One with eight legs, and a reputation for invincibility.

一個長著八條腿，以無敵著稱的人。

Supposedly, they're everywhere.

據說，它們無處不在。

They've been found on the tops of mountains, at the bottom of the ocean, in tropical rainforests, Antarctica, and maybe on the top of my moldy garage.

它們在山頂、海底、熱帶雨林、南極洲都被發現過，也許就在我發黴的車庫頂上。

But tardigrades are more than just charming and ubiquitous.

但是，水熊蟲不僅僅是迷人和無處不在。

They are really intense.

他們真的很緊張。

If you've ever heard about tardigrades, you've probably heard that they're invincible.

如果你聽說過沙丁魚，你可能聽說過它們是無敵的。

And there is some surprising truth to this.

這其中也有令人驚訝的道理。

Certain species can survive being frozen to just above absolute zero, and heated to more than 149 degrees Celsius.

某些物種可以在冷凍到絕對零度以上、加熱到攝氏 149 度以上的情況下存活。

They can survive being completely dried out, and have even survived going to space.

它們可以在完全乾燥的環境中生存，甚至可以在太空中生存。

In these extreme conditions, tardigrades go into a sort of suspended animation.

在這種極端條件下，沙丁魚會進入一種懸浮狀態。

And even after decades of being in this suspended state, they can be woken up as if nothing happened.

甚至在這種懸浮狀態持續了幾十年之後，他們還能被喚醒，就像什麼都沒發生過一樣。

It's so unlike anything we see in our day-to-day lives, that it makes scientists question the boundaries of what we consider alive versus dead.

它與我們日常生活中看到的任何東西都是如此不同，以至於科學家們對我們認為的生與死的界限產生了疑問。

And beyond this perplexing resilience, even the basic anatomy of tardigrades comes with its own puzzles.

除了這種令人困惑的復原力之外，就連沙丁魚的基本解剖結構也令人費解。

Most creatures in the microscopic world wriggle, thrash, or have beating cilia or flagella.

微觀世界中的大多數生物都會蠕動、搖擺，或者有跳動的纖毛或鞭毛。

Legs are almost unheard of for creatures this small.

對於這麼小的生物來說，腿幾乎是聞所未聞的。

And the mystery of tardigrade anatomy only deepens when you learn about marine tardigrades that have insane structures coming off their body that are as dazzling as they are baffling.

當你瞭解到海洋沙蜥時，沙蜥解剖學的神祕性就更深了，它們身體上的瘋狂結構令人眼花繚亂、匪夷所思。

Some look like flagpoles, others look like inflatable sticky feathers.

有的像旗杆，有的像充氣粘羽。

And for many of these structures, we still don't know what they're for.

對於其中的許多建築，我們仍然不知道它們是用來做什麼的。

For an organism so prevalent in nearly every part of the planet, tardigrades are still deeply mysterious.

對於一種幾乎遍佈地球每個角落的生物來說，遲髮型生物仍然非常神祕。

Why did this microscopic creature evolve to walk at all?

為什麼這種微小的生物會進化成會走路的動物？

And what's with those crazy morphological structures?

那些瘋狂的形態結構是怎麼回事？

Why are tardigrades thought to be invincible?

為什麼人們認為沙丁魚是不可戰勝的？

And could their incredible abilities one day allow them to colonize outer space and the harsh environment of Mars?

有朝一日，他們的驚人能力能否讓他們在外太空和火星的惡劣環境中殖民？

All tardigrades are aquatic animals, requiring a film of water around their bodies to permit locomotion and gas exchange.

所有的蜥形綱動物都是水生動物，它們的身體周圍需要一層水膜，以便於運動和氣體交換。

However, most of the tardigrades known to science are found on land, in mosses and lichens all over terrestrial environments.

不過，科學界已知的大多數沙丁魚都生活在陸地上，遍佈陸地環境中的苔蘚和地衣中。

These tardigrades are known as limnoterrestrial, and are classified as eutardigrades.

這些遲行動物被稱為 "跛足動物"，並被歸類為 "超慢動物"。

But you can't see them with the naked eye.

但你無法用肉眼看到它們。

They're between 100 and 500 microns in length, and only visible under a microscope.

它們的長度在 100 到 500 微米之間，只有在顯微鏡下才能看到。

But luckily for me, it doesn't have to be a very powerful one.

但幸運的是，我並不需要多麼強大的功能。

So having recently moved to a very wet, mossy environment, I'm going to see if I can find one.

最近我搬到了一個非常潮溼、長滿苔蘚的地方，我想看看能不能找到一個。

So the scientists told me that you can find tardigrades in mosses and lichens.

科學家告訴我，你可以在苔蘚和地衣中發現遲髮型生物。

So I'm going to collect some moss from this rock that I just found.

所以我要從這塊剛找到的石頭上採集一些苔蘚。

Betty's going to help me.

貝蒂會幫我的

You helping?

你在幫忙嗎？

And I'm going to put it in this petri dish, and later we'll try to decant some tardigrades out of it.

我要把它放在這個培養皿裡 然後我們再試著從裡面提取一些遲髮型生物

The origins of tardigrades appear to go back all the way to the Cambrian, around 550 million years ago, before land plants, before the earliest ancestors of mammals, before the dinosaurs.

沙丁魚的起源似乎可以追溯到距今約 5.5 億年前的寒武紀，早於陸地植物，早於哺乳動物的最早祖先，也早於恐龍。

Basically, tardigrades have been around for a long, long time.

從根本上說，沙丁魚已經存在了很久很久。

Today, scientists struggle to fit the tardigrade neatly into the evolutionary tree.

如今，科學家們努力將沙丁魚整齊地放入進化樹中。

They're in their own phylum, called tardigrada, and there is still much debate about whether they're more closely related to arthropods or to nematodes.

它們屬於自己的門類，叫做 "遲髮型"（tardigrada），關於它們與節肢動物還是線蟲的親緣關係仍然存在很多爭議。

PhD student Mark Mapalo considers himself a paleotardigrodologist and has special interest in studying ancient tardigrades.

博士生馬克-馬帕洛（Mark Mapalo）認為自己是一名古遲緩動物學家，對研究古遲緩動物特別感興趣。

The oldest fossil tardigrades that we are sure is a tardigrade is actually around the Cretaceous.

我們可以確定的最古老的沙蜥化石實際上是在白堊紀左右。

It's dated around the Cretaceous, which is like the time of the dinosaurs, basically.

它的年代大約在白堊紀，也就是恐龍時代。

It's 90 million years old, and all of those tardigrade fossils are actually preserved in amber.

它距今已有 9000 萬年的歷史，所有這些沙蜥化石實際上都保存在琥珀中。

So our hypothesis is that these tardigrades are so small that the only way for you to actually preserve them, or the highest chance of them being preserved in a fossil, is in amber.

是以，我們的假設是，這些沙丁魚是如此之小，以至於真正保存它們的唯一方法，或者說它們保存在化石中的最高几率，就是在琥珀中。

Amber is fossilized tree resin.

琥珀是樹木樹脂的化石。

You're probably familiar with the sticky resin that comes out of some trees when their bark is injured.

您可能對某些樹木樹皮受傷時流出的粘稠樹脂並不陌生。

Now and in the past, insects or tardigrades often get trapped in the substance and can't escape.

不管是現在還是過去，昆蟲或沙丁魚經常被困在這種物質中無法逃脫。

On occasion, some of these ancient globs of resin fell in water and ended up becoming buried in the sediment.

有時，這些古老的樹脂球會掉進水裡，最後被泥沙掩埋。

As it settled deeper and deeper into the earth, the pressure and temperature began to rise.

隨著它越來越深入地層，壓力和溫度也開始上升。

Over millennia, these conditions caused the resin's compounds to polymerize, where they turned hard and glassy.

千百年來，這些條件使樹脂的化合物聚合在一起，變成堅硬的玻璃狀。

Whatever organisms were trapped inside the resin, insects, plants, or tardigrades can be preserved with extraordinary fidelity.

無論被困在樹脂中的是昆蟲、植物還是遲髮型生物，都能以超高的保真度保存下來。

Unfortunately, the DNA of ancient tardigrades isn't preserved because DNA is fragile.

遺憾的是，古代沙蜥的 DNA 並沒有保存下來，因為 DNA 很脆弱。

The very oldest traces of it we've ever found are only 2 million years old.

我們發現的最古老的痕跡距今只有 200 萬年。

But much of tardigrade anatomy is preserved in the amber.

但是，琥珀中保存了許多沙蜥的解剖結構。

And even though the oldest tardigrade fossil is 90 million years old, it still very much looks like a modern tardigrade.

儘管最古老的沙蜥化石已有 9000 萬年的歷史，但它看起來仍然非常像現代沙蜥。

You would see it and it's actually like still look the same as a living tardigrade.

你會看到它，實際上，它看起來還是和活的沙丁魚一樣。

It's just like amazing how basically their external morphology did not really change that long.

令人驚奇的是，它們的外部形態在很長時間內都沒有發生變化。

And that's because the tardigrade body plan is remarkably effective.

這是因為沙蜥的身體結構非常有效。

At the head, they have mouth-like organs equipped with piercing stylets.

在頭部，它們有像嘴一樣的器官，上面裝有穿孔的花柱。

They use these freaky little tongues to pierce the cell walls of plants, algae, and fungus.

它們用這些怪異的小舌頭刺穿植物、藻類和真菌的細胞壁。

Their esophagus then sucks the food in and the nutrients spread from their digestive tract to the rest of the body.

然後，食道將食物吸入，營養物質從消化道擴散到身體其他部位。

But some tardigrades eat more than just plants and fungus.

但有些沙丁魚不僅吃植物和真菌。

Some are predators that consume entire living organisms such as rotifers, nematodes, and even other tardigrades.

有些是捕食者，會吃掉整個生物體，如輪蟲、線蟲，甚至其他沙丁魚。

Predatory tardigrades can even have a significant impact on the biodiversity of other micro-animals around them.

捕食性沙丁魚甚至會對周圍其他微型動物的生物多樣性產生重大影響。

Scientists found that hungry tardigrades will eat up to 56 nematodes a day in certain conditions.

科學家發現，在某些條件下，飢餓的沙丁魚每天會吃掉多達 56 條線蟲。

And this can be really beneficial to the soil quality if those nematodes are pests who parasitize plants.

如果這些線蟲是寄生在植物上的害蟲，這對土壤品質確實有益。

Also on the first body segment, some species of tardigrade also have very basic eyes made of just a handful of visual cells that allow them to detect light.

同樣在第一體節上，一些種類的沙蜥也有非常基本的眼睛，只有少量的視覺細胞，可以讓它們探測光線。

But like with everything else with tardigrades, we're not exactly sure that's the whole story.

但是，就像所有與沙丁魚有關的東西一樣，我們也不能完全確定這就是故事的全部。

Recently, scientists identified multiple R opsins in tardigrades that were associated with vision.

最近，科學家在沙蜥體內發現了多種與視覺有關的 R 蛋白。

But these opsins didn't seem to help them with color vision as they might in other animals.

但這些視蛋白似乎並不能像其他動物那樣幫助它們獲得色覺。

Weirdly, they weren't even really active in the adult tardigrades.

奇怪的是，它們在成年沙丁魚體內並不活躍。

These opsins were most active when the tardigrades were still eggs.

當沙丁魚還是卵時，這些蛋白酶最為活躍。

What on earth eggs need visual opsins for, no one has any idea.

雞蛋需要視覺蛋白究竟是為了什麼，沒有人知道。

Next on the tardigrade's body are the three trunk segments, all of which have a pair of legs on either side and claws on those legs.

接下來是三節軀幹，三節軀幹的兩側都有一對腿，腿上有爪子。

And the fifth and final segment of the body has a pair of legs that face backwards.

而身體的第五段，也是最後一段，有一對朝後的腿。

It's thought that the orientation of these legs help the tardigrades grip onto things, almost like a prehensile tail.

人們認為，這些腿的方向有助於沙丁魚抓住東西，幾乎就像一條前伸的尾巴。

And the existence of all of these legs make tardigrades really strange.

而所有這些腿的存在，讓沙丁魚變得非常奇怪。

Microscopic animals the size of tardigrades rarely have legs, and if they do, they aren't used for walking.

像沙丁魚這樣大小的微小動物很少有腿，即使有，也不是用來行走的。

Water fleas, for example, have legs, but they're used for swimming and sweeping food into their mouths.

例如，水蚤有腿，但它們的腿是用來游泳和把食物掃進嘴裡的。

Rotifers of similar size swim or inchworm along their substrate, and roundworms sort of just wiggle around.

類似大小的輪蟲會在底質上游動或蠕動，而蛔蟲則會在底質上蠕動。

Walking in this microscopic domain is kind of unheard of.

在這種微觀領域中行走有點聞所未聞。

One reason it might be so rare is because walking in water while being so small requires overcoming a ton of viscous forces.

在水中行走之所以如此罕見，一個原因是，在水中行走需要克服巨大的粘性力。

It would be like walking through honey for us.

這對我們來說就像在蜜糖中行走。

Tardigrades also have to overcome an extremely variable environment, moving through syrupy water, climbing over piles of sediment, or through clumps of tangly plant matter.

緩行類動物還必須克服極其多變的環境，在含糖的水中移動，爬過成堆的沉積物，或穿過成團的纏繞植物。

Yet tardigrades use their eight stubby legs to walk through all of this with ease, the world over.

然而，在世界各地，沙蜥卻用它們八條粗壯的腿輕鬆地走過這一切。

Does the smallest-legged animal have some unique method of using their legs to overcome these obstacles?

腿最小的動物是否有一些獨特的方法來利用它們的腿克服這些障礙？

To find out, scientists looked at the gait of tardigrades with specialized cameras.

為了找出答案，科學家們用專門的照相機觀察了沙丁魚的步態。

They found that when tardigrades walk slowly, they lift one foot at a time.

他們發現，當慢行者緩慢行走時，它們一次只抬起一隻腳。

As they speed up, they lift two feet that are diagonal from each other across the body, keeping four feet on the ground.

當他們加快速度時，他們會抬起兩隻相互對角的腳，橫跨身體，保持四隻腳著地。

And as they go even faster, three feet are off the ground at once.

由於速度更快，三隻腳同時離地。

They keep a minimum of three feet on the ground at all times, even at their fastest speeds, not including the backward-facing legs.

即使在速度最快的情況下，它們也會始終保持至少三隻腳著地，這還不包括朝後的腿。

This differs from many fast vertebrate gaits, like a horse's gallop, where all four feet come off the ground at once.

這與許多快速脊椎動物的步態不同，比如馬的奔跑，四隻腳同時離地。

While the tardigrade walking pattern may seem random to us, it's actually not unique at all.

雖然在我們看來，沙丁魚的行走模式可能是隨機的，但實際上它並不獨特。

The scientists realized that despite having significant differences in size and skeletal structures, this way of walking was very similar to insects, like larger panarthropods such as stick insects, insects about 500,000 times their size and separated by about 20 million years of evolution.

科學家們意識到，儘管這種行走方式在體型和骨骼結構上有很大差異，但它與昆蟲非常相似，就像較大的泛足綱動物（如粘蟲）、體型是它們 50 萬倍的昆蟲一樣，兩者之間相隔約 2000 萬年的進化時間。

But what's the benefit of this type of walking?

但這種行走方式有什麼好處呢？

For stick insects, always keeping three or four feet on the ground provides them great stability over pointy, jagged, and variable twigs and branches.

對於粘蟲來說，始終保持三四隻腳著地，能讓它們在尖銳、鋸齒狀和多變的樹枝和樹杈上保持極大的穩定性。

For tardigrades, keeping three or four feet on the ground may similarly help provide stability as they trudge through variable, complex terrain.

對慢行者來說，保持三四隻腳著地同樣有助於它們在多變、複雜的地形中保持穩定。

So tardigrades can't run fast like a horse, or a micro-horse, I guess.

所以，遲髮型動物不能像馬或微型馬那樣跑得快。

So they're slow, but most importantly, they're steady.

所以它們很慢，但最重要的是，它們很穩定。

This similarity between tardigrade walking and insect walking was a surprising result, and one that may point to the reason behind the existence of tardigrade legs in the first place.

這種類似於昆蟲行走的現象是一個令人驚訝的結果，它可能揭示出了遠足動物腿部存在的原因。

It could be that arthropods and tardigrades share a common ancestor that had legs much like this, neurally wired to walk with this pattern.

節肢動物和遲髮型動物可能有一個共同的祖先，它的腿很像這樣，在神經系統中是以這種模式行走的。

Thus, this could be a piece in the puzzle of tardigrade taxonomy, putting them closer to arthropods than nematodes after all.

是以，這可能會成為遲髮型生物分類學中的一塊拼圖，使它們更接近節肢動物，而不是線蟲。

And further assisting tardigrades in their journey through thick and tangly environments are the claws at the end of their legs.

此外，它們腿部末端的爪子還能進一步幫助沙丁魚穿越厚厚的褶皺環境。

Many tardigrades actually have complex double claws on each leg, which consist of two slender primary branches and two basal secondary branches, which themselves have two or three hooks.

許多蜥腳類動物的每條腿上實際上都有複雜的雙爪，雙爪由兩個細長的主枝和兩個基部的次枝組成，次枝本身有兩到三個鉤。

These hooks help the tardigrade hold onto the substrate so they don't get carried away.

這些鉤子可以幫助沙丁魚抓住基質，以免被帶走。

The difference in the number of claws and their shape is an important way that scientists can distinguish between different species.

爪子數量和形狀的不同是科學家區分不同物種的重要方法。

And there's something else fascinating about all the cells that make up those claws, legs, and body segments of a tardigrade.

此外，構成爪子、腿和身體各部分的所有細胞還有其他迷人之處。

Every cell that makes up every one of these body parts is a cell that the tardigrade has always had.

構成這些身體部位的每一個細胞都是沙蜥一直擁有的細胞。

Tardigrades don't grow by cell division like we do.

遲髮型生物不像我們一樣通過細胞分裂生長。

Their growth occurs by enlargement of the individual cells rather than by cell division.

它們的生長是通過單個細胞的增大而不是細胞分裂實現的。

And adult tardigrades of the same species will all roughly have the same number of cells, some with up to 40,000.

同一物種的成年沙丁魚的細胞數量大致相同，有的多達 4 萬個。

This phenomenon is known as eutely.

這種現象被稱為 "怡紅"。

It's possible that growth like this decreases the risk of cancer or other problematic mutations that arise during cell division.

這樣的生長有可能降低癌症或其他細胞分裂過程中出現的問題突變的風險。

With all of this incredible anatomy combined, tardigrades live basically everywhere.

有了這些令人難以置信的解剖結構，沙丁魚基本上可以生活在任何地方。

In freshwater lakes, rivers and ponds, and on every single continent.

在淡水湖、河流和池塘中，在每一個大陸上。

So if I were to get a microscope, what do you think my chances would be if I went out into the world to look for tardigrades?

所以，如果我有一臺顯微鏡，你覺得我到外面的世界去尋找沙丁魚的機會會有多大？

Where are you right now if you don't mind?

如果不介意的話，你現在在哪裡？

I am in Connecticut, in New England.

我在新英格蘭的康涅狄格州。

Okay, yeah.

好吧

Well, I would say there's a high chance of you finding a tardigrade there.

嗯，我覺得你很有可能在那裡找到一隻遊屍。

I feel like I always find tardigrades in New England.

我覺得在新英格蘭總能找到 "塔迪格"。

I don't see… It's kind of tardigrade-shaped.

我看不出......它有點像 "塔迪格拉德"。

Oh, there's something moving.

哦，有東西在動

Oh, what was that?

哦，那是什麼？

But as much as I'm struggling to find a terrestrial tardigrade, there's another type that's even harder to find.

不過，就在我費盡心思尋找陸生游龍的同時，還有一種類型的游龍更難找。

The marine tardigrades.

海洋沙蜥

Terrestrial tardigrades may be amazing, but marine tardigrades are like something out of a Dr. Seuss hallucination.

陸生沙丁魚可能很神奇，但海洋沙丁魚就像是蘇斯博士的幻覺。

Marine tardigrades are usually heterotardigrades, and they can be divided into three major ecological groups.

海洋沙蜥通常是異型沙蜥，可分為三大生態群。

There's the species that live on the slime of algae or the plates of barnacles, and are sometimes known as ectoparasites.

有一種寄生在藻類粘液或藤壺板上，有時也被稱為外寄生蟲。

There's the interstitial species, which can be found in the top few centimeters of and there are the deep-sea benthic species.

有間隙物種，可在海床頂部幾釐米處發現，還有深海底棲物種。

Marine tardigrades are characterized by their cephalic sensory structures that are absent in eutardigrades, and many of these structures are downright flamboyant.

海洋遲髮型類動物的特點是頭部感官結構，而普通遲髮型類動物則沒有這種結構，而且其中許多結構都非常華麗。

You know how when you look at a, if you look in a stream and you look at macroinvertebrates in a stream, they're cool, but then you look on a coral reef and it's like, whoa, mind-blowing?

你知道當你觀察溪流時，如果你觀察溪流中的大型無脊椎動物，它們很酷，但當你觀察珊瑚礁時，你會覺得，哇，太震撼了。

Tardigrades are like that.

遲髮型人就是這樣。

Terrestrial and freshwater tardigrades are cool.

陸生和淡水食蟻獸很酷。

You look at marine ones and they're mind-blowing.

你看那些海洋生物，它們令人驚歎。

Dr. Paul Bartels has been studying tardigrades since 2000, and more recently started focusing on marine tardigrades, and I can totally see the appeal.

保羅-巴特爾斯博士從 2000 年開始研究沙蜥，最近開始關注海洋沙蜥。

Some of these tardigrades are truly spectacular, like Tenarctus bubalubus, which was found in the Atlantic around the Faroe Islands.

這些遲髮型動物中有些確實非常壯觀，比如在法羅群島附近的大西洋中發現的Tenarctus bubalubus。

It's got these posterior branches that come off the back end.

它的後端有一些分支。

They branch and branch and branch and branch, and then at each end there's these bubble-like formations that can inflate or deflate, and they can, when they deflate, they're like adhesive, and when they inflate, they can be buoyant.

它們分枝、分枝、分枝、再分枝，然後在每一端都有這些氣泡狀的形成，它們可以膨脹或癟下去，癟下去時，它們就像粘合劑，膨脹時，它們可以有浮力。

And so it's this like Dr. Seuss-like character with these big balloons coming up the rear end, and it's just crazy stuff like that.

就像 "蘇斯博士 "一樣的角色，屁股上頂著大氣球，就是這麼瘋狂。

And that's hardly the only odd-looking heterotardigrade from the ocean.

而這幾乎不是海洋中唯一長相奇特的異尾龍。

Some have adhesive claws.

有的還有黏性爪子。

Some have wing-like structures that are extensions of the cuticle.

有些有類似翅膀的結構，是角質層的延伸。

Some have long, inflatable tails.

有些有長長的充氣尾巴。

One of the ones I'm really interested in is there's an intertidal one that's called Batilipes bullacaudatus.

我非常感興趣的一種潮間帶生物叫 Batilipes bullacaudatus。

Batilipes are these ones with little suction cup toes, and they live mostly in intertidal sands.

Batilipes是一種長著吸盤式小腳趾的動物，它們主要生活在潮間帶的沙地裡。

The suction cups allow them to hold on to shifty, intertidal beach sand.

吸盤能讓它們牢牢吸住潮間帶的沙灘。

But they vary.

但它們各不相同。

There's about 40 species.

大約有 40 個物種。

It's the most speciose of all the marine tardigrades, and one thing that they clearly vary in from species to species is their caudal structures.

它是所有海洋沙蜥中種類最多的一種，不同種類的沙蜥尾部結構明顯不同。

One of them that one of my students found near her home in the Outer Banks of North Carolina has this tail that is like, it's like a flagpole at the end of the body.

我的一個學生在北卡羅來納州外灘的家附近發現了其中一隻，它的尾巴就像，就像身體末端的旗杆。

It sticks up almost vertically from their rear, and at the end of the tail, there's this big membranous bubble, like a balloon.

它幾乎垂直地從尾部伸出來，在尾巴的末端，有一個很大的膜泡，就像氣球一樣。

But what are these ridiculous structures for?

但這些可笑的建築是用來做什麼的呢？

For some things, scientists have a decent idea.

對於某些事情，科學家們有一個不錯的想法。

Some of them are kind of thick paddle-like structures, and some of them are more filamentous hair-like structures.

其中有些是厚厚的槳狀結構，有些則是絲狀的毛髮結構。

And we know that at least on some of the paddle-shaped ones, they have a pore at the end.

我們知道，至少在一些槳狀的槳葉上，它們的末端有一個孔隙。

So presumably, I think there's pretty good evidence that those are chemosensory, and the hair-like ones are probably tactile.

是以，我認為有很好的證據表明，這些是化學感覺，而毛髮狀的可能是觸覺。

And for the crazy-looking caudal structures like the flagpole?

至於像旗杆這樣看起來很瘋狂的尾部結構呢？

For things like this, there's less certainty.