In 2015, world leaders of 193 member states of the United Nations agreed to 17 global goals, officially known as the Sustainable Development Goals and pronounced SDGs.

2015 年，聯合國 193 個會員國的世界領導人達成了 17 項全球目標，正式名稱為 "可持續發展目標"，簡稱 "SDGs"。

These goals were carefully identified as having the potential to change the world by 2030 through poverty eradication, fighting inequality and addressing the urgency of climate change.

這些目標經過認真確定，有可能通過消除貧困、消除不平等和應對氣候變化的緊迫性，在 2030 年之前改變世界。

The 17 goals constitute of 169 targets and 230 indicators.

17 項目標包括 169 項具體目標和 230 項指標。

The global goals are ambitious but achievable.

全球目標雄心勃勃，但可以實現。

It integrates all three aspects of sustainable development and they are social, economic and environmental.

它綜合了可持續發展的所有三個方面，即社會、經濟和環境。

Goal 2 – Zero Hunger

目標 2--零飢餓

Goal 2 is to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

目標 2 是消除飢餓、實現糧食安全、改善營養狀況和促進可持續農業。

There are eight targets in Goal 2.

目標 2 共有八個具體目標。

Extreme hunger and malnutrition remain a barrier to sustainable development.

極端飢餓和營養不良仍然是可持續發展的障礙。

It creates a trap that people cannot easily escape from.

它給人們製造了一個難以逃脫的陷阱。

Hunger and malnutrition mean less productive individuals who are more prone to disease and thus often unable to earn more and improve their livelihoods thereby they are stuck in the poverty bracket.

飢餓和營養不良意味著生產力較低，更容易生病，是以往往無法賺取更多收入和改善生活，從而陷入貧困。

Before COVID-19, food insecurity was already on the rise.

在 COVID-19 之前，糧食不安全問題就已經在加劇。

In a recently published brief by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, today more than 820 million people regularly go to bed hungry.

聯合國糧食及農業組織最近發表的一份簡報指出，目前有超過 8.2 億人經常餓著肚子睡覺。

135 million of that population suffer from acute hunger largely due to man-made conflicts, climate change and economic downturns.

其中有 1.35 億人遭受嚴重飢餓，主要原因是人為衝突、氣候變化和經濟衰退。

An estimated 821 million people were undernourished in 2017, the same number as in 2010.

據估計，2017 年有 8.21 億人營養不良，與 2010 年的數字相同。

The prevalence of undernutrition has remained virtually unchanged in the past three years.

在過去三年中，營養不良的發生率幾乎沒有變化。

Majority of the world's hungry people live in developing countries.

世界上大部分飢餓人口生活在開發中國家。

With a hunger prevalence rate of 23.2% in 2017, the sub-Saharan Africa region has the highest prevalence of hunger.

2017 年，撒哈拉以南非洲地區的飢餓發生率為 23.2%，是飢餓發生率最高的地區。

Africans are easily pushed into food insecurity because their ability to adapt is limited by many factors such as low savings, access to finance and insurance.

非洲人很容易陷入糧食不安全的境地，因為他們的適應能力受到許多因素的限制，如儲蓄少、無法獲得資金和保險。

As a result, lives are lost, malnutrition rises, health worsens and school enrollment drops.

結果，生命喪失，營養不良加劇，健康狀況惡化，入學率下降。

All this ultimately damages the economy's productive capacity.

所有這些最終都會損害經濟的生產能力。

These challenges are currently playing out with COVID-19.

COVID-19 目前正在應對這些挑戰。

Future landscape.

未來景觀。

What is the way forward?

前進的方向是什麼？

This year, Africa is dealing with an unusual low-cost infestation that's ravaging parts of the Horn of Africa.

今年，非洲正在應對一種不尋常的低成本蟲害，這種蟲害正在非洲之角的部分地區肆虐。

A World Bank report states that this outbreak could result in crop and livestock losses valued at $8.5 billion and also reduced harvests and shortage of food in markets.

世界銀行的一份報告指出，這次疫情可能導致價值 85 億美元的農作物和牲畜損失，還可能導致收成減少和市場糧食短缺。

The same report adds that climate shocks, which have been increasing in number and severity in recent years, could also hurt agricultural production.

同一份報告還指出，近年來氣候衝擊的次數和嚴重程度不斷增加，也會損害農業生產。

These multiple crises unfolding at the same time threaten to grow the rate of Africa's hungry and vulnerable people.

這些同時發生的多重危機有可能使非洲飢餓和弱勢人口的增長速度加快。

It also concludes that refugees, internally displaced people and people living in areas marked by conflict and fragility like the Sahel are especially at risk.

報告還得出結論認為，難民、境內流離失所者以及生活在薩赫勒等衝突和脆弱地區的人們尤其面臨風險。

COVID-19 heightens the severity of the difficulty of the struggle to ensure food security.

COVID-19 加劇了確保糧食安全鬥爭的嚴峻性。

There is a strong link between poverty and food insecurity.

貧困與糧食不安全之間有著密切的聯繫。

Investment in the agriculture sector is critical in reducing hunger and improving food security.

對農業部門的投資對於減少飢餓和提高糧食安全至關重要。

Small-scale food producers are a big part of the solution to world hunger.

小規模糧食生產者是解決世界飢餓問題的重要組成部分。

Empowering small-scale food producers is central to improving food security and reducing poverty and hunger.

增強小規模糧食生產者的能力是改善糧食安全、減少貧困和飢餓的核心。

Specifically, attention needs to be given to increasing the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, implementing resilient agricultural practices and ensuring the proper functioning of markets.

具體而言，需要關注提高農業生產率和小規模糧食生產者的收入，實施有彈性的農業做法，並確保市場的正常運作。

Finally, in ensuring that no one is left behind on the road towards zero hunger, the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition must be broken.

最後，為了確保在實現零飢餓的道路上不讓任何人掉隊，必須打破營養不良的代際循環。

Africa cannot address food insecurity without addressing the agriculture-related drivers of conflict and fragility and their consequences.

如果不解決衝突和脆弱性的農業驅動因素及其後果，非洲就無法解決糧食不安全問題。

Investing in smallholder women and men is an important way to increase food security and nutrition for the poorest, as well as food production for local and global markets.

對小農婦女和男子進行投資，是提高最貧困人口糧食安全和營養水準以及當地和全球市場糧食產量的重要途徑。

If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.

如果女性農民能像男性農民一樣獲得資源，世界上的飢餓人口最多可減少 1.5 億。

UNC's faculty and research support this goal.

UNC 的師資力量和研究工作為這一目標提供了支持。

Professors Colin Torr-West,

科林-托爾-韋斯特教授

Anthropology Department at UNC, and Aaron Moody, Geography Department at UNC, are working with a team of undergraduate and graduate students to understand vegetation dynamics in the Sahelian region of Burkina Faso in West Africa.

他們正與一個由大學生和研究所學生組成的團隊合作，瞭解西非布基納法索薩赫勒地區的植被動態。

This project is also supported by UNC's research hub and the GIS librarian Philip McDaniel.

該項目還得到了聯合國大學研究中心和地理信息系統圖書管理員 Philip McDaniel 的支持。

This National Science Foundation-funded project is titled

這個由美國國家科學基金會資助的項目名為

Factors Influencing Vegetation Trends in Dryland Zones and it contributes directly to Goal 2's targets 2.3 and 2.4.

影響旱地植被趨勢的因素》，它直接有助於實現目標 2 的具體目標 2.3 和 2.4。

Factors Influencing Vegetation Trends in Dryland Zones

影響旱地植被趨勢的因素

The Sahelian region has long been considered an area of increasing desertification since droughts of the 1970s and 1980s.

自 20 世紀 70 年代和 80 年代的乾旱以來，薩赫勒地區一直被認為是荒漠化日益嚴重的地區。

But recent analysis of satellite images suggests the opposite, revealing patterns of increased vegetation called re-greening.

但最近對衛星影像的分析表明，情況恰恰相反，它揭示了被稱為 "返綠 "的植被增加模式。

One big question around this process of re-greening is what is causing it?

圍繞這一返青過程的一個大問題是，是什麼導致了返青？

Over the summer of 2019,

在 2019 年夏天、

Colin Torr-West and graduate students

科林-托爾-韋斯特和研究所學生

Alfredo Rojas, Anthropology Department at UNC, and Kofi Nomedji, Anthropology Department at Duke, conducted fieldwork in farming communities to understand what and who is contributing to re-greening.

聯合國大學人類學系的阿爾弗雷多-羅哈斯（Alfredo Rojas）和杜克大學人類學系的科菲-諾梅吉（Kofi Nomedji）在農業社區進行了實地考察，以瞭解什麼和誰在為復綠做出貢獻。

Local communities are practicing soil and water conservation strategies to improve the quality of soil.

當地社區正在實施水土保持戰略，以改善土壤品質。

SWC practices help nourish the soil, leading to the growth of crops, as well as increased tree cover.

小農作物耕作法有助於滋養土壤，促進作物生長，並增加樹木覆蓋率。

Fieldwork included participatory mapping activities to tap into community insights of local vegetation patterns.

實地考察包括參與式繪圖活動，以瞭解社區對當地植被模式的看法。

Since the summer,

從夏天開始

Colin West and students have been analyzing fieldwork data to create web maps as well as interpret satellite imagery through the perspectives of local community members.

科林-韋斯特和學生們一直在分析實地考察數據，以創建網絡地圖，並通過當地社區成員的視角解讀衛星影像。

Data is still being analyzed, but some preliminary findings suggest that

目前仍在對數據進行分析，但一些初步結果表明

SWC practices contribute to greening.

小流域綜合管理做法有助於綠化。

And greening appears to be patchy throughout the communities where fieldwork was done.

在進行實地考察的社區中，綠化似乎是零星的。

Progress on this research has been slightly affected by COVID-19.

COVID-19 稍微影響了這項研究的進展。

The research team is currently working on articles to publish results in Anthropology and Geography journals.

研究小組目前正在撰寫文章，以便在人類學和地理學期刊上發表研究成果。

In conclusion, increasing agricultural productivity and sustainable food production are crucial to help alleviate the perils of hunger.

總之，提高農業生產率和可持續糧食生產對於幫助減輕飢餓的危害至關重要。

Investment in the agriculture sector is critical for reducing hunger and poverty, improving food security, creating employment and building resilience to disasters and shocks.

對農業部門的投資對於減少飢餓和貧困、改善糧食安全、創造就業以及增強抵禦災害和衝擊的能力至關重要。

Despite the challenges of climate change and state fragility in parts of Africa, the continent has the potential to not only achieve food and nutrition security, but to leverage the food sector for its overall development.

儘管非洲部分地區面臨氣候變化和國家脆弱性的挑戰，但非洲大陸不僅有潛力實現糧食和營養安全，而且有潛力利用糧食部門促進其整體發展。

For the goals to be met, everyone needs to do their part.

為了實現目標，每個人都需要儘自己的一份力量。

Academic and research institutions, governments, the private sector, civil society, bilateral and multilateral institutions, the development community, and the general public.

學術和研究機構、政府、私營部門、民間社會、雙邊和多邊機構、發展界以及公眾。