Every graduate student has to do one at some point.

每個研究所學生都會有這樣的經歷。

There's a right and a wrong way to go about it.

方法有對有錯。

You do it the wrong way, you're in for headache, frustration, and a lot of waste of time.

如果方法不對，你就會感到頭痛、沮喪，並浪費大量時間。

You do it right, not only are you going to have a whole lot more fun, but your life's going to be easier and it's going to pave the way for your research proposal, thesis, or even PhD dissertation.

如果方法得當，你不僅會玩得更開心，生活也會更輕鬆，還能為你的研究計劃書、畢業論文甚至博士論文鋪平道路。

So you're going to want to watch this video in full because I'm going to explain what this literature review is,

所以，你一定要完整地觀看這段視頻，因為我將向你解釋什麼是文獻綜述、

I'm going to share with you common traps and pitfalls not to fall into, and by the end of it, if you watch in full, you're going to have a step-by-step guide for doing your review.

我將與你分享常見的陷阱和不應該陷入的誤區，到最後，如果你完整地看完，你就會有一個做複習的分步指南。

Why should you listen to me?

你為什麼要聽我說？

I'm Professor David Stuckler.

我是戴維-斯塔克勒教授。

I'm coming to you from my office in Milan at Bocconi University, and I've published over 350 articles in academic journals, and I have mentored and trained hundreds of graduate students to do literature reviews, and they have had amazing results.

我在米蘭博科尼大學的辦公室裡給大家講課，我在學術期刊上發表了 350 多篇文章，指導和培訓了數百名研究所學生進行文獻綜述，他們取得了驚人的成果。

So stick around to this video in full because I'm also going to drop in a secret tip that I wish I knew as a graduate student that's going to help you get your literature review done not only well, but fast.

所以，請繼續收看本視頻的全部內容，因為我還會告訴你一個祕訣，我希望我在讀研究所學生時就知道這個祕訣，它不僅能幫助你很好地完成文獻綜述，還能幫助你快速完成文獻綜述。

So let's go ahead and dive straight in.

那麼，讓我們直接進入主題吧。

The first question we need to address is, what is a literature review?

我們需要解決的第一個問題是，什麼是文獻綜述？

And the best way to think about this is a bit like if you're going to have coffee with an old friend.

思考這個問題的最佳方式有點像你要和一位老朋友喝咖啡。

It could be a friend you haven't seen in five, ten years.

可能是五年、十年未見的朋友。

You've got a lot to catch up on.

你有很多事情要做。

And so in the course of this conversation, your friend is probably going to bring you up to speed with things that have been going on in his or her life.

是以，在談話過程中，你的朋友可能會向你介紹他或她生活中發生的事情。

Friendships, relationships, what's going on with work.

友誼、人際關係、工作情況。

And by the end of this conversation, could take you half an hour, could take you an hour, you're going to have a pretty good sense of how your friend's doing.

談話結束後，可能需要半小時，也可能需要一小時，你會對你朋友的情況有一個很好的瞭解。

You may have a deep sense what her hopes, his or her hopes are, what dreams are, what things are going well, what things are not going so well.

你可能會深切地感受到她的希望、他或她的希望是什麼，夢想是什麼，哪些事情進展順利，哪些事情進展不順利。

And this is just like a literature review because what a literature review is going to do for you in your field is going to bring together what are the key concepts on your topic in your field.

這就像文獻綜述一樣，因為文獻綜述在你的領域裡要做的就是彙集你的領域裡關於你的主題的關鍵概念。

It's going to effectively give you a snapshot of the state of knowledge, the state of the art in the field that you're doing a review on.

它將有效地為您提供知識現狀的快照，以及您正在進行審查的領域的技術現狀。

And importantly, while it may not always be directly put out there, but it could be, you're going to uncover what are the gaps in that area.

重要的是，雖然不一定會直接公佈，但可以公佈，你會發現該領域存在哪些差距。

What are the areas of debate?

有哪些辯論領域？

And what are the potential areas of contribution?

有哪些潛在的貢獻領域？

So that's what a literature review is.

這就是文獻綜述。

Let's go into five steps for how to do it.

下面讓我們分五個步驟來介紹如何做到這一點。

Now, there's an overarching theme, a challenge you're going to have to overcome at some stage to be effective.

現在，有一個總的主題，一個你必須在某個階段克服才能有效的挑戰。

And that's finding structure.

這就是尋找結構。

If you already know a little bit about your topic, you may already have in mind a structure for your literature review.

如果您已經對您的主題略知一二，那麼您可能已經在腦海中構思好了文獻綜述的結構。

But if not, don't worry, we're going to get there.

但如果沒有，別擔心，我們會成功的。

So the very first step, what you're going to want to do in your literature review is dive straight in.

是以，第一步，你要做的就是直接進入文獻綜述。

And I think sometimes my students get stuck.

我覺得有時候我的學生會卡住。

They don't know what to do and spit paralysis by analysis.

他們不知道該怎麼做，分析癱瘓。

They're overthinking.

他們想太多了。

At this stage, you need to learn more.

在這個階段，您需要學習更多。

You need to get your feet wet and your hands dirty.

你需要把腳弄溼，把雙手弄髒。

So how do you go about doing that?

那麼，該如何做到這一點呢？

Well, you're going to go straight in to Google Scholar and you're going to do a search.

你可以直接進入谷歌學術，進行搜索。

Now, if you're doing a systematic review, that's a different kettle of fish.

現在，如果你要做系統性回顧，那就另當別論了。

It's a different area and takes different techniques.

這是一個不同的領域，需要不同的技術。

Click in the link below.

點擊下面的鏈接。

I've got a different video on how to do a systematic review or a literature review.

我有一個不同的視頻，介紹如何進行系統回顧或文獻回顧。

Google Scholar is fine.

谷歌學術也不錯。

And what it's going to do, especially in this initial search, is it's going to bring you right up to speed with one of the top papers and contributions in your field.

它的作用，尤其是在最初的搜索中，就是讓你儘快瞭解你所在領域的頂級論文和貢獻。

So I've just popped in here in a quality and health to have a quick look.

所以，我就來這裡看看。

And what you can see here is a series of the top sided papers that can be recent, that can be less recent, but you can always filter it here on this left sidebar.

在這裡，你可以看到一系列上側的論文，有最新的，也有較新的，但你可以隨時在左側邊欄進行篩選。

And this is going to be a starting point.

這將是一個起點。

I'm assuming that you know very little about your topic to begin with.

我假設你一開始就對你的主題知之甚少。

And so what you're going to want to do is you're going to want to download these papers.

所以，你要做的就是下載這些文件。

You can click on the PDF links here.

您可以點擊這裡的 PDF 鏈接。

If you can't find it, you can sometimes click on the all 31 versions.

如果找不到，有時可以點擊所有 31 個版本。

As in this example, go and find a PDF, download all these on your computer.

就像這個例子一樣，去找一個 PDF 文件，把這些都下載到你的電腦上。

And you're going to read through these and you're going to start summarizing them in a Word document.

你要通讀這些內容，並開始在 Word 文檔中進行總結。

So I would take the first 10 to 15 that look relevant for your topic, download them, and then you are ready for step two.

是以，我會選擇與你的主題相關的前 10 到 15 個，下載它們，然後你就可以進行第二步了。

So step two is what I call the strip method.

是以，第二步就是我所說的剝離法。

And because now that you've gone through and started to mine articles in your initial search, you're going to strip out key information and content from it.

而且，既然你已經通過最初的搜索開始挖掘文章，你就會從中剝離出關鍵資訊和內容。

And by strip, I mean, you're going to do this in a relatively violent fashion.

我說的 "脫衣 "是指，你要以一種相對暴力的方式來做這件事。

Let me show you an example.

讓我給你舉個例子。

So here you can see what I've done for each of the papers in our initial search.

在這裡，你可以看到我對我們初步搜索的每篇論文所做的工作。

I've taken the citation and I've lined them up in a Word document.

我把引文摘錄下來，排在 Word 文檔裡。

Then what I'm going to do, by now you've downloaded your PDFs, is I'm going to take the PDF and I'm going to look alongside it here.

然後我要做的是，現在你已經下載了你的 PDF 文件，我要把 PDF 文件放在這裡查看。

I'm going to go carefully through the PDF and I am going to start stripping out key points and information.

我將仔細閱讀 PDF 文件，並開始刪除關鍵要點和資訊。

So for example, I look here in the abstract and I can see a key point here that is relevant and is a summary finding from this paper.

舉例來說，我看了一下摘要，可以發現這裡有一個相關的關鍵點，是這篇論文的一個總結性發現。

Now, don't worry, this is going to look messy.

別擔心，這看起來會很亂。

It's going to be ugly.

會很難看的。

We're going to clean it up later.

我們稍後會清理乾淨。

But do always make sure you have the citation in here because we do not want to risk plagiarism.

但請務必在此處註明引文，因為我們不想冒抄襲的風險。

And that is especially why we are lining things up in this way.

這也是我們這樣安排的特別原因。

So you're going to go through each paper and things that are relevant to the points that this paper make, you're going to carefully come through and you're going to highlight, pull it out, strip it, and start lining it up in each of these paper headings.

是以，你要仔細閱讀每篇論文，與本文觀點相關的內容，你都要仔細閱讀，並將其突出顯示、抽出、剝離，然後開始將其排列在每篇論文的標題中。

So to give you a little more detail before going on to the next step, what you want to do now is with the evidence that you've stripped, you want to start suturing it together and explaining it.

是以，在進入下一步之前，先給大家詳細介紹一下，你現在要做的就是把你剝離出來的證據縫合起來，並加以解釋。

You want to make sure you cover for each of these papers what the authors did, what they found, and possibly what they suggest for future research.

您要確保每篇論文都涵蓋了作者所做的工作、他們的發現以及他們對未來研究的建議。

So for example, here, this study, I looked at closely and found it was a systematic review of how inequality impacts health.

例如，我仔細研究了這裡的這項研究，發現這是一項關於不平等如何影響健康的系統性研究。

Their key conclusion was that they found evidence that they argued was a causal link.

他們的主要結論是，他們發現了他們認為存在因果關係的證據。

So you're going to go through, write this up.

所以，你要把它寫下來。

And you might even take a quote directly from the paper, now putting quotes around it to, again, avoid any risk of plagiarism.

你甚至可以直接引用論文中的一段話，但要加上引號，以避免抄襲的風險。

And they also have an explanation for why some studies found different results, which they said here, that the other studies, some studies found opposite results, which they explained by the way it was measured, the inclusion of mediating variables, and some other factors.

他們還解釋了為什麼一些研究發現了不同的結果，他們在這裡說，其他研究、一些研究發現了相反的結果，他們用測量的方式、中介變量的納入以及其他一些因素來解釋。

So their overall conclusion was that narrowing gaps in inequality will improve the health and well-being of populations.

是以，他們的總體結論是，縮小不平等的差距將改善人口的健康和福祉。

So what you want to do, you want to say what the authors did, what they found, any key quotes or evidence that you think is relevant, highlighting those, and any contradictory information that might be relevant.

是以，你要做的是，說出作者做了什麼、他們發現了什麼、任何你認為相關的關鍵引語或證據，突出這些，以及任何可能相關的矛盾資訊。

Continuing with the same example, what I'm starting to see emerge is that structure that I was looking for that breaks apart these articles.

繼續舉同樣的例子，我開始看到我所尋找的結構出現了，它將這些文章分割開來。

I'm seeing that some authors are finding evidence that there is a causal link.

我看到一些作者發現了存在因果聯繫的證據。

Other authors, like this paper here, found that there is no direct link.

其他作者，如本文作者，發現兩者之間沒有直接聯繫。

So this is an important observation that you want to make along the way, because this is going to help you when you write up what you found on your literature review to summarize your articles.

是以，這是您在寫作過程中需要注意的一個重要問題，因為這將有助於您在撰寫文獻綜述時對文章進行總結。

So you may now proceed to your next step, which is developing a conceptual framework.

是以，你現在可以進行下一步，即制定一個概念框架。

And this is the framework that's really going to be the backbone or the skeleton of your paper.

這個框架將成為論文的主幹或骨架。

And that is a step that you want to get to from your initial search.

這是你從最初的搜索開始就想邁出的一步。

So there are different ways you can start to find this structure, conceptual framework out of your initial search.

是以，你可以通過不同的方式，從最初的搜索中找到這種結構和概念框架。

Here, I found an example of some papers found evidence of a causal link.

在這裡，我找到了一些論文發現因果聯繫證據的例子。

Other papers found that there was association, but not causation.

其他論文發現，兩者之間存在關聯，但不是因果關係。

And so I'll probably proceed in this literature review to summarize those two separately.

是以，我可能會在這篇文獻綜述中分別總結這兩點。

But there are different ways to go, depending on your area.

不過，根據地區不同，也有不同的方法。

One way is chronological.

一種方法是按時間順序排列。

This might especially apply in history reviews.

這可能尤其適用於歷史回顧。

Another way might be to go from papers that describe the problem to papers that test or characterize solutions to that problem.

另一種方法可能是從描述問題的論文轉向測試或描述問題解決方案的論文。

Another common one that many of my students have done is summarize the evidence at the individual level, and then move to summarizing evidence in the literature at a population level.

我的很多學生都做過的另一項常見工作是總結個體層面的證據，然後再總結群體層面的文獻證據。

Another might be to break up by key themes.

另一種方法是按關鍵主題進行分類。

Look, there is no one size fits all solution to what conceptual framework is right for you.

聽著，並不存在適合你的概念框架。

Now, you may know going in at the very beginning if you already have experience, but if not, you're going to want to do this first two steps of your initial search, then stripping out information, lining up those articles, and start to see the structure emerge that's right for you.

現在，如果你已經有了經驗，你可能在一開始就知道該怎麼做，但如果沒有，你就需要做最初搜索的前兩個步驟，然後剝離出資訊，將這些文章排列起來，開始看到適合你的結構出現。

Now, at this stage that you have decided on your structure, it is a point at which you can finish your search.

現在，您已經確定了自己的結構，可以結束搜索了。

So you may want to go into Google Scholar and put in additional terms, but you may also want to do what I call a snowball method.

是以，你可能想進入谷歌學術，輸入更多的術語，但你也可能想採用我所說的 "滾雪球 "法。

And this snowball sampling essentially goes from takes a paper that you've already looked at.

這種 "滾雪球 "式的取樣，基本上是從你已經看過的論文開始的。

I'm going to continue with the example we just had.

我繼續舉剛才的例子。

And when you find now a paper that found causal evidence, or could be described as a problem or solution or whatever framework that you've got, you can go down and you can chase up these references.

當你發現一篇論文找到了因果證據，或者可以被描述為一個問題或解決方案，或者你所掌握的任何框架，你就可以去追尋這些參考文獻。

So, for example, here, I'm particularly interested in some contradictory evidence.

所以，比如在這裡，我對一些相互矛盾的證據特別感興趣。

And so this study here found that there was no relation in when they looked at the elderly.

是以，這項研究發現，當他們觀察老年人時，發現兩者之間沒有關係。

So I'm going to click here and I'm going to go to this reference.

所以我要點擊這裡，然後轉到這個參考資料。

I'm going to go look up this study.

我要去查查這項研究。

I'm going to download it and I'm going to add it to my list of papers.

我要下載它，並把它添加到我的論文列表中。

And I'm going to start threading it in to that conceptual framework.

我將開始把它納入這個概念框架。

I'm going to map these studies in, lining them all up.

我要把這些研究繪製成地圖，把它們一字排開。

So once you've done these steps, you've completed the search for your literature.

完成這些步驟後，您就完成了文獻搜索。

You're now ready to start writing up.

現在您可以開始撰寫了。

And I wanted to introduce you to the fourth step.

我想向你們介紹第四步。

I call it PEER.

我稱之為 PEER。

And this is the system that was taught to me as a graduate student.

這就是我在讀研究所學生時所學到的系統。

And I've since taught it to my graduate students that have had great success with it.

後來，我把它教給了我的研究所學生，他們都取得了很大的成功。

And it basically tells us the anatomy of a paragraph.

它基本上告訴了我們一個段落的解剖結構。

And that's called PEER.

這就是 PEER。

Point, example, explain, repeat.

指出、舉例、解釋、重複。

And I'm going to go through how you can use this guide to make sure your academic writing is on point.

下面我將詳細介紹如何使用本指南來確保您的學術論文寫作準確無誤。

So let's go through a concrete example.

讓我們舉一個具體的例子。

Continuing with the theme of inequality and health.

繼續以不平等與健康為主題。

You'll see what I've begun to do in the document is create that backbone, that skeleton here, highlighting in italics, evidence for a causal link where I'm going to place all the studies making this case.

你會看到我在文件中開始做的事情，就是在這裡創建一個骨架，用斜體標出因果聯繫的證據，我將把所有的研究放在這裡來說明這個問題。

Now, you may further break this down into subsections.

現在，你可以將其進一步細分。

In this case, you might want to look at those studies as a subtheme, looking at inequality and physical health, or those studies looking at inequality and mental health, whatever's pertinent to your topic.

在這種情況下，你可能想把這些研究作為一個子主題，研究不平等與身體健康，或者研究不平等與心理健康，只要與你的主題相關即可。

But for the sake of an example, here I want to show you how the PEER system works in practice.

不過，為了舉例說明，我想在這裡向大家介紹一下 PEER 系統的實際運作情況。

So each paragraph should make one big point.

是以，每個段落都應突出一個重點。

And that's captured and encapsulated in the first sentence, sometimes called the topic sentence.

第一句話就概括了這一點，有時也稱為主題句。

And this is going to lay out.

這將是一個佈局。

It's going to make it easier for your reader because they're going to know what they're going to get from this paragraph right away at a glance.

這會讓你的讀者更容易理解，因為他們一看就知道這一段會給他們帶來什麼。

Several studies found that inequality had a causal relationship with ill health.

一些研究發現，不平等與健康狀況不佳有因果關係。

That is your point of this paragraph.

這就是你本段的重點。

What comes next is the E part, the evidence or examples of the PEER system.

接下來是 E 部分，即 PEER 系統的證據或實例。

So now I'm including a discussion of the studies that fit into this category.

是以，現在我將對符合這一類別的研究進行討論。

For example, Wilkinson and Pickett found this.

例如，威爾金森和皮克特就發現了這一點。

Jameson and colleagues found this.

詹姆森及其同事發現了這一點。

That is your example or your evidence.

這就是你的例子或證據。

Third component of PEER, explain.

PEER 的第三個組成部分，請解釋。

Why did they conclude that there was a causal relationship here?

他們為什麼會得出這裡存在因果關係的結論呢？

And you want to have a explanation that goes along and accompanies this example.

同時，你還需要對這個例子進行解釋。

In this case, I point out a few of these studies that these authors argued that the evidence met common criteria for causality, such as temporality, strength of association, specificity.

在這個案例中，我指出了其中幾項研究，這些作者認為這些證據符合因果關係的常見標準，如時間性、關聯強度、特異性等。

It's just an example.

這只是一個例子。

This is going to vary depending on your field.

這取決於您所從事的領域。

Then finally, you're going to have a repeating or linking point, the R in PEER, which is, again, coming back to your conclusion that these authors concluded there's a strong case for causality.

最後，你會有一個重複點或連接點，即 PEER 中的 R，這又回到了你的結論，即這些作者得出的因果關係證據確鑿的結論。

You may even refine your statement saying that for causality when looking at broad geographic areas.

您甚至可以改進您的說法，即在研究廣泛的地理區域時要考慮因果關係。

And I clearly can't spell.

而且我顯然不會拼寫。

So this is the anatomy using PEER of what a good paragraph should look like, each paragraph making one clear point.

這就是使用 PEER 對一個好段落進行的解剖，每個段落都有一個明確的觀點。

Now, after you've done this, you'll have filled out the main findings, the main points of your literature review.

現在，在完成這些工作後，您就可以填寫文獻綜述的主要結論和要點了。

You're going to get to the very last steps, and that is the conclusion and introduction.

你將進入最後一個步驟，那就是結論和引言。

And notice I put it in that order for a reason.

注意，我這樣安排是有原因的。

That's because the introduction is the hardest part to write.

這是因為引言是最難寫的部分。

It is the part that takes more creativity and more energy.

這是需要更多創意和精力的部分。

And I see so often students actually do this the opposite.

而我經常看到學生的做法恰恰相反。

They start with the introduction.

他們從導言開始。

They get stuck.

他們被卡住了。

They bang their head against the wall.

他們用頭撞牆。

They feel frustrated, and they waste a lot of time until they get to a deadline.

他們感到沮喪，在最後期限到來之前浪費了大量時間。