Name: 為什麼保護動物遷徙可以幫助地球 - 英國廣播公司世界服務，氣候問題 (Why protecting animal migrations could help the planet - The Climate Question, BBC World Service)
Uploaded: 2024-08-31T15:52:59.000Z
Duration: 26 min 28 s

This is the Climate Question from the BBC World Service.

這裡是 BBC 世界服務檯的氣候問題。

程度副詞

I'm Sophie Estor and I'm speaking to someone with a very enviable job, a safari guide in Tanzania, Nima Amos.

我是索菲-埃斯特（Sophie Estor），我現在採訪的是一位擁有令人羨慕工作的人，坦尚尼亞的一名野生動物園嚮導尼瑪-阿莫斯（Nima Amos）。

What I'm seeing in front of me is the woodland area.

A lot of birds, the greenery of the woodland area.

I know at night there's going to be a lot of them because when everybody is sleeping, that's the time that these animals are going to roam around like, OK, this is our land, especially hyenas.

我知道晚上會有很多鬣狗，因為當大家都在睡覺的時候，這些動物就會四處遊蕩，好像 "好了，這是我們的地盤，尤其是鬣狗"。

It's a pretty incredible place to call your office.

作為辦公室，這真是個不可思議的地方。

And what animals are you following at the moment?

Great migration is among the biggest thing that our guests love to see because it's very amazing to see the number of the wildebeest that we have, the number of the zebras.

大遷徙是我們的客人最喜歡看到的景象之一，因為看到野馬的數量和斑馬的數量非常令人驚歎。

This week we're tracking some of the largest animal migrations on earth.

本週，我們將追蹤地球上最大規模的動物遷徙。

The hundreds of thousands of wildebeest, zebras and gazelles that stomp through East Africa.

成千上萬的角馬、斑馬和瞪羚在東非漫步。

And the great white sharks that hunt the oceans.

So I want to know, how is climate change impacting these epic animal journeys?

所以我想知道，氣候變化對這些史詩般的動物旅程有何影響？

Migration is the biggest migration that we have here in Tanzania.

遷徙是坦尚尼亞最大的遷徙活動。

We have these millions of wildebeests mixed with zebras that you have here in Serengeti, moving from one place to another for availability of food and water.

在塞倫蓋蒂，數以百萬計的角馬與斑馬混雜在一起，從一個地方遷徙到另一個地方，尋找食物和水源。

I mean, I've only seen it in videos, but it must be a pretty awesome sight with so many animals.

我的意思是，我只在視頻中見過，但有這麼多動物，一定是非常壯觀的景象。

Yes, it's plenty of animals, a lot of wildebeest.

是的，動物很多，有很多角馬。

When you see thousands of them running together, I mean, it's, I don't know, it's something that you can't even be able to explain it well, if you see it, it's a magical thing.

當你看到成千上萬的人一起奔跑時，我的意思是，我不知道，這是一種你甚至無法很好解釋的東西，如果你看到了，那就是一件神奇的事情。

And do you get the other animals running after them?

I mean, the predators, the lions and the cheetahs?

我是說，食肉動物、獅子和獵豹？

Wildebeests, they're the main source of the Serengeti ecosystem.

角馬是塞倫蓋蒂生態系統的主要來源。

They help to increase the number of the predators.

它們有助於增加捕食者的數量。

So whenever the migration pass, the lions, the vultures, hyenas, everybody's happy because food is everywhere.

是以，每當遷徙經過，獅子、禿鷲、鬣狗，大家都很高興，因為到處都是食物。

And what kind of noise does this great migration make?

這次大遷徙會發出什麼樣的聲音呢？

I get this from a lot of my guests when the migration, they're around here, they're like, OK, you know what?

我的很多客人在移民時都會這麼說，他們在這裡，他們會說，好吧，你知道嗎？

They're making the noise like, all the time.

Imagine with thousands and thousands of wildebeest around.

想象一下，周圍有成千上萬只角馬。

As the seasons change, the wildebeest move from the Serengeti in Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Tanzania.

隨著季節的變化，角馬從坦尚尼亞的塞倫蓋蒂遷徙到坦尚尼亞的馬賽馬拉。

For the last few months, the hungry herbivores have been busy giving birth to their calves.

在過去的幾個月裡，飢餓的食草動物一直在忙著產仔。

I've been working for more than five years as a safari guide.

我擔任野生動物園嚮導已經五年多了。

So it's always the great moment when I get to see the wildebeest giving birth.

是以，每當我看到角馬分娩的時候，都是最美妙的時刻。

I'm telling you, it's a wonderful moment seeing how they're giving birth and straight ahead after one minute, two minutes, the calf can be able to walk.

我告訴你，看到它們如何分娩，一分鐘、兩分鐘後，小牛就能直接走路，這真是一個美妙的時刻。

The mother can be able to lactate the calf.

It's a moment that whenever you see it, OK, these are incredible animals.

每當看到這一幕，你都會覺得，這些動物太不可思議了。

But recently, Nima's seen the patterns of this birthing change.

但最近，尼瑪看到這種分娩模式發生了變化。

Because of the climate changes last year, we had unexpected rain, a lot of rain, which made even the wildebeest being a little bit confused.

由於去年的氣候變化，我們遇到了突如其來的大雨，雨量很大，這讓角馬也有點無所適從。

I was at the eastern part of Serengeti this January and there were plenty of the wildebeest giving birth around that area where they were supposed to not be at this time.

今年 1 月，我在塞倫蓋蒂東部地區，那裡有大量的角馬在產仔，而此時它們本不應該出現在那裡。

But because it's raining everywhere, so they are like scattered, going up and down, going east to west.

但因為到處都在下雨，所以它們就像散落的一樣，忽上忽下，忽東忽西。

Climate change is making rainfall in the Serengeti and the Masai Mara more unpredictable.

氣候變化使得塞倫蓋蒂和馬賽馬拉的降雨更加難以預測。

Last year, vast quantities of rain on the Tanzanian side meant the grass grew everywhere, so the wildebeest were giving birth in different areas than usual.

去年，坦尚尼亞一側的大量降雨意味著到處都長滿了草，是以角馬的產仔地點與往年不同。

And it's not just Nima who's concerned about this.

對此感到擔憂的不僅僅是尼瑪。

I first got involved in this when I was an undergraduate student in Kenya in the early years.

我早年在肯亞讀大學時就開始參與這項工作。

During that time, we went to visit Masai Mara and I got really interested in the place ever since.

那段時間，我們去了馬賽馬拉，從那時起，我就對這個地方產生了濃厚的興趣。

Joseph Ogutu moved to Germany, where he's a senior statistician at the University of in this very ecosystem.

約瑟夫-奧古圖（Joseph Ogutu）搬到了德國，在那裡，他是這個生態系統中的德國大學的高級統計學家。

He's been analysing data captured by the Kenyan government, which sends people in low-flying planes over this vast savannah to painstakingly count by the human eye and with photographs the number and timings of wildebeest.

肯尼亞政府派人乘坐低空飛機飛越這片廣袤的大草原，用肉眼和照片煞費苦心地統計角馬的數量和時間。

And climate change is causing the great migration to change.

而氣候變化正在導致大遷徙發生變化。

We are seeing that the migration used to visit Masai Mara in much larger numbers in the 70s and the 80s.

我們看到，在 70 年代和 80 年代，遷徙到馬賽馬拉的人數要多得多。

There used to be at least over one million wildebeest alone coming to Masai Mara from the Serengeti.

過去，僅從塞倫蓋蒂來到馬賽馬拉的角馬就至少超過 100 萬隻。

But over the years, that number has gone down.

但多年來，這個數字一直在下降。

And nowadays, it is hard to find more than just about 250,000 visiting the Mara.

而如今，到馬拉遊玩的遊客已很難超過 25 萬人。

That's a big change from over a million to 250,000.

從 100 多萬到 25 萬，這是一個很大的變化。

The other change is that these few that do make it to the Mara each dry season, spend less time in the Mara than they used to do in the early years.

另一個變化是，與早年相比，每年旱季前往馬拉的少數遊客在馬拉逗留的時間減少了。

And they're spending about one and a half months less based on our estimates than they used to do in the early years when they were coming in larger numbers.

根據我們的估算，他們比早年人數較多時少花一個半月的時間。

The wildebeest are spending less time in Kenya.

野馬在肯亞停留的時間越來越少。

They prefer it on the Tanzanian side, where Nima says there's been more rain and therefore more grass.

他們更喜歡坦尚尼亞那邊，尼瑪說那裡雨水更多，草也更多。

Climate change is affecting the animals in lots of different ways.

氣候變化對動物的影響多種多樣。

So in recent years, the Mara River nearly completely dried out, which represented a serious challenge.

是以，近年來馬拉河幾乎完全乾涸，這是一個嚴峻的挑戰。

Secondly, when the rainfall reduces, then the amount of grass produced also reduces, forcing the migration to move over longer areas looking for water and food.

其次，當降雨量減少時，草的產量也會減少，這就迫使遷徙者在更遠的地方尋找水和食物。

They go closer to villages or the homes of poachers.

So the number of the wildebeest that are killed as a result of this increases.

是以，是以而死亡的角馬數量也在增加。

So when there's more drought that pushes wildebeest closer to humans, how much have the numbers gone up in terms of wildebeest being poached?

那麼，當乾旱加劇，使角馬更加接近人類時，角馬被偷獵的數量會增加多少？

About 100,000 wildebeest are poached every year.

On top of that number, you would add more in years which have got less rainfall due to drought.

在此基礎上，再加上因乾旱而降雨量減少的年份。

Joseph's seen drought get more intense and more frequent in recent years.

近年來，約瑟夫的乾旱越來越嚴重，也越來越頻繁。

Since 2021, East Africa has been gripped by a horrific three-year drought, and scientists say it was made 100 times more likely by climate change.

自 2021 年以來，東非遭受了長達三年的可怕旱災，科學家稱，氣候變化使旱災發生的可能性增加了 100 倍。

We've made a whole programme about ways to tackle drought in this region.

我們製作了一個關於如何解決本地區乾旱問題的完整節目。

Just search our back catalogue and type, how can we fight drought in the Horn of Africa, wherever you get your podcasts.

無論您在哪裡收聽播客，只需搜索我們的目錄，然後輸入 "我們如何在非洲之角抗旱 "即可。

It's not just drought that's causing a problem.

The temperature is increasing in Masai Mara.

The average minimum temperature at night used to be about seven degrees Celsius in the 1960s, but that has now increased to 11 degrees, which is an increase of four degrees Celsius.

20 世紀 60 年代，夜間平均最低氣溫約為 7 攝氏度，但現在已升至 11 攝氏度，上升了 4 攝氏度。

It means that the water that is in the ground and the river evaporates faster, so there's less for the animals to drink, and it's harder for grass to grow in Kenya.

這意味著地下和河裡的水蒸發得更快，動物喝的水就更少了，肯亞的草也更難生長。

So they stay longer in Tanzania, where they're more likely to come into contact with poachers as they roam the plains for food and water, and they're also more likely to overgraze the grass.

是以，它們在坦尚尼亞逗留的時間更長，在那裡它們更有可能與偷獵者接觸，因為它們在平原上漫遊尋找食物和水，也更有可能過度放牧。

Joseph says there's been dramatic changes in land use since the 1970s.

約瑟夫說，自 20 世紀 70 年代以來，土地利用發生了巨大變化。

There are far more livestock, which means competition for grazing, and there's been an increase in human settlements, which come with a lot of fencing, so it's harder for the wildebeest to roam freely through the territory.

牲畜的數量大大增加，這意味著對牧草的爭奪，而且人類定居點也在增加，這些定居點都有很多圍欄，是以野馬更難在領地內自由漫步。

Yeah, I think the animals are trying to do the best they can to adapt.

是的，我認為動物們正在盡力適應。

The habitats are getting lost or degraded in various ways.

棲息地正在以各種方式消失或退化。

So climate change just continues to pile more pressure on these animals and accelerate the loss of the animals and the loss of their habitats.

是以，氣候變化只會繼續給這些動物帶來更大的壓力，加速動物的消失和棲息地的喪失。

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為什麼保護動物遷徙可以幫助地球 - 英國廣播公司世界服務，氣候問題 (Why protecting animal migrations could help the planet - The Climate Question, BBC World Service)

perspective

intense

incredible

massive