I'm Sophie Estor and I'm speaking to someone with a very enviable job, a safari guide in Tanzania, Nima Amos.

我是索菲-埃斯特（Sophie Estor），我現在採訪的是一位擁有令人羨慕工作的人，坦尚尼亞的一名野生動物園嚮導尼瑪-阿莫斯（Nima Amos）。

I'm in the vehicle right now.

我現在就在車裡。

What I'm seeing in front of me is the woodland area.

我眼前看到的是林地。

A lot of birds, the greenery of the woodland area.

鳥兒眾多，林地綠意盎然。

It's beautiful.

太美了

I don't see any animal for the moment.

我暫時沒看到任何動物。

I know at night there's going to be a lot of them because when everybody is sleeping, that's the time that these animals are going to roam around like, OK, this is our land, especially hyenas.

我知道晚上會有很多鬣狗，因為當大家都在睡覺的時候，這些動物就會四處遊蕩，好像 "好了，這是我們的地盤，尤其是鬣狗"。

It's a pretty incredible place to call your office.

作為辦公室，這真是個不可思議的地方。

Yes, for sure.

是的，當然。

And what animals are you following at the moment?

你目前在關注什麼動物？

At the moment, great migration.

目前，大遷徙。

Great migration is among the biggest thing that our guests love to see because it's very amazing to see the number of the wildebeest that we have, the number of the zebras.

大遷徙是我們的客人最喜歡看到的景象之一，因為看到野馬的數量和斑馬的數量非常令人驚歎。

This week we're tracking some of the largest animal migrations on earth.

本週，我們將追蹤地球上最大規模的動物遷徙。

The hundreds of thousands of wildebeest, zebras and gazelles that stomp through East Africa.

成千上萬的角馬、斑馬和瞪羚在東非漫步。

And the great white sharks that hunt the oceans.

還有在海洋中捕食的大白鯊。

But the world is warming.

但世界正在變暖。

So I want to know, how is climate change impacting these epic animal journeys?

所以我想知道，氣候變化對這些史詩般的動物旅程有何影響？

Migration is the biggest migration that we have here in Tanzania.

遷徙是坦尚尼亞最大的遷徙活動。

We have these millions of wildebeests mixed with zebras that you have here in Serengeti, moving from one place to another for availability of food and water.

在塞倫蓋蒂，數以百萬計的角馬與斑馬混雜在一起，從一個地方遷徙到另一個地方，尋找食物和水源。

And what does it look like?

它看起來像什麼？

I mean, I've only seen it in videos, but it must be a pretty awesome sight with so many animals.

我的意思是，我只在視頻中見過，但有這麼多動物，一定是非常壯觀的景象。

Yes, it's plenty of animals, a lot of wildebeest.

是的，動物很多，有很多角馬。

When you see thousands of them running together, I mean, it's, I don't know, it's something that you can't even be able to explain it well, if you see it, it's a magical thing.

當你看到成千上萬的人一起奔跑時，我的意思是，我不知道，這是一種你甚至無法很好解釋的東西，如果你看到了，那就是一件神奇的事情。

Yeah.

是啊

And do you get the other animals running after them?

其他動物會追著它們跑嗎？

I mean, the predators, the lions and the cheetahs?

我是說，食肉動物、獅子和獵豹？

For sure, yes.

當然，是的。

Wildebeests, they're the main source of the Serengeti ecosystem.

角馬是塞倫蓋蒂生態系統的主要來源。

They help to increase the number of the predators.

它們有助於增加捕食者的數量。

So whenever the migration pass, the lions, the vultures, hyenas, everybody's happy because food is everywhere.

是以，每當遷徙經過，獅子、禿鷲、鬣狗，大家都很高興，因為到處都是食物。

And what kind of noise does this great migration make?

這次大遷徙會發出什麼樣的聲音呢？

Is it pretty noisy?

噪音大嗎？

Wow, it's a funny noise for sure.

哇，這聲音可真有趣。

I get this from a lot of my guests when the migration, they're around here, they're like, OK, you know what?

我的很多客人在移民時都會這麼說，他們在這裡，他們會說，好吧，你知道嗎？

We couldn't sleep at night.

我們夜不能寐。

Somebody was all the time.

一直都有人在。

They're making the noise like, all the time.

他們一直在製造噪音。

Imagine with thousands and thousands of wildebeest around.

想象一下，周圍有成千上萬只角馬。

It must be quite hard to sleep.

一定很難入睡。

For sure.

當然。

It's very hard.

這很難。

As the seasons change, the wildebeest move from the Serengeti in Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Tanzania.

隨著季節的變化，角馬從坦尚尼亞的塞倫蓋蒂遷徙到坦尚尼亞的馬賽馬拉。

For the last few months, the hungry herbivores have been busy giving birth to their calves.

在過去的幾個月裡，飢餓的食草動物一直在忙著產仔。

I've been working for more than five years as a safari guide.

我擔任野生動物園嚮導已經五年多了。

So it's always the great moment when I get to see the wildebeest giving birth.

是以，每當我看到角馬分娩的時候，都是最美妙的時刻。

I'm telling you, it's a wonderful moment seeing how they're giving birth and straight ahead after one minute, two minutes, the calf can be able to walk.

我告訴你，看到它們如何分娩，一分鐘、兩分鐘後，小牛就能直接走路，這真是一個美妙的時刻。

The mother can be able to lactate the calf.

母牛可以給小牛哺乳。

It's a moment that whenever you see it, OK, these are incredible animals.

每當看到這一幕，你都會覺得，這些動物太不可思議了。

But recently, Nima's seen the patterns of this birthing change.

但最近，尼瑪看到這種分娩模式發生了變化。

Because of the climate changes last year, we had unexpected rain, a lot of rain, which made even the wildebeest being a little bit confused.

由於去年的氣候變化，我們遇到了突如其來的大雨，雨量很大，這讓角馬也有點無所適從。

I was at the eastern part of Serengeti this January and there were plenty of the wildebeest giving birth around that area where they were supposed to not be at this time.

今年 1 月，我在塞倫蓋蒂東部地區，那裡有大量的角馬在產仔，而此時它們本不應該出現在那裡。

But because it's raining everywhere, so they are like scattered, going up and down, going east to west.

但因為到處都在下雨，所以它們就像散落的一樣，忽上忽下，忽東忽西。

So it has been a little bit confusing.

是以，這有點令人困惑。

Climate change is making rainfall in the Serengeti and the Masai Mara more unpredictable.

氣候變化使得塞倫蓋蒂和馬賽馬拉的降雨更加難以預測。

Last year, vast quantities of rain on the Tanzanian side meant the grass grew everywhere, so the wildebeest were giving birth in different areas than usual.

去年，坦尚尼亞一側的大量降雨意味著到處都長滿了草，是以角馬的產仔地點與往年不同。

And it's not just Nima who's concerned about this.

對此感到擔憂的不僅僅是尼瑪。

I first got involved in this when I was an undergraduate student in Kenya in the early years.

我早年在肯亞讀大學時就開始參與這項工作。

During that time, we went to visit Masai Mara and I got really interested in the place ever since.

那段時間，我們去了馬賽馬拉，從那時起，我就對這個地方產生了濃厚的興趣。

Joseph Ogutu moved to Germany, where he's a senior statistician at the University of in this very ecosystem.

約瑟夫-奧古圖（Joseph Ogutu）搬到了德國，在那裡，他是這個生態系統中的德國大學的高級統計學家。

He's been analysing data captured by the Kenyan government, which sends people in low-flying planes over this vast savannah to painstakingly count by the human eye and with photographs the number and timings of wildebeest.

肯尼亞政府派人乘坐低空飛機飛越這片廣袤的大草原，用肉眼和照片煞費苦心地統計角馬的數量和時間。

And climate change is causing the great migration to change.

而氣候變化正在導致大遷徙發生變化。

We are seeing that the migration used to visit Masai Mara in much larger numbers in the 70s and the 80s.

我們看到，在 70 年代和 80 年代，遷徙到馬賽馬拉的人數要多得多。

There used to be at least over one million wildebeest alone coming to Masai Mara from the Serengeti.

過去，僅從塞倫蓋蒂來到馬賽馬拉的角馬就至少超過 100 萬隻。

But over the years, that number has gone down.

但多年來，這個數字一直在下降。

And nowadays, it is hard to find more than just about 250,000 visiting the Mara.

而如今，到馬拉遊玩的遊客已很難超過 25 萬人。

That's a big change from over a million to 250,000.

從 100 多萬到 25 萬，這是一個很大的變化。

It's a massive change.

這是一個巨大的變化。

It's a massive change indeed.

這確實是一個巨大的變化。

The other change is that these few that do make it to the Mara each dry season, spend less time in the Mara than they used to do in the early years.

另一個變化是，與早年相比，每年旱季前往馬拉的少數遊客在馬拉逗留的時間減少了。

And they're spending about one and a half months less based on our estimates than they used to do in the early years when they were coming in larger numbers.

根據我們的估算，他們比早年人數較多時少花一個半月的時間。

Those are huge shifts over the decades.

這是幾十年來的巨大變化。

The wildebeest are spending less time in Kenya.

野馬在肯亞停留的時間越來越少。

They prefer it on the Tanzanian side, where Nima says there's been more rain and therefore more grass.

他們更喜歡坦尚尼亞那邊，尼瑪說那裡雨水更多，草也更多。

Climate change is affecting the animals in lots of different ways.

氣候變化對動物的影響多種多樣。

The first is through the Mara River.

首先是穿越馬拉河。

So in recent years, the Mara River nearly completely dried out, which represented a serious challenge.

是以，近年來馬拉河幾乎完全乾涸，這是一個嚴峻的挑戰。

Secondly, when the rainfall reduces, then the amount of grass produced also reduces, forcing the migration to move over longer areas looking for water and food.

其次，當降雨量減少時，草的產量也會減少，這就迫使遷徙者在更遠的地方尋找水和食物。

They go closer to villages or the homes of poachers.

他們走近村莊或偷獵者的家。

So the number of the wildebeest that are killed as a result of this increases.

是以，是以而死亡的角馬數量也在增加。

So when there's more drought that pushes wildebeest closer to humans, how much have the numbers gone up in terms of wildebeest being poached?

那麼，當乾旱加劇，使角馬更加接近人類時，角馬被偷獵的數量會增加多少？

About 100,000 wildebeest are poached every year.

每年約有 10 萬隻角馬被偷獵。

On top of that number, you would add more in years which have got less rainfall due to drought.

在此基礎上，再加上因乾旱而降雨量減少的年份。

So it's a massive loss.

是以，這是一個巨大的損失。

Joseph's seen drought get more intense and more frequent in recent years.

近年來，約瑟夫的乾旱越來越嚴重，也越來越頻繁。

Since 2021, East Africa has been gripped by a horrific three-year drought, and scientists say it was made 100 times more likely by climate change.

自 2021 年以來，東非遭受了長達三年的可怕旱災，科學家稱，氣候變化使旱災發生的可能性增加了 100 倍。

We've made a whole programme about ways to tackle drought in this region.

我們製作了一個關於如何解決本地區乾旱問題的完整節目。

Just search our back catalogue and type, how can we fight drought in the Horn of Africa, wherever you get your podcasts.

無論您在哪裡收聽播客，只需搜索我們的目錄，然後輸入 "我們如何在非洲之角抗旱 "即可。

It's not just drought that's causing a problem.

造成問題的不僅僅是乾旱。

The temperature is increasing in Masai Mara.

馬賽馬拉的氣溫正在上升。

The average minimum temperature at night used to be about seven degrees Celsius in the 1960s, but that has now increased to 11 degrees, which is an increase of four degrees Celsius.

20 世紀 60 年代，夜間平均最低氣溫約為 7 攝氏度，但現在已升至 11 攝氏度，上升了 4 攝氏度。

That's a massive change in temperature.

這是一個巨大的溫度變化。

It means that the water that is in the ground and the river evaporates faster, so there's less for the animals to drink, and it's harder for grass to grow in Kenya.

這意味著地下和河裡的水蒸發得更快，動物喝的水就更少了，肯亞的草也更難生長。

So they stay longer in Tanzania, where they're more likely to come into contact with poachers as they roam the plains for food and water, and they're also more likely to overgraze the grass.

是以，它們在坦尚尼亞逗留的時間更長，在那裡它們更有可能與偷獵者接觸，因為它們在平原上漫遊尋找食物和水，也更有可能過度放牧。

Climate change isn't the only factor.

氣候變化並不是唯一的因素。

Joseph says there's been dramatic changes in land use since the 1970s.

約瑟夫說，自 20 世紀 70 年代以來，土地利用發生了巨大變化。

There are far more livestock, which means competition for grazing, and there's been an increase in human settlements, which come with a lot of fencing, so it's harder for the wildebeest to roam freely through the territory.

牲畜的數量大大增加，這意味著對牧草的爭奪，而且人類定居點也在增加，這些定居點都有很多圍欄，是以野馬更難在領地內自由漫步。

Yeah, I think the animals are trying to do the best they can to adapt.

是的，我認為動物們正在盡力適應。

The habitats are getting lost or degraded in various ways.

棲息地正在以各種方式消失或退化。

So climate change just continues to pile more pressure on these animals and accelerate the loss of the animals and the loss of their habitats.

是以，氣候變化只會繼續給這些動物帶來更大的壓力，加速動物的消失和棲息地的喪失。

And Joseph, you're Kenyan yourself, and you're obviously really passionate about these animals and this place.

約瑟夫，你自己也是肯亞人，顯然你對這些動物和這個地方充滿熱情。

Does it make you sad that such fewer numbers are coming to the Kenyan side?

肯亞方面的人數越來越少，這是否讓你感到難過？

Yeah, I am concerned about the migration, not just because the few are crossing into Kenya, because, you know, from the perspective of the wildebeest, they really do not know Kenya or Tanzania.

是的，我對遷徙感到擔憂，不僅僅是因為少數遷徙者進入肯亞，因為從角馬的角度來看，它們真的不瞭解肯亞或坦尚尼亞。

They see the old Serengeti Mara.

他們看到了古老的塞倫蓋蒂馬拉。

They don't have passports.

他們沒有護照。

They don't have passports.

他們沒有護照。

They see the Serengeti Mara as one ecosystem.

他們將塞倫蓋蒂馬拉視為一個生態系統。

So if one part of the system is not working well, then the whole system gets affected.

是以，如果系統的某個部分運行不暢，那麼整個系統都會受到影響。

So if we really want to preserve the migration into the future, then we really need to make sure that the whole system as a whole is working.

是以，如果我們真的想把移民保存到未來，那麼我們真的需要確保整個系統作為一個整體在運行。

For tour guides like Nima, these changes make her job a whole lot harder.

對於像尼瑪這樣的導遊來說，這些變化讓她的工作難上加難。

So you get some of the guests like, OK, maybe my map shows me I have to go to the northern part of Serengeti because it's going to be a crossing at this time of the year.

是以，有些客人會說："好吧，也許我的地圖顯示我必須去塞倫蓋蒂北部，因為每年的這個時候都要穿越塞倫蓋蒂。

And then perhaps because of the climate change, the wildebeest can delay to go there.

然後，也許因為氣候變化，角馬可以延後去那裡。

So it gives maybe as a safari guide a lot of pressure because there is no wildebeest here.

是以，作為一名野生動物園嚮導，這可能會給我們帶來很大的壓力，因為這裡沒有羚羊。

And I want my guests to get the same same experience.

我希望我的客人也能獲得同樣的體驗。

My guests have travelled maybe from UK, from US, from all part of the world for this.

我的客人們可能來自英國、美國，也可能來自世界各地。

So it gives us a lot of pressure.

所以這給了我們很大的壓力。

And also it's the best time also to explain to our guests about the climate change and to give them the education about it.

同時，這也是向我們的客人解釋氣候變化並進行相關教育的最佳時機。

I mean, these changes that you've seen with the wildebeest, I mean, how worried are you about climate change and what's Yes, it's something that gives you a lot of worrying about the migration and everything.

我的意思是，你所看到的角馬的這些變化，我的意思是，你對氣候變化有多擔心？

Wildebeest migration in Serengeti is very, very important.

塞倫蓋蒂的角馬遷徙非常非常重要。

You know, when they move from one place to another, they shape the landscape, eating the grasses, opening the woodland area, helping other animals to increase, helping also our country because I mean, the wildebeest migration is among the most famous in Africa.

要知道，當它們從一個地方遷徙到另一個地方時，它們會塑造地貌，吃掉草地，開闢林地，幫助其他動物增加數量，也幫助我們的國家，因為我的意思是，角馬遷徙是非洲最著名的遷徙之一。

So it helps to increase money in our country, people to get employed in our national parks.

是以，它有助於增加我國的資金，讓人們在國家公園就業。

So the migration is very important, not only for the animals, but for the ecosystem and for the humans too.

是以，遷徙不僅對動物非常重要，對生態系統和人類也非常重要。

You're listening to the Climate Question from the BBC World Service.

您正在收聽的是 BBC 世界服務檯的氣候問題。

I'm Sophie Estor, and we're hearing the stories of incredible animal migrations and how they're being affected by the changing climate.

我是索菲-埃斯特，我們正在聆聽不可思議的動物遷徙故事，以及它們如何受到氣候變化的影響。

The UN recently released a landmark report on the state of the world's migratory animals, from turtles and fish to reptiles and birds.

聯合國最近發佈了一份具有里程碑意義的報告，介紹了從海龜、魚類到爬行動物和鳥類等世界遷徙動物的狀況。

It studied more than 1000 creatures and found that nearly half are in decline.

它對 1000 多種生物進行了研究，發現近一半的生物正在減少。

Climate change was one of the top threats.

氣候變化是最大的威脅之一。

We've heard a story about land migration on the plains of the Serengeti and the Masai Mara.

我們聽說過塞倫蓋蒂平原和馬賽馬拉平原上的陸地遷徙故事。

But what about animals that prowl the ocean?

但是，在海洋中游蕩的動物們呢？

I love sharks.

我愛鯊魚

I think they're super interesting because they just capture people's imaginations.

我認為它們超級有趣，因為它們能捕捉人們的想象力。

This is Tricia Atwood.

這位是特里西婭-阿特伍德。

She's Associate Professor of Watershed Sciences at Utah State University in the US.

她是美國猶他州立大學流域科學副教授。

There's been a couple of close encounters.

有過幾次親密接觸。

I just happened to be in a very tight area in a boat channel and a very large tiger shark just kind of came up right behind me.

我剛好在船道上一個非常狹小的區域，一條非常大的虎鯊就在我身後衝了過來。

He was trying to get around me and I didn't really know what he was doing.

他試圖繞過我，而我真的不知道他在做什麼。

But it did cause me a little bit of panic.

但這確實讓我有點恐慌。

I bet.

我敢打賭。

Was it a close shave?

剃得很仔細嗎？

I mean, he was so close behind me, I could have kicked it in the face, but he just went right past me.

我是說，他就在我身後，我本可以一腳踢在他臉上，但他就這麼從我身邊過去了。

I do remember my husband was with me and he was still on shore and he was yelling at me, Tricia, Tricia.

我記得當時我丈夫和我在一起，他還在岸上對我大喊：翠西翠西。

Wow, how dramatic.

哇，太戲劇化了。

Well, all went well and you're here talking to us.

好吧，一切順利，你在這裡和我們說話。

What we're here to talk about is migratory animals and sharks migrate.

我們要討論的是洄游動物，鯊魚也會洄游。

Can you tell me why they migrate?

你能告訴我它們為什麼遷徙嗎？

Yeah, so animals migrate for all types of reasons.

是啊，動物遷徙有各種各樣的原因。

Some of them migrate for food resources, but animals, including sharks, will also migrate to locations that are more suitable for things like mating or for giving birth.

有些動物遷徙是為了獲取食物資源，但包括鯊魚在內的動物也會遷徙到更適合交配或生育的地點。

For example, lemon sharks in the Bahamas will travel back to the same location where they themselves were born to give birth to their own food resources or are attempting to get to places that are more suitable for the activities that they are doing during that season.

例如，巴哈馬群島上的檸檬鯊會回到它們自己出生的地方產下自己的食物資源，或者試圖到達更適合它們在那個季節活動的地方。

And what kind of distances are we talking with these migrations?

這些遷移的距離有多遠？

Are they covering huge swathes of ocean?

它們是否覆蓋了大片海洋？

Oh, absolutely.

哦，當然。

Some of these shark species can travel massive distances.

其中一些鯊魚種類可以長途跋涉。

We've seen great white sharks that have traveled from the coast off of like Perth, Australia, all the way to South Africa.

我們見過大白鯊從澳洲珀斯海岸一直游到南非。

Wow, that's incredible.

哇，太不可思議了

And so we know that climate change is increasing temperatures, including ocean temperatures.

是以，我們知道氣候變化正在提高氣溫，包括海洋溫度。

Is that impacting sharks?

這對鯊魚有影響嗎？

Absolutely.

當然可以。

So sharks and lots of other animals sometimes are cued by water temperatures or air temperatures that is telling them, hey, this is the season for you to go somewhere else.

是以，鯊魚和許多其他動物有時會受到水溫或氣溫的提示，告訴它們，嘿，這個季節你們該去別的地方了。

Because climate change is altering those temperatures, they may choose to Then when they get there, there's no food and now they're in trouble.

由於氣候變化正在改變這些溫度，它們可能會選擇在到達那裡時，沒有食物，現在它們有麻煩了。

Animals are also moving because where they currently are located may be completely uninhabitable for them now.

動物們之所以搬家，還因為它們現在所在的地方可能已經完全不適合它們居住了。

So all animals have a thermal temperature limit that their body operates at.

是以，所有動物的身體都有一個工作溫度極限。

And if you exceed those limits, the temperatures are too high or those temperatures are too cold, the body can't function anymore and it will start to die.

如果超過了這些限制，溫度過高或過低，身體就無法再運作，就會開始死亡。

Really?

真的嗎？

So have there been some examples where sharks have moved because of rising sea temperatures into other places?

那麼，有沒有鯊魚因為海水溫度升高而遷移到其他地方的例子呢？

Yes.

是的。

So we have seen that great white sharks are moving to cooler waters.

是以，我們看到大白鯊正在向溫度較低的水域移動。

So great white sharks are kind of like the Goldilocks and they like these temperate waters that aren't too hot and aren't too cold.

大白鯊就像 "金髮女郎"，它們喜歡溫帶水域，不會太熱也不會太冷。

Just right.

剛剛好