力，這些敘事決定了什麼是理想的文化。現在，我將運用我的地理通靈能力，猜測你附近的某個地方有一家泰國餐館。迫於融入社會的壓力，泰國政府試圖讓非泰國人也能品嚐到他們的美食，這樣既能幫助他們與主流文化接軌，又能忠實於自己的文化遺產。到 2003 年，泰國政府投資數百萬美元，為希望在國外開餐館的泰國公民提供貸款。這進一步加強了他們的文化外延和國際親善。這是一種烹飪殖民形式，或者說是出於外交原因改變和順應飲食文化特徵的壓力。雖然沒有任何一個外部領導人或國

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