Don't be so sensitive.

別那麼敏感

I didn't say that.

我可沒這麼說。

It's all in your head.

一切都在你的腦子裡。

Has anyone ever said these things to you and, like, made you second-guess yourself?

有沒有人對你說過這些話，讓你對自己產生懷疑？

Or maybe your friend has heard this kind of stuff from their partner or even their boss.

或者，你的朋友從他們的伴侶甚至老闆那裡聽說過這類事情。

Maybe you have said this kind of thing to somebody else.

也許你對別人說過這種話。

In any case, these are all potential signs of gaslighting.

無論如何，這些都是 "煤氣中毒 "的潛在跡象。

Gaslighting is a form of emotional abuse.

心理暗示是一種情感虐待。

It's when one person manipulates another into questioning their sanity and their sense of reality.

這是指一個人操縱另一個人，使其懷疑自己的理智和現實感。

I've tried to see this term online lately, and it was voted the American Dialect Society's most useful word of 2016.

我最近試著在網上看到這個詞，它被評為美國方言協會 2016 年最有用的單詞。

But to gaslight has been used as a verb since at least the 1960s, when an anthropologist defined it in a book on culture and personality.

但至少從 20 世紀 60 年代起，"煤氣燈 "就被用作一個動詞，當時一位人類學家在一本關於文化和人格的書中給它下了定義。

The word itself refers to a popular 1944 film, and the 1938 stage play it was based on, called

這個詞本身指的是 1944 年的一部流行電影，以及根據該電影改編的 1938 年舞臺劇，名為

Gaslight.

煤氣燈

Feels like it probably should be fair game to spoil a movie from the 1940s, but just in case, spoiler alert, a guy who says his name is Gregory is trying to find and steal his wife Paula's heirloom jewels.

對於一部上世紀 40 年代的電影來說，劇透也許是件很公平的事，但為了以防萬一，還是要提醒一下：一個自稱叫格雷戈裡的人正試圖找到並偷走他妻子寶拉的傳家珠寶。

So he tries to drive her insane so that she'll be institutionalized and out of his way.

所以他想把她逼瘋，這樣她就會被送進精神病院，不受他的控制。

He hides objects, flirts with the maid, and accidentally flickers the gas-powered lights in the house as he's looking for jewels in the attic.

他把東西藏起來，和女僕調情，在閣樓上尋找珠寶時不小心把家裡的煤氣燈弄壞了。

But when she asks him what's going on, he tells her it's all in her head.

但當她問他發生了什麼事時，他卻告訴她，這都是她自己想出來的。

He even goes as far as accusing her of stealing the lost objects herself.

他甚至指責她自己偷了失物。

Paula really does begin to doubt her own sanity, and is only saved when a police officer visits while Gregory is in the attic, and tells her that he also sees the flickering gaslights.

寶拉真的開始懷疑自己的理智，直到格雷戈裡在閣樓上時，一位警官來訪，告訴她他也看到了閃爍的煤氣燈，寶拉才得救。

So she's not just imagining things.

所以她並不是憑空想象。

And even though this is an extreme example, it's pretty much what gaslighting looks like.

儘管這只是一個極端的例子，但它幾乎就是煤氣燈的樣子。

In a paper from 1988, two clinical psychologists described cases of gaslighting that they had seen in their practices.

在 1988 年的一篇論文中，兩位臨床心理學家描述了他們在實踐中看到的 "煤氣燈 "案例。

In these cases, men cheated on their wives and then denied it, even in the face of solid evidence.

在這些案例中，男人出軌後，即使面對確鑿的證據也矢口否認。

You've heard this song before.

這首歌你一定聽過。

It wasn't me.

不是我

In one example, a wife picked up the phone in her house and heard her husband planning a rendezvous with his girlfriend, and he told her that she had just imagined everything.

有一個例子是，一位妻子在家裡拿起電話，聽到丈夫計劃與女友約會，丈夫告訴她一切都是她想象出來的。

But it's not just a marital phenomenon, and women aren't always the victims.

但這並不僅僅是一種婚姻現象，婦女也並不總是受害者。

A supervisor can deny that an employee is being left out of meetings.

主管可以否認員工被排除在會議之外。

A friend can convince you that you misheard those hurtful things they said.

朋友可以讓你相信，你聽錯了他們說的那些傷人的話。

A lawyer can try to tell Taylor Swift that she wasn't actually groped.

律師可以試著告訴泰勒-斯威夫特，她實際上並沒有被摸。

The trouble with gaslighting is that there's just not a lot of peer-reviewed research on it.

煤氣燈療法的問題在於，並沒有很多經過同行評議的相關研究。

It's not the kind of thing you can ethically run an experiment on.

從道德角度講，這不是一種可以進行實驗的東西。

Still, it's something that a lot of clinicians have seen in their clients, and there are plenty of case studies, blog posts, articles, and books published by clinical psychologists that talk about what it looks like, why it happens, and what can be done to stop it.

儘管如此，很多臨床醫生還是在他們的客戶身上看到過這種情況，有很多臨床心理學家發表的案例研究、博客文章、文章和書籍都談到了這種情況的表現形式、發生原因以及如何阻止它的發生。

So experts have a few ideas about what's going on in the mind of a gaslighter.

是以，專家們對 "煤氣中毒者 "的想法有了一些瞭解。

A 1981 review in the journal The Psychoanalytic Quarterly suggested that gaslighting might be a way people project conflicts or emotions like anxiety onto another person.

1981 年，《精神分析季刊》（The Psychoanalytic Quarterly）雜誌上的一篇評論指出，"煤氣燈 "可能是人們將衝突或焦慮等情緒投射到他人身上的一種方式。

This could explain why cheaters often accuse their spouses of cheating, to make what they did seem less bad by believing that their partner has felt or behaved the same way.

這就可以解釋為什麼出軌者經常指責配偶出軌，因為他們相信配偶也有同樣的感覺或行為，從而使自己的行為看起來不那麼糟糕。

But it doesn't paint a full picture of what's happening with the victims.

但這並不能全面反映受害者的情況。

A more recent hypothesis is that gaslighting is about power and control, like other forms of abuse.

最近的一種假設認為，"煤氣燈療法 "與其他形式的虐待一樣，都是關於權力和控制的。

A 1994 study published in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy suggests that a gaslighter is trying to regulate their own emotions by controlling interactions with other people, and other clinicians and academics agree.

1994 年發表在《精神分析與心理治療》上的一項研究表明，煤氣中毒者試圖通過控制與他人的互動來調節自己的情緒，其他臨床醫生和學者也同意這一觀點。

By undermining their victim's ability to make sense of what's really going on, a gaslighter can gain control over the relationship and resist any challenges to their worldview, which might make them feel uncomfortable.

通過破壞受害者瞭解真實情況的能力，煤氣燈可以控制這段關係，抵制任何對其世界觀的挑戰，因為這可能會讓他們感到不舒服。

Still, that's not to say that people always recognize when they're gaslighting, or why it's a problem.

儘管如此，這並不是說人們總能意識到自己在使用催眠劑，也不是說催眠劑為什麼會成為一個問題。

A gaslighter might question somebody else's memory, or forcefully express their opinions until the other person just concedes.

煤氣中毒者可能會質疑他人的記憶力，或強行表達自己的觀點，直到對方認輸為止。

And to be fair, most of us have probably done something like that in a heated argument.

公平地說，我們中的大多數人都可能在激烈的爭吵中做過類似的事情。

But the real problem is when these behaviors become a pattern, because that's when they become psychologically harmful.

但真正的問題是當這些行為成為一種模式時，因為這時它們就會對心理造成傷害。

Over time, gaslighting can cause a victim to lose confidence, become clinically depressed, or feel unsure of what is real and what is not.

隨著時間的推移，"煤氣燈療法 "會使受害者失去信心，變得臨床抑鬱，或不確定什麼是真實的，什麼是虛假的。

But the truth is, we still don't fully understand why gaslighting happens, or why it gets as psychologically damaging as it does.

但事實是，我們仍然不完全瞭解為什麼會發生煤氣燈，或者為什麼煤氣燈會對心理造成如此大的傷害。

And as we're learning more, other researchers, like sociologists, are exploring how gaslighting might influence phenomena in their fields, like the historical marginalization of certain groups of people.

隨著我們瞭解得越來越多，其他研究人員，比如社會學家，也在探索煤氣燈如何影響他們領域的現象，比如某些群體在歷史上被邊緣化。

Even though we don't know a whole lot about it yet, is there anything we can do?

儘管我們對此還不甚瞭解，但我們能做些什麼嗎？

There's definitely no easy fix, and since gaslighters and their victims often have personal relationships, walking away doesn't always feel like an option.

這絕對不是一個簡單的解決方法，而且由於煤氣中毒者和他們的受害者往往有私人關係，所以離開並不總是一種選擇。

But some general advice from clinical psychologists to victims of gaslighting is to find someone to double-check reality, whether it's a trusted friend or a therapist.

不過，臨床心理學家給 "氣光 "受害者的一些一般性建議是，找一個人反覆核實現實，無論是值得信賴的朋友還是治療師。

This can help victims work to stop this kind of abuse, and it's something all of us can help with.

這可以幫助受害者努力制止這種虐待行為，也是我們每個人都可以幫助的事情。

Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!

感謝您收看本期科學秀心理節目！

If you would like to watch other episodes about complicated topics in psychology, we have them!

如果您想觀看其他有關心理學複雜主題的節目，我們也有！

You can go to youtube.com slash scishowpsych and subscribe!

您可以訪問 youtube.com slash scishowpsych 並訂閱！

[♪ OUTRO ♪, thanks for watching!]

[OUTRO，感謝您的收看！]