She, though, was a terrible cook.

不過，她的廚藝很糟糕。

She cooked everything in the microwave, even meat, and she had meat at every meal, even in her kitchen.

她用微波爐烹飪一切，甚至肉類，每餐都有肉，甚至在廚房裡也是如此。

She was a terrible cook, and she was a terrible cook, and she was a terrible cook, at every meal, even in her cottage cheese.

她的廚藝很糟糕，每頓飯都做得很糟糕，甚至連她的鄉村奶酪都做得很糟糕。

One time, my brother brought his girlfriend to visit, and she was a vegetarian.

有一次，我哥哥帶女朋友來玩，她是個素食主義者。

And so my brother reminded Grandma Toots of this.

於是，我哥哥提醒了圖茨奶奶。

And she said, oh, OK, what does she want for dinner, then?

她說，哦，好吧，那她晚餐想吃什麼？

Chicken or fish?

雞肉還是魚肉？

And Grandma Toots could not imagine that you would have a meal that didn't revolve around meat.

圖茨奶奶無法想象你會吃一頓不圍繞肉類的飯菜。

And I can see why.

我明白為什麼。

I mean, she grew up in a time where she was inundated by government promotions that meat was key to supporting your country, and company ads that talked about it being essential for being strong and manly.

我的意思是，在她成長的時代，政府的宣傳鋪天蓋地，說肉食是支持國家的關鍵，公司的廣告也說肉食是強壯和男子氣概的必要條件。

And it was cheap, too.

而且還很便宜。

It was subsidized by the government and partially explained as a way of bulking up malnourished men so that they could fight in World War II.

這是由政府補貼的，部分原因是為了讓營養不良的人長得更壯實，以便他們能參加第二次世界大戰。

But what my Grandma witnessed in the first half of her life was unprecedented.

但我奶奶前半生所目睹的卻是前所未有的。

She saw the fastest and widest shift in diets that had ever occurred.

她看到了有史以來最快、最廣泛的飲食變化。

Within just a few decades, she saw the norm go from eating meat as a rare treat to having it three times a day, to having meat named after our meals.

在短短几十年間，她見證了人們從難得一見的肉食到一日三餐，再到以我們的飯菜命名肉食。

So we had breakfast meats, we had lunch meats, and, well, beef is what's for dinner.

是以，我們有早餐肉、午餐肉，晚餐吃牛肉。

And that didn't happen because people just suddenly realized they really liked the taste of meat.

這並不是因為人們突然意識到他們非常喜歡肉的味道。

What we eat is less about what we choose and more about what's offered to us.

我們吃什麼，與其說是我們選擇什麼，不如說是提供給我們什麼。

And companies and governments today still make it really hard for us to choose anything other than meat.

而今天的公司和政府仍然讓我們很難選擇肉類以外的食物。

I mean, it's offered everywhere.

我是說，到處都有提供。

It's often the only choice.

這往往是唯一的選擇。

And it's cheaper than other options, so much so, if you took away all government support and subsidies for meat, a pound of ground beef would cost $30.

而且它比其他選擇更便宜，以至於如果取消政府對肉類的所有支持和補貼，一磅碎牛肉的價格將達到 30 美元。

So now we eat more meat than ever before, and it's continuing to grow.

是以，現在我們吃的肉比以往任何時候都多，而且還在繼續增長。

And we got to this point thanks to the extensive and far-reaching efforts of governments and companies to push our diets towards meat.

我們之所以能走到今天這一步，要歸功於政府和公司為推動我們的飲食向肉類發展所做的廣泛而深遠的努力。

What we need now is the same fundamental shift in what we eat, but in the opposite direction, back towards plants.

我們現在需要的是對我們的飲食進行同樣的根本性轉變，但方向正好相反，迴歸植物。

I'm here today as a food and climate expert, because diet shifts are critical for the planet.

今天，我作為一名食品和氣候專家來到這裡，因為飲食結構的轉變對地球至關重要。

The only way that we can reach climate targets and feed 10 billion people is by reducing the production and consumption of industrial meat.

只有減少工業肉類的生產和消費，我們才能實現氣候目標，養活 100 億人。

We need other solutions.

我們需要其他解決方案。

We need regenerative agriculture, and we need to address food loss and waste, but those alone are insufficient to reach climate goals.

我們需要再生農業，需要解決糧食損失和浪費問題，但僅靠這些還不足以實現氣候目標。

And diet shifts are also essential for food security and health.

飲食習慣的改變對糧食安全和健康也至關重要。

We need to grow more food on less land by 2050.

到 2050 年，我們需要在更少的土地上種植更多的糧食。

And to do that, we need to shift from land-intensive animal protein to land-efficient vegetable protein.

為此，我們需要從土地密集型的動物蛋白轉向土地效率高的植物蛋白。

And that also helps with our health.

這也有助於我們的健康。

Grammatids continue to put meat in pretty much every meal, and by the time I was about 11, that diet caught up with my dad, her son, and he had a massive heart attack.

在我 11 歲左右的時候，我的父親，也就是她的兒子，因為飲食習慣而患上了嚴重的心臟病。

I don't remember a lot about it, but I remember sitting in this hospital, waiting for him to get out of six-way bypass surgery, using this very high-tech surgery plan of 1996, and my mom took me and my siblings to get dinner in the hospital while we waited.

我不記得很多事情了，但我記得我坐在醫院裡，等著他做完六路搭橋手術，那是 1996 年採用的非常高科技的手術方案，我媽媽帶著我和我的兄弟姐妹們在醫院裡邊吃晚飯邊等。

And she took us to the only restaurant that was available, a McDonald's.

她帶我們去了唯一一家餐廳--麥當勞。

So we sat there, eating greasy cheeseburgers, while my dad was on the floor above, having open-heart surgery due to years of eating unhealthy food.

於是我們坐在那裡，吃著油膩膩的芝士漢堡，而我爸爸就在樓上，因為常年吃不健康的食物，正在做開顱手術。

And we ate there because it was really all that was available.

我們在那裡吃飯，因為那裡確實是我們唯一能去的地方。

After my dad's surgery, our household went largely plant-based, thanks to my mom.

在我父親做完手術後，由於我母親的幫助，我們家的食物基本上都是植物性的。

And my dad, he's still alive.

還有我爸爸，他還活著。

So I know firsthand how plant-rich diets can be lifesaving.

是以，我親身體會到了富含植物的飲食是如何拯救生命的。

And now we know that overconsumption of meat is a leading cause of preventable disease, including heart disease, but also obesity and diabetes.

現在我們知道，過度食用肉類是導致可預防疾病的主要原因，包括心臟病、肥胖症和糖尿病。

We also know that meat is a leading cause of climate change.

我們還知道，肉類是導致氣候變化的主要原因。

Meat alone can account for as much as 20 percent of global emissions.

僅肉類就佔全球排放量的 20%。

We also know that we're misusing nearly half of our farmland to grow feed for animals rather than food for humans.

我們還知道，我們濫用了近一半的農田來種植動物飼料，而不是人類的食物。

But no one really wants to talk about this proverbial cow in the room, the fundamental need to shift our food system away from industrial meat.

但是，沒有人真正願意談論這頭眾所周知的 "牛"，即從根本上改變我們的食品體系，摒棄工業化肉類的必要性。

And maybe it's because we know people really care about what they eat.

也許這是因為我們知道人們真的很在意自己吃什麼。

Or maybe it's because we know we're not going to get there by pleading with people to eat differently, especially when most consumers have to go out of their way and pay more for alternative products.

也可能是因為我們知道，懇求人們換一種吃法是不可能達到目的的，尤其是當大多數消費者不得不花費更多的錢來購買替代產品時。

What we need is for companies and governments to offer and incentivize plant-rich diets the same way they did for meat decades ago.

我們需要的是公司和政府像幾十年前對待肉類一樣，提供並鼓勵富含植物的飲食。

I need to walk into a McDonald's and see a menu full of plant-rich options and have them be just as cheap or cheaper than the Big Mac.

我需要走進麥當勞，看到菜單上滿滿的富含植物的選擇，而且它們和巨無霸一樣便宜，甚至比巨無霸更便宜。

And we need our schools and hospitals to offer plant-based foods as the default, where you can get meat, but you have to ask for it as the exception.

我們需要學校和醫院默認提供植物性食品，你可以吃到肉，但你必須要求作為例外。

And we need just as much money to flow into the plant-based industry as currently makes meat wildly and artificially cheap, whether that's making better black bean burgers or novel alternative proteins.

我們需要有更多的資金流入植物性食品行業，就像目前肉類的瘋狂和人為廉價一樣，無論是製作更好的黑豆漢堡還是新穎的替代蛋白質。

We know that this can work because it has before.

我們知道這樣做是可行的，因為它曾經成功過。

And we know it's working again in the places where we've dared to try it.

我們知道，在我們敢於嘗試的地方，它又開始發揮作用了。

Just last month, I was in Germany,

就在上個月，我還在德國、

I walked into a Burger King, and bam,

我走進一家漢堡王，"砰 "的一聲、

I was bombarded with ads for their plant-based Whopper.

我被他們以植物為原料的 Whopper 的廣告轟炸了。

It was all over the store, and the plant-based Whopper was center of the menu, and it was the same price as the regular Whopper.

店裡到處都是，植物性 Whopper 是菜單的中心，價格與普通 Whopper 相同。

Today, in Burger Kings in Germany, one in five of all Whoppers sold are plant-based.

如今，在德國的漢堡王漢堡店裡，每售出五個 Whoppers 就有一個是以植物為原料的。

One in five.

五分之一。

In the country that invented the Frankfurter.

在這個發明了法蘭克福香腸的國家。

Or take Lidl.

或者去 Lidl。

It's one of the largest supermarkets in Europe.

它是歐洲最大的超市之一。

They decided to put their plant-based meat next to the conventional meat in the meat section and make it the same price.

他們決定把植物肉放在肉類區傳統肉類的旁邊，價格相同。

So when you went to grab a package of ground beef, you had a healthier, sustainable plant-based option right next to it that cost the same.

是以，當你去買一包碎牛肉時，旁邊就有一個更健康、可持續的植物性選擇，而且價格相同。

Within six months of making this change, the sale of their plant-based products went up by 30 percent and shows no sign of flagging.

在做出這一改變後的六個月內，他們的植物基產品銷量上升了 30%，而且沒有任何下降的跡象。

Even in New York City public schools, the largest school district in the country, they now have plant-based lunches for students.

即使在全美最大的學區--紐約市公立學校，現在也為學生提供植物性午餐。

So over a million children are eating plant-based lunches at least once a week.

是以，超過一百萬的兒童每週至少吃一次植物午餐。

Now, scaling from here, it's not easy, politically or personally.

現在，從這裡開始擴展，無論是政治上還是個人上都不容易。

But we're not talking about never eating meat.

但我們並不是說永遠不吃肉。

We're talking about less meat and more plants.

我們說的是少吃肉，多吃植物。

We're talking about overconsumption of meat.

我們說的是肉類消費過度。

The average American right now eats six times the recommended amount of red meat.

目前，美國人的平均紅肉攝入量是建議攝入量的六倍。

Six times.

六次

If we were to just half that, it would have massive benefits for the climate, for food security and for health.

如果我們只做到一半，就會對氣候、糧食安全和健康產生巨大的好處。

And companies and governments have been telling us for decades what to eat.

幾十年來，公司和政府一直在告訴我們該吃什麼。

They have the power to help us choose differently.

它們有能力幫助我們做出不同的選擇。

And yes, there's progress to be made.

是的，還有進步可言。

We need products that are plant-based to be healthier and cheaper.

我們需要更健康、更便宜的植物性產品。

But without a doubt, eating more plants is better for the planet, better for animals and better for us.

但毫無疑問，多吃植物對地球更好，對動物更好，對我們也更好。

And when companies and governments make it easier for us to choose differently, we do.

當公司和政府讓我們更容易做出不同的選擇時，我們就會做出不同的選擇。

People want healthy and sustainable options, but it's simply not that easy to make that choice today.

人們想要健康和可持續的選擇，但如今要做出這樣的選擇並不容易。

The momentum, it's growing.

勢頭越來越猛。

That McDonald's in the hospital, it got kicked out.

醫院裡的那家麥當勞被趕出來了

And my dad gets to play and share hot dogs, and the occasional hot dog, at family barbecues.

而我的父親則可以在家庭燒烤會上玩耍和分享熱狗，偶爾還能吃到熱狗。

And that's the world I envision for all of us, where we're able to improve public health, we have avoided the worst of the climate crisis and we've improved global food security.

這就是我為大家設想的世界，我們能夠改善公共衛生，避免最嚴重的氣候危機，提高全球糧食安全。

That world is possible, because we've shifted diets before, and we can do it again.

這個世界是有可能實現的，因為我們曾經改變過飲食習慣，而且我們還能再做一次。

Thank you.

謝謝。

Thank you.

謝謝。

Thank you.

謝謝。