Pessimists do the exact opposite.

悲觀主義者的做法恰恰相反。

If I've got a friend that's a pessimist or a partner or a husband or whatever it might be, how do I get them to become more of an optimist?

如果我的朋友是個悲觀主義者，或者我的伴侶、丈夫或其他什麼人是個悲觀主義者，我該如何讓他們變得更樂觀呢？

First of all, about 30% of how optimistic we are is genetically determined.

首先，我們的樂觀程度約有 30% 是由基因決定的。

This has been shown from twin studies, but that still leaves two thirds, right?

雙胞胎研究已經證明了這一點，但還剩下三分之二，不是嗎？

I think the best studies on this comes probably from Martin Seligman, where he got people who were somewhat pessimistic, even slightly depressed.

我認為這方面最好的研究可能來自馬丁-塞利格曼（Martin Seligman），他找來了一些有點悲觀，甚至有點抑鬱的人。

The approach that he took is to change the interpretation style.

他採取的方法是改變解釋風格。

So optimists, this is what they usually do.

是以，樂觀主義者通常會這麼做。

If something happened and it went well, you sold your startup for a lot of money, you had a project and it was successful, they usually interpret that as meaning it's something about them that caused this positive outcome, right?

如果有什麼事情發生了，而且進展順利，比如你的初創公司賣了很多錢，你有一個項目並取得了成功，他們通常會把這理解為是自己的某些方面導致了這一積極的結果，對嗎？

And it is something in them that's quite permanent.

他們身上的這種東西是永久性的。

Let's say my project went well because I'm a hard worker, maybe I'm intelligent or whatever.

比方說，我的項目進展順利，因為我是個勤奮的人，也許我很聰明，或者其他什麼原因。

And then they say, well, if I have those skills, that means that a lot of other things are going to work well in life, right?

然後他們會說，好吧，如果我有這些技能，那就意味著生活中的很多其他事情都會很順利，對嗎？

If I'm in a hard work or if I'm a good with people, that also means that I'll be a good dad, for example.

比如說，如果我工作努力，或者我善於與人打交道，這也意味著我會成為一個好爸爸。

When something negative happens, they tend to do the opposite.

當消極的事情發生時，他們往往會反其道而行之。

They tend to see it as circumstantial, right?

他們傾向於將其視為間接證據，對嗎？

This negative thing happened.

這種負面的事情發生了。

Okay, I didn't put a lot of effort in this, but not because I'm not a hard worker.

好吧，我並沒有為此付出很多努力，但並不是因為我不勤奮。

I just didn't put enough effort because I was distracted by something else or, you know, this other person just happened to have a better proposal.

我只是沒有付出足夠的努力，因為我被其他事情分心了，或者，你知道，這個其他人恰好有一個更好的提議。

So it's circumstantial.

所以這是間接證據。

That means that they don't take that as evidence of how am I going to perform in the future, right?

這意味著，他們不會將此作為我今後表現如何的證據，對嗎？

So it's really different interpretation of negative outcomes and positive outcomes.

是以，這其實是對消極結果和積極結果的不同解釋。

And then pessimists do the exact opposite.

而悲觀主義者卻恰恰相反。

When something bad happens, they say this bad thing happened because of me, because of a trait that I have.

當有壞事發生時，他們就會說這件壞事是因為我，是因為我的某種特質。

And because I have this trait, let's say I'm bad with people, that's going to affect all the rest of my life and all these future projects.

因為我有這個特點，比方說，我不善於與人打交道，這將影響我以後的生活和所有這些項目。

When something good happens, it's circumstantial.

當好事發生時，它是間接的。

Good thing happened.

好事發生了。

I got the job, but really because they didn't have any other candidates.

我得到這份工作，其實是因為他們沒有其他候選人。

So what Martin Seligman did is he taught people this interpretation style.

是以，馬丁-塞利格曼所做的就是教給人們這種解釋風格。

He taught them whenever something good happens, this is how you have to think about it.

他教導他們，每當有好事發生時，都要這樣去想。

You have to think about what is it about you that caused this positive thing to happen?

你必須想一想，是你的什麼原因導致了這一積極事件的發生？

And how is that positive trait or whatever skill, with everything you did, how can it affect other parts of your life and other future outcomes?

你所做的一切，又是如何影響你生活的其他部分和未來的其他結果的？

And the opposite for negative.

反之亦然。

If something negative happened, I don't mean it don't take responsibility, but are there circumstantial, right?

如果發生了負面事件，我不是說不承擔責任，而是有間接證據，對嗎？

It could be something that you did, but it doesn't have to be permanent.

這可能是你做過的事情，但不一定是永久性的。

You happen to be in a really bad state because something else, your parent was sick or something.

因為其他原因，比如你的父母生病了什麼的，你碰巧處於非常糟糕的狀態。

So he teaches them, the people, to kind of interpret this, to find these reasons for the positive and negative, and it seemed to work.

是以，他教導他們，教導人們，去解釋這一切，去尋找正反兩方面的原因，而這似乎是行之有效的。