From what your baby should wear, to what they should eat, to how you should talk to them, bathe them, or change them.

從寶寶應該穿什麼，到他們應該吃什麼，再到你應該如何跟他們說話、給他們洗澡或換尿布。

And one of the biggest things that everyone says to avoid is co-sleeping, or letting the baby sleep in the same bed as their parents.

大家都說要避免的一件大事就是同床共枕，或者讓寶寶和父母睡在一張床上。

But the science says that it may not be as outright hazardous as we thought.

但科學表明，它可能並不像我們想象的那樣具有徹底的危害性。

And it may even have some benefits.

它甚至可能有一些好處。

In 1994, the National Institutes of Health in the US launched the Back-to-Sleep campaign, which they now call Safe-to-Sleep.

1994 年，美國國立衛生研究院發起了 "迴歸睡眠 "運動，現在他們稱之為 "安全睡眠 "運動。

The campaign originally recommended that babies should only be placed to sleep on their backs.

該運動最初建議只讓嬰兒仰臥睡覺。

But as pediatricians did more research, the NIH started adding more recommendations to their list, including that no one should be co-sleeping with their babies ever.

但是，隨著兒科醫生進行更多的研究，美國國立衛生研究院（NIH）開始增加更多的建議，包括任何人都不應該與嬰兒同睡。

Co-sleeping can have slightly different definitions based on who you're talking to, but for this video, we just mean any time you have a baby sharing the same sleeping surface as a non-baby person.

同睡的定義因人而異，但在本視頻中，我們指的是任何時候寶寶與非寶寶的人共用一個睡床。

Some researchers do also differentiate co-sleeping and bed-sharing, since co-sleeping could include sleeping right next to each other, but on different things, like when a baby is right next to the big bed but in its own crib.

一些研究人員還對同床共枕和分床共睡進行了區分，因為同床共枕可能包括緊挨著睡，但睡在不同的地方，比如嬰兒緊挨著大床，但睡在自己的小床上。

Whereas bed-sharing specifically means sleeping on the same surface.

而同床共枕具體指的是睡在同一平面上。

While it is somewhat common in countries around the world, in the US, co-sleeping is, to put it mildly, strongly discouraged.

雖然同睡在世界各國都比較普遍，但在美國，說得輕一點，同睡是被強烈反對的。

And the recommendations against co-sleeping aren't just from people who want their personal space.

反對同床共枕的建議並不只是來自那些想要個人空間的人。

They came from studies that linked the practice of co-sleeping with SIDS, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

這些研究表明，同睡與嬰兒猝死綜合症（SIDS）有關。死亡綜合症。

As the name suggests, SIDS is the blanket term used for babies under a year old dying suddenly.

顧名思義，嬰兒猝死綜合症是一歲以下嬰兒突然死亡的統稱。

It's a really sad fact of life that sometimes babies die with no clear explanation for what happened.

有時候，嬰兒的死亡並沒有明確的原因，這真是人生的一大悲哀。

It's been hypothesized that some SIDS cases could have medical causes, like undiagnosed neurological conditions.

據推測，一些嬰兒猝死症病例可能有醫學原因，如未確診的神經系統疾病。

But the whole point is that we just don't always know why SIDS happens, which makes it unexpected and, of course, very sad and tragic.

但問題的關鍵是，我們並不總是知道嬰兒猝死綜合症發生的原因，這讓它變得出乎意料，當然也讓人感到非常悲傷和悲慘。

In the past, suffocation-related deaths often got lumped in under that SIDS category, too.

過去，與窒息有關的死亡也常常被歸入嬰兒猝死綜合症的範疇。

And in some cases, a SIDS death can even be caused by a little of both.

在某些情況下，嬰兒猝死綜合症的死亡原因甚至可能是兩者都有一點。

For instance, some babies have trouble waking from deep sleep, or have cardiac issues, or have some neurological issue that makes it hard for them to detect when there's too much carbon dioxide in their blood.

例如，有些嬰兒很難從深度睡眠中醒來，或有心臟問題，或有一些神經系統問題，使他們很難察覺到血液中二氧化碳含量過高。

So, if a baby that's already vulnerable to dangerously low oxygen levels then also gets wrapped up in their bedding, you get the idea.

所以，如果一個本來就容易受到低氧危險影響的嬰兒還被裹在被褥裡，你就明白了。

Because of that, some researchers now use the term SUID instead of just SIDS.

因為如此，一些研究人員現在使用 SUID 一詞，而不僅僅是 SIDS。

SUID, or Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths, is the umbrella term that covers SIDS, but also includes all of the infant deaths for which we know the cause, but are still unexpected.

SUID，即 "嬰兒意外猝死"（Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths），是涵蓋嬰兒猝死綜合症（SIDS）的總稱，也包括所有我們知道原因但仍然意外的嬰兒死亡。

So that includes the unexplained reasons, but also the ones due to stuff like suffocation, where we know what happened, it just wasn't anticipated at all.

這包括無法解釋的原因，但也包括窒息等原因，我們知道發生了什麼，只是完全沒有預料到。

And it's not a small number.

而且這個數字還不小。

Stats from 2020 say that of the 3,400 SUID deaths in the US, about a quarter were from suffocation.

2020 年的統計數據顯示，在美國 3400 例 SUID 死亡病例中，約四分之一死於窒息。

But some of the talk around the risks of co-sleeping still frames it as being about SIDS, not suffocation, which are two different things.

但是，一些關於同睡風險的討論仍將其歸結為嬰兒猝死綜合症，而不是窒息，這是兩碼事。

This is kind of a lot to unpack, so we're going to do our best to do that for you.

要解讀的東西有點多，所以我們會盡力幫你解讀。

Anyway, back to the 90s.

言歸正傳，回到 90 年代。

Research started during that period found that a big risk factor for SIDS was the sleeping environment.

在此期間開始的研究發現，嬰兒猝死綜合症的一大風險因素是睡眠環境。

For example, babies who slept on their tummies, or on a soft surface, or shared a bed with their parents had an increased risk of death.

例如，趴著睡、睡在柔軟的地面上或與父母同床的嬰兒死亡風險更高。

One study found that over an 8-year period, as many as 515 babies died from suffocation or strangulation after sleeping on adult beds, daybeds, or waterbeds.

一項研究發現，在 8 年時間裡，多達 515 名嬰兒因睡在成人床、日光床或水床上而窒息或被勒死。

Around 100 of those were directly caused by the person who was sleeping in the same bed, usually when they accidentally rolled onto or up against the baby.

其中約有 100 起是由睡在同一張床上的人直接造成的，通常是他們不小心滾到了嬰兒身上或壓到了嬰兒。

Other risks are that they could get trapped in a gap between cushions, their face could get covered by a pillow or blanket, or they could roll over face down.

其他風險包括：他們可能被困在靠墊之間的縫隙裡，他們的臉可能被枕頭或毯子蓋住，或者他們可能臉朝下翻滾。

And unlike adults, babies literally can't get themselves out of those dangerous situations since they can't really, like, move a whole lot.

與成人不同的是，嬰兒無法擺脫這些危險的處境，因為他們不能真正地移動。

But there are a lot of other behaviors that we know are linked with increased risk of suffocation that still apply whether or not a baby is in the same bed as their parents.

但是，我們知道還有很多其他行為與窒息風險增加有關，無論嬰兒是否與父母同床，這些行為仍然適用。

Things like loose bedding, soft sleep surfaces, pillows, and basically anything that has the potential to get all wrapped up around a baby's face.

比如寬鬆的被褥、柔軟的睡眠表面、枕頭，以及任何有可能包裹住寶寶臉部的東西。

Which is why the other safe sleep recommendations say to keep sheets and pillows away from the baby and put them on a single, firm surface to mitigate those suffocation risks.

這就是為什麼其他的安全睡眠建議說，要讓床單和枕頭遠離嬰兒，並把他們放在一個單獨的、堅固的表面上，以減少窒息的風險。

And the thing is, some of those early co-sleeping studies didn't take into account those other factors that lead to suffocation and weigh them all accordingly.

問題是，早期的一些同睡研究並沒有考慮到導致窒息的其他因素，也沒有對這些因素進行相應的權衡。

A 2001 study that looked at infant mortality figures from the 90s in Alaska found that of 40 co-sleeping-related deaths, only one happened without any other risk factors present, meaning only one death was actually SIDS.

2001 年的一項研究對阿拉斯加 90 年代的嬰兒死亡率進行了調查，發現在 40 例與同床共枕有關的死亡案例中，只有一例是在沒有任何其他危險因素的情況下發生的，這意味著只有一例死亡實際上是嬰兒猝死綜合症。

To be clear, some co-sleeping safety risks include things involving the parents, too.

需要明確的是，同睡的一些安全風險也包括涉及父母的事情。

For instance, having parents who smoke, are intoxicated when going to bed, or who are getting less than four hours of continuous sleep a night.

例如，父母吸菸、睡前醉酒或每晚連續睡眠不足四小時。

They're all things that increase the riskiness of co-sleeping.

這些都會增加同睡的風險。

But other studies have found that co-sleeping is only linked with infant death if there are other risk factors present, too.

但其他研究發現，只有在存在其他風險因素的情況下，同睡才與嬰兒死亡有關。

Which means that at least some of the fears around co-sleeping may be based on an incomplete picture of what causes the danger.

這意味著，對同床共枕的恐懼至少有一部分可能是基於對危險原因的不完全瞭解。

Thanks to Brilliant for supporting this SciShow video!

感謝 Brilliant 對 SciShow 影片的支持！

Brilliant is an online learning platform with thousands of lessons in computer science, math, and science.

Brilliant 是一個線上學習平臺，提供數千節電腦科學、數學和科學課程。

And its interactive lessons and problem-solving challenges help you learn a little every day.

它的互動課程和解決問題的挑戰，讓你每天都能學到一點東西。

You can build real-world skills and knowledge in just a few minutes at a time.

每次只需幾分鐘，你就能掌握真實世界的技能和知識。

Skills like programming and data analysis.

寫程式和數據分析等技能。

Want to know the secrets behind how your favorite apps tick?

想知道你最喜愛的應用程式背後的祕密嗎？

Brilliant has got you covered.

Brilliant 將為你提供幫助。

To check them out, head to brilliant.org slash SciShow or the link in the description down below.

想要查看這些內容，請至 brilliant.org slash SciShow 或下面說明欄中的連結。

That link also gives you 20% off an annual Premium Brilliant subscription.

透過該連結，你還可以享受年度 Premium Brilliant 訂閱八折優惠。

Plus, you'll get your first 30 days for free!

此外，你還可以免費使用前 30 天！

On the flip side, some research suggests that there are potential benefits to co-sleeping, too.

另一方面，一些研究表明，同睡也有潛在的好處。

First off, it's comfy.

首先，它很舒適。

For babies, it's thought that being close to their parents let them hear and feel that heartbeat, smell the oh-so-cuddly scent, and just generally know that their people are right nearby.

對於嬰兒來說，貼近父母能讓他們聽到和感受到心跳，聞到可愛的氣味，並知道父母就在身邊。

In fact, some researchers think that co-sleeping may be important on an evolutionary level, and that there are benefits to a baby's psychological and social development that come from sleeping in the same space as other people.

事實上，一些研究人員認為，同床共枕在進化層面上可能很重要，與其他人睡在同一空間對嬰兒的心理和社交發展有好處。

Around the world, there are plenty of cultures that associate sharing a bed with your baby and emotional well-being for everybody involved.

在世界各地，很多文化都將與寶寶同床共枕與每個人的情感幸福聯繫在一起。

And the rate of SIDS in countries where co-sleeping is more common varies a lot.

而在同床共枕較為普遍的國家，嬰兒猝死綜合症的發病率差異很大。

SIDS rates are around 0.1 deaths per 1,000 babies in Japan and Sweden, 0.8 in New Zealand, and even as low as 0.04 in Italy.

在日本和瑞典，嬰兒猝死症的死亡率約為 0.1‰，紐西蘭為 0.8‰，意大利甚至低至 0.04‰。

Another big reason parents choose to co-sleep is to help with breastfeeding, with parents reporting that it is easier to feed when the baby is in the same bed.

父母選擇同床共枕的另一個重要原因是有助於母乳餵養，父母們表示，嬰兒在同一張床上時更容易餵奶。

And breastfeeding has a bunch of benefits, too, including reducing the overall risk of SIDS.

母乳餵養也有很多好處，包括降低患以下疾病的總體風險嬰兒猝死綜合症。

One review of 11 studies related to bed sharing and breastfeeding came up with a whole list of upsides.

一項對 11 項有關同床共枕和母乳餵養的研究進行的審查得出了一大串好處。

For starters, there was some evidence that families who co-slept had longer durations of breastfeeding throughout the night than families who didn't, although this effect wasn't found in all cases.

首先，有證據表明，與沒有共同睡眠的家庭相比，共同睡眠的家庭整夜母乳餵養的時間更長，儘管這種影響並不是在所有情況下都能發現。

They also found that, on average, moms who breastfed and co-slept got more sleep than bottle-feeding moms, which sounds ideal.

他們還發現，平均而言，母乳餵養和共同睡眠的媽媽比奶瓶餵養的媽媽睡得更多，這聽起來很理想。

And studies done in the UK, where co-sleeping is more common, found that families who co-slept in the hospital were more likely to start and continue breastfeeding when they got home.

而在同睡更為普遍的英國進行的研究發現，在醫院同睡的家庭更有可能在回家後開始並繼續母乳餵養。

And finally, both parents and babies might wake up more easily when co-sleeping, which might be better than it sounds.

最後，父母和寶寶同睡時可能更容易醒來，這可能比聽起來要好。

The idea here is that if anything goes wrong, both the parents and the baby are more likely to wake up and fix the problem before it's too late.

這樣做的目的是，如果出現任何問題，父母和寶寶都更有可能在為時已晚之前覺醒並解決問題。

So where does this leave us?

我們該何去何從？

Well, there's still a big stigma around co-sleeping.

嗯，人們對同床共枕仍然有很大的成見。

Scientific American reported that some hospitals in the US will not discharge people after they give birth unless they sign forms promising not to bed share.

據《科學美國人》報導，美國一些醫院在產婦分娩後不會讓她們出院，除非她們簽署表格承諾不與他人同床共枕。

But some other international ministries of health and pediatric associations are starting to offer guidance on how to bed share safely, instead of just saying never do it and leaving it there.

但是，其他一些國際衛生部和兒科協會也開始就如何安全分床提供指導，而不是隻說千萬不要分床，然後就不了了之。

Safer bed sharing guidance matters, since a lot of people end up bed sharing even when they didn't plan to, because that's what works for their baby.

更安全的分床指導很重要，因為很多人即使不打算分床，最終也會分床，因為這對他們的寶寶很有用。

So it can be better to tell people how to do it safely, rather than just saying do not ever do it.

告訴人們如何安全地做這件事，可能比只說千萬不要做這件事更好。

The guidance includes not having pillows or blankets near the baby, moving the mattress to the floor to reduce fall risks, placing the baby on their back, and ensuring that the sleep environment is smoke-free.

指導內容包括不要在嬰兒附近放置枕頭或毯子、將床墊移到地板上以減少摔倒的風險、讓嬰兒仰臥，以及確保睡眠環境無煙。

Of course, where you sleep matters, too.

當然，睡覺的地方也很重要。

These guidelines apply to people sharing a firm mattress with their baby, not sleeping in an armchair or on a couch.

這些指導原則適用於與寶寶共用硬床墊的人，而不是睡在扶手椅或沙發上的人。

There are also a whole bunch of other guidelines and recommendations that we don't have time to get into, but you can easily google them on your own.

此外，還有很多其他指南和建議，我們沒有時間一一介紹，但你可以自行上網搜索。

The big takeaway here is that there is no one perfect way for babies to sleep.

這裡的主要啟示是，沒有一種完美的嬰兒睡眠方式。

But there are safe and unsafe ways to do all of the sleep methods, whether that's a bassinet, a crib, or in the big bed.

但是，無論是搖籃、嬰兒床還是大床，所有的睡眠方法都有安全和不安全之分。

We hope that this helps all you parents out there sleep a little easier at night, whether your baby is next to you in bed or not.

我們希望這能幫助各位父母在晚上睡得更輕鬆一些，無論寶寶是否在你身邊。