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Throughout its long history, hysteria was used as a cultural signifier for what men with authority found contemptible and incomprehensible in the behavior of women who lacked, or tried to exercise, power.

在其漫長的歷史中，歇斯底里一直被用作一種文化符號，用來表示那些擁有權力的男性認為缺乏權力或試圖行使權力的女性的行為是可鄙和不可理解的。

The term hysteria is derived from the Greek word for uterus and was first used in the 4th century BCE.

癔症一詞來源於希臘語中的 "子宮"，最早出現於公元前 4 世紀。

Drawing on earlier Egyptian beliefs, and not a great deal of medical rigor, the Greeks viewed hysteria as a malady of the womb, arguing that the uterus could dislodge and move throughout the body, causing a variety of ailments.

希臘人借鏡了早期埃及人的信仰，但在醫學上並不嚴謹，他們將癔病視為子宮疾病，認為子宮會脫落並移動到全身，從而引發各種疾病。

They believed the uterus wandered because it longed to bear children.

他們認為，子宮徘徊是因為它渴望生兒育女。

And for that reason, unmarried women were the most likely to get a hysteria diagnosis.

是以，未婚女性最有可能被診斷為癔病。

The usual prescription was immediate marriage, impregnation, or the use of uterine fumigations to entice the rebellious organ back into place.

通常的處方是立即結婚、受孕或使用子宮燻蒸法來誘使叛逆的器官歸位。

By the 2nd century CE, Roman physicians rejected the wandering womb theory, but they still viewed the uterus as the source of hysteria, believing, without much evidence, that it produced a secretion similar to semen, which, if not released, corrupted the blood and irritated the nerves.

到了公元 2 世紀，羅馬醫生摒棄了遊蕩子宮理論，但他們仍將子宮視為癔病的根源，認為子宮會產生一種類似精液的分泌物，如果不釋放這種分泌物，就會敗壞血液，刺激神經，但並沒有太多證據。

As a result, midwives would often treat hysteria by manually inducing orgasms in female patients.

是以，助產士經常通過人工誘導女性患者達到性高潮來治療癔病。

By the late Middle Ages, Christianity had spread throughout Europe, and its influence had likewise infiltrated Western medical practice.

到了中世紀晚期，基督教已經傳遍了整個歐洲，其影響也同樣滲透到了西方醫學實踐中。

Physicians started to posit that hysteria was a malady not of the womb, but of the soul, and reflected satanic influence.

醫生們開始認為，癔病不是子宮的疾病，而是靈魂的疾病，反映了撒旦的影響。

Doctors continued to dismiss women's symptoms and pain.

醫生們繼續忽視婦女的症狀和疼痛。

Now, misogynistically shifting the blame to their supposed inherent weak wills and susceptibility to sin.

現在，厭惡女人地把責任推給她們所謂的天生意志薄弱和容易犯罪。

This situation worsened through the 16th and 17th centuries, as women, especially those who didn't conform to social expectations, risked being accused of witchcraft, which often carried heavy consequences.

這種情況在 16 世紀和 17 世紀愈演愈烈，因為婦女，尤其是那些不符合社會期望的婦女，有可能被控施巫術，而這往往會帶來嚴重的後果。

In late Victorian Europe and North America, some medical doctors started arguing that hysteria's true origin lay not in the body or soul, but rather in the mind.

在維多利亞時代晚期的歐洲和北美，一些醫生開始認為癔症的真正根源不在於身體或靈魂，而在於思想。

Middle-class women, facing intense demands of social respectability and strict codes of sexual conduct, were often referred to nerve doctors, who'd use isolating and unfounded rest cures to treat any emotional and psychological distress.

中產階級婦女面臨著強烈的社會體面要求和嚴格的性行為規範，她們經常被介紹給神經醫生，神經醫生會使用孤立和毫無根據的休息療法來治療任何情緒和心理困擾。

When writing her semi-autobiographical short story,

在寫她的半自傳體短篇小說時、

The Yellow Wallpaper,

黃色壁紙

Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew from the distressing treatment she underwent for her so-called hysterical tendencies.

夏洛特-帕金斯-吉爾曼（Charlotte Perkins Gilman）從她因所謂的歇斯底里傾向而接受的痛苦治療中汲取營養。

The narrator, suffering from what would now likely be diagnosed as postpartum depression, describes being confined alone in an attic and being denied any intellectual activity, including reading or writing.

敘述者患有現在很可能被診斷為產後抑鬱症的病症，他描述了自己被獨自關在閣樓上，被剝奪了任何智力活動，包括閱讀和寫作。

Around this same time, Sigmund Freud was rising to fame.

大約在同一時期，西格蒙德-弗洛伊德聲名鵲起。

He believed hysteria, like other nervous conditions, was caused by repressed emotional trauma.

他認為，癔症和其他神經疾病一樣，是由壓抑的情感創傷引起的。

His treatment required drawing these memories out of the unconscious so they could be acknowledged and addressed.

他的治療需要將這些記憶從無意識中喚醒，以便承認和處理這些記憶。

Freud also dismissed the idea that hysteria was unique to women.

弗洛伊德還否定了癔症是女性獨有的觀點。

Belief in male hysteria became prominent during and after the First World War, but it was framed as the more masculine-sounding shell shock.

在第一次世界大戰期間和之後，對男性癔病的信仰變得十分突出，但它被定性為聽起來更男性化的 "炮彈休克"。

Over the 20th century, the term hysteria was slowly replaced by specific, less-gendered diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and epilepsy.

20 世紀以來，癔症一詞慢慢被一些特定的、不太帶有性別色彩的診斷所取代，包括焦慮症、抑鬱症、創傷後應激障礙和癲癇。

And hysteria was officially removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980.

1980 年，癔症被正式從《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》中刪除。

Today, most scholars argue that the blanket disease hysteria was always a figment of doctors' imaginations.

如今，大多數學者都認為，"一攬子疾病癔症 "始終是醫生們的臆想。

As outright medical sexism declined, so did its diagnosis.

隨著赤裸裸的醫學性別歧視的減少，其診斷也隨之減少。

Nevertheless, its legacy reflects Western medicine's long, storied, and ongoing history of misattributing and trivializing women's pain.

然而，它的遺產反映了西醫長期以來對婦女疼痛的錯誤歸因和輕視。

Go to audible.com slash ted dash ed and your first listen is free.

訪問 audible.com slash Ted dash ed，首次收聽免費。