Name: 有男子氣概的男人能做出心動的舉動嗎？言語行為理論、霸權男性氣質與權力話語 (Can masculine men make heart gestures? Speech Act Theory, Hegemonic Masculinity & Discourse of Power)
Uploaded: 2024-08-23T03:12:21.000Z
Duration: 27 min 1 s

Several days ago, Taiwanese actor Sonny Wong attended a fan promotion event where he responded to a fan wanting to make a heart gesture by giving them a high five instead.

幾天前，臺灣演員黃子韜出席了一個粉絲宣傳活動，他迴應了一個粉絲想要做出的愛心手勢，而不是擊掌。

That by itself is not that much of a problem, but later he posted on social media saying

這本身並不是什麼大問題，但後來他在社交媒體上發帖說

關係子句

I don't want to make that sissy gesture, which sparked controversy.

我不想做那種引發爭議的娘娘腔手勢。

As a response to his comment, a New Power Party chairwoman Wang Wanyu commented, urging him to be mindful of his word, as a few careless words can hurt thousands of people.

針對他的評論，新力量黨主席王婉玉發表評論，敦促他謹言慎行，因為不經意的幾句話就會傷害成千上萬的人。

The Taiwanese Gender Equality Education Association condemned Wang's statement, argued that while there's nothing wrong with Wang not wanting to make a heart gesture, the issue lies in his use of the derogatory term sissy to express this.

臺灣兩性平等教育協會譴責王志文的言論，認為王志文不想做出心動的舉動並沒有錯，問題在於他用了娘娘腔這個貶義詞來表達。

They point out that while in some contexts the term might be used positively or empower feminine quality, in many cases it carries discriminatory connotations, reflecting a disdain for femininity.

他們指出，雖然在某些情況下，這個詞可能會被正面使用或賦予女性特質，但在許多情況下，它卻帶有歧視性的含義，反映了對女性特質的蔑視。

I believe this event presents a very good opportunity for us to reflect on the nature of gender roles and how, in our society, even something as simple as a heart gesture can make a person feel so insecure about their masculinity that he has to resort to using a derogatory term to distance himself from it.

我認為這次活動提供了一個很好的機會，讓我們反思性別角色的本質，以及在我們的社會中，即使是一個簡單的愛心手勢，也會讓一個人對自己的男子氣概感到非常不自信，以至於不得不使用貶義詞來與之保持距離。

We humans as language users tend to think about language as simply a tool for communication, but in reality, it's hardly the case.

作為語言使用者，我們人類往往認為語言只是一種交流工具，但實際上並非如此。

So if you have been following me for a while, which I doubt any of you exist, according to analytics, the majority of you are one-time viewers who found my videos through YouTube search or Google search.

是以，如果你們已經關注我一段時間了（我懷疑你們中是否有人存在），根據分析，你們中的大多數人都是通過 YouTube 搜索或谷歌搜索找到我的視頻的一次性觀眾。

但無論如何，想象一下也不錯。

If you are one of my imaginative followers who has followed me for a while, you know

如果你是我富有想象力的追隨者之一，並且已經關注我一段時間，你就會知道

And today, I will introduce three big words that can help us understand the situation better.

今天，我將介紹三個大詞，它們可以幫助我們更好地瞭解情況。

Speech-act theory is a concept in linguistic and philosophy of language that refers to the action performed through speech.

言語行為理論是語言學和語言哲學中的一個概念，指通過言語進行的行為。

Introduced by J.L. Austin in his 1962 book, How to Do Things with Words, the theory explains that when we speak, we are not just conveying information, but also performing action.

該理論由 J.L. Austin 在其 1962 年出版的《如何用語言做事》一書中提出，解釋了當我們說話時，我們不僅僅是在傳遞信息，同時也是在採取行動。

There are three main types of speech acts.

Locutionary act is the act of saying something with a specific meaning, focuses only on the literal meaning of the words, not the intention or effect.

定位行為是指說出具有特定含義的話語的行為，只關注話語的字面含義，而不關注意圖或效果。

Elocutionary act is the intention behind the statement, like requesting, promising or apologizing, which is more than just the words themselves, it's about what the speaker is trying to achieve through their statement.

口才行為是語句背後的意圖，如請求、承諾或道歉，它不僅僅是話語本身，而是說話者通過語句想要達到的目的。

The prolocutionary act is about the outcome or effect of the statement on the listener, which is separate from the speaker's intention and the literal meaning, such as persuading, frightening or amusing.

催促行為是指陳述對聽者產生的結果或影響，它與說話者的意圖和字面意思（如說服、恐嚇或逗樂）是分開的。

For example, imagine your friend just pulled out a fresh cheesy pizza, and you really want to have a piece of it.

例如，想象一下你的朋友剛拿出一個新鮮的芝士披薩，而你非常想吃一塊。

You might say, wow, the pizza looks really good.

你可能會說，哇，披薩看起來真不錯。

Here the locutionary act is simply expressing admiration for the pizza, you are literally stating the pizza looks appetizing, it's just the surface meaning of the words.

在這裡，陳述行為只是表達對披薩的讚美，你只是說披薩看起來很有食慾，這只是詞語的表面意思。

The elocutionary act here is actually a hint or a request, you are not just commenting on the appearance of the pizza, you are subtly trying to get your friend to offer you a slice.

這裡的口語行為實際上是一種暗示或請求，你不僅僅是在評論披薩的外觀，你還在巧妙地試圖讓你的朋友給你一塊披薩。

The intention behind the statement is to prompt the friend to share, even though it's not explicitly stated.

這句話背後的意圖是促使朋友分享，儘管並沒有明說。

The prolocutionary act is the effect this statement has on the pizza's owner.

擴散行為是這一聲明對披薩主人產生的影響。

Maybe your friend will feel guilty and say, ok, fine, you can have a slice.

也許你的朋友會感到內疚，然後說，好吧，好吧，你可以吃一片。

Or maybe they laughed and said, nice try, but this one is all mine.

又或者，他們笑著說："不錯的嘗試，但這個是我的。

The effect on the listener, whether they decide to share the pizza or not, is the prolocutionary act.

無論聽者是否決定分享披薩，對他們的影響都是催生行為。

The outcome depends on how the pizza owner interprets the hint.

結果取決於披薩店主如何理解提示。

Ok, so I think now we can start by breaking down a Sonny Wong statement using speech act theory to better understand the nature and the effect of his speech.

好了，我想現在我們可以開始用言語行為理論來分析黃子韜的一段話，以便更好地理解他講話的性質和效果。

Sonny Wong said, I don't want to make that sissy gesture.

王小嵩說，我不想做那種娘娘腔的姿態。

On the surface, the locutionary act is simply Sonny Wong stating a preference.

從表面上看，這個陳述行為只是黃松齡在陳述自己的偏好。

He don't want to perform a particular gesture.

The words themselves are just conveying his decision, which might seem straightforward.

這些話本身只是在傳達他的決定，看似簡單明瞭。

However, the locutionary act here go beyond the surface meaning.

然而，這裡的語用行為超出了表面意義。

By choosing the term sissy, translated from the Chinese term niáng pào, Sonny isn't just setting a boundary.

桑尼選擇了 "娘娘腔"（譯自中文 "娘娘腔"）一詞，這不僅僅是設定了一個界限。

He implicitly expressing disdain or rejection of certain behavior by associating it with negative stereotypes about femininity in men.

他通過將某些行為與對男性女性氣質的負面刻板印象聯繫起來，含蓄地表達了對這些行為的蔑視或排斥。

The locutionary act involves the intention behind his words to distance himself from anything perceived as unmanly and to reinforce traditional gender norm.

這種表述行為包含了他話語背後的意圖，即與任何被認為不符合男子氣概的事物保持距離，並強化傳統的性別規範。

Additionally, in response to the criticism he faced for using the word, he later hinted on social media that it might have been part of the movie's promotion, suggesting that the intention could be to provoke outrage intentionally, aka rage baiting, which is an equally problematic intention if not more so.

此外，在迴應他因使用該詞而面臨的責備時，他後來在社交媒體上暗示，這可能是電影宣傳的一部分，暗示其意圖可能是故意激起憤怒，也就是憤怒誘餌，這同樣是一個有問題的意圖，甚至更有問題。

Finally, the prelocutionary act is about the impact this statement has on others.

最後，前置行為是指這句話對他人的影響。

Hearing this, listeners might feel reinforcing their own biases against non-traditional gender expressions, or they might feel insulted or marginalized if they identify with or support more feminine behaviors in men.

聽了這些話，聽眾可能會覺得自己加深了對非傳統性別表達方式的偏見，或者，如果他們認同或支持男性更女性化的行為，他們可能會覺得自己受到了侮辱或被邊緣化。

The use of sissy can perpetuate harmful stereotypes, leading to the normalization of gender-based slurs, further stigmatizing those who do not conform to the rigid gender roles.

使用 "娘娘腔 "會使有害的陳規定型觀念長期存在，導致基於性別的侮辱正常化，使那些不符合僵化的性別角色的人進一步受到侮辱。

This can harm not only those directly affected by such stereotypes, but also those who adhere to traditional masculine roles, as it traps them in limiting and harmful expectations.

這不僅會傷害那些直接受到這種陳規定型觀念影響的人，也會傷害那些堅持傳統男性角色的人，因為這會讓他們陷入限制性和有害的期望中。

It discourages vulnerability in men who want to be perceived as masculine, suggesting that expressing gentleness or making cute gestures is incompatible with being seen as a quote-unquote real man.

它不鼓勵那些希望被視為有男子氣概的男性表現出脆弱的一面，暗示表現溫柔或做出可愛的動作與被視為真正的男子漢是不相容的。

Many have argued that such language affects those who don't conform to traditional gender norms, but I would argue they actually harm the men who do want to follow the traditional masculine gender role equally, if not more so.

許多人認為，這些語言影響了那些不符合傳統性別規範的人，但我認為，它們實際上同樣傷害了那些希望遵循傳統男性性別角色的男性，甚至傷害更大。

Let me explain why in the following video, and share some research to back up this claim.

讓我在下面的視頻中解釋原因，並與大家分享一些支持這一說法的研究。

To explain why, I think it would be helpful to introduce another big word of today, hegemonic masculinity.

為了解釋原因，我認為介紹一下當今的另一個大詞--霸權主義男性氣質--會有所幫助。

So let's start by explaining what this word means.

是以，讓我們先來解釋一下這個詞的意思。

那麼，什麼是霸權主義男性氣質？

Hegemonic masculinity refers to the dominant form of masculinity in a given society, which often upholds certain ideals about male behavior and roles.

霸權男性氣質指的是特定社會中占主導地位的男性氣質，它往往堅持某些關於男性行為和角色的理想。

This concept, introduced by sociology R. W. Connell, suggests that hegemonic masculinity set the standards for what is considered normal or ideal masculinity.

社會學 R. W. Connell 提出的這一概念認為，霸權男性氣質為正常或理想的男性氣質設定了標準。

It typically emphasizes traits like physical strength, authority, heterosexuality, emotional stoicism, and competitiveness.

它通常強調體力、權威、異性戀、情感堅忍和競爭性等特質。

These traits are often reinforced through cultural norms, media portrayals, and socialization process.

這些特徵往往通過文化規範、媒體描述和社會化過程得到強化。

From a young age, boys are often socialized into this expectation through family, education, peer groups, and media.

男孩往往從小就通過家庭、教育、同齡群體和媒體被社會化了，形成了這種期望。

For example, boys might be encouraged to engage in competitive sport, avoid showing vulnerability, and in this case, avoid cute gestures as a way to assert themselves in a way that aligns with traditional masculine roles.

例如，可能會鼓勵男孩參加競技運動，避免表現出脆弱的一面，在這種情況下，避免做出可愛的手勢，以此來堅持自己與傳統男性角色一致的方式。

But who is to say what specific actions, gestures, or demeanors are considered acceptable masculine behavior?

但是，誰又能說哪些具體的動作、姿態或舉止被認為是可以接受的男性行為呢？

One big part of them was formed through the so-called discourse of power, which is our third big word of today.

其中很大一部分是通過所謂的權力話語形成的，也就是我們今天的第三個大詞。

The discourse of power refers to the way in which power is expressed, communicated, and maintained through language, idea, and social practices.

權力話語是指通過語言、思想和社會實踐來表達、交流和維護權力的方式。

It is a concept rooted in the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault, who argued that power is not just about direct control or coercion, but also embedded in the way we talk about and understand the world.

權力的概念源於法國哲學家米歇爾-福柯（Michel Foucault）的著作，他認為權力不僅僅是直接的控制或脅迫，還蘊含在我們談論和理解世界的方式中。

Discourse shapes what is considered true, normal, or acceptable in influencing people's beliefs and behaviors.

在影響人們的信仰和行為時，話語塑造了被認為是真實、正常或可接受的東西。

Those who control the dominant discourse have the ability to define reality for others, determining what knowledge is legitimate and which voices are heard or silenced.

控制主流話語權的人有能力為他人定義現實，決定哪些知識是合法的，哪些聲音被傾聽或被壓制。

Through discourse, power is both exercised and resisted, meaning that while it can reinforce existing hierarchies, it also provides avenues for challenging or transforming them.

通過話語，權力既得到了行使，也受到了抵制，這意味著話語在強化現有等級制度的同時，也為挑戰或改變這些制度提供了途徑。

In this context, Sun Yat-sen's comment is an exercise of power through discourse, by labeling the hard gesture as sissy.

在這種情況下，孫中山的評論是通過話語行使權力，將硬邦邦的姿態貼上娘娘腔的標籤。

He is contributing to a discourse that polices and regulates acceptable masculine behavior.

他正在為規範和管理可接受的男性行為的話語做出貢獻。

This reinforces a social hierarchy where masculinity is narrowly defined, and deviates from this norm are stigmatized.

這就強化了一種社會等級制度，在這種制度中，男子氣概被狹隘地定義，而偏離這一規範的人則會被汙名化。

The use of derogatory language becomes a mechanism of control, marginalizing those who do not fit within the perceived boundary of gender norm.

使用貶損性語言成為一種控制機制，將那些不符合性別規範的人邊緣化。

On the other hand, those who push back on his comment can be seen as engaging in a form of resistance against the dominant discourse of masculinity.

另一方面，那些對他的評論進行反駁的人可以被看作是對男性主導話語的一種反抗。

By challenging Sun Yat-sen's comment, they are questioning the narrow definition of masculinity that his words uphold.

通過質疑孫中山的言論，他們質疑孫中山對男性的狹隘定義。

The resistance can create a space for alternative discourses that are more inclusive and diverse, allowing for a broader range of expressions of gender identity.

這種抵制可以為更具包容性和多樣性的替代性話語創造空間，使性別認同有更廣泛的表達方式。

In this way, the discourse of power is not static, it's constantly being negotiated and contested.

這樣一來，權力話語就不是一成不變的，而是不斷被協商和爭論的。

Those who challenge the dominant discourse are attempting to shift the balance of power, opening up possibility for new ways of thinking and being.

那些挑戰主流話語的人正試圖改變權力的平衡，為新的思維和存在方式開闢可能性。

This dynamic process underscores how power operates within society, not just through overt control.

這一動態過程凸顯了權力是如何在社會中運作的，而不僅僅是通過公開的控制。

Through the subtlety of languages, norms, and cultural practices that shape our understanding of the world, and our place within it.

通過語言、規範和文化習俗的微妙變化，形成我們對世界的理解，以及我們在世界中的位置。

I argue that this kind of attempt to narrow the definition of acceptable masculinity not only marginalized those who don't conform to traditional masculine standards, but also equally harmed, if not more so, those who do wish to follow traditional masculine gender roles by limiting men's ability to express vulnerability and emotional tenderness.

我認為，這種試圖縮小可接受的男性氣質定義的做法，不僅將那些不符合傳統男性標準的人邊緣化，而且還限制了男性表達脆弱和情感溫柔的能力，從而同樣傷害了那些希望遵循傳統男性性別角色的人，甚至傷害更大。

To explain why, I want to first present a statistic.

為了解釋原因，我想先介紹一個統計數據。

According to World Health Organization, men are nearly twice as likely to die by suicide as women.

根據世界衛生組織的數據，男性死於自殺的機率幾乎是女性的兩倍。

In many countries, the suicide rate among men is significantly higher.

在許多國家，男性的自殺率要高得多。

For example, according to the latest data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2022, in the United States, the suicide rate among men was approximately four times higher than that of women.

例如，根據美國疾病控制和預防中心 2022 年的最新數據，美國男性的自殺率約為女性的四倍。

Specifically, while men represent about 50% of the population, they account for nearly 80% of all suicides in 2022.

具體來說，雖然男性約佔總人口的 50%，但在 2022 年的所有自殺事件中，男性卻佔了近 80%。

While the reasons for high suicide rate among men are complex and multifaceted, many experts point to the societal expectation and rigid notion of masculinity as significant factors.

雖然男性自殺率高的原因是複雜和多方面的，但許多專家指出，社會期望和僵化的男性觀念是重要因素。

Traditional gender roles often emphasize stoicism, self-reliance, and emotional restraint in men.

傳統的性別角色往往強調男性的堅忍、自立和情感剋制。

This concept sometimes refers to as hegemonic masculinity, aka the term we just learned today.

這一概念有時被稱為霸權主義男性氣質，也就是我們今天剛學到的術語。

It discourages men from seeking help or showing vulnerability, which can result in untreated mental health issues and tragically higher rate of suicide.

它阻礙了男性尋求幫助或表現出脆弱的一面，這可能導致他們的心理健康問題得不到治療，自殺率也會更高。

Research in psychology, sociology, and public health has explored this connection, revealing how the pressure of conforming to traditional masculine norms can have severe mental health consequences.

心理學、社會學和公共衛生方面的研究探討了這種聯繫，揭示了遵從傳統男性規範的壓力如何會對心理健康造成嚴重後果。

In practice, it can manifest in the following way.

在實踐中，它可以通過以下方式表現出來。

字幕列表影片播放

有男子氣概的男人能做出心動的舉動嗎？言語行為理論、霸權男性氣質與權力話語 (Can masculine men make heart gestures? Speech Act Theory, Hegemonic Masculinity & Discourse of Power)

anxiety

specific

perceive

struggle