A pit bull breeder is savagely mauled to death.

一名鬥牛犬飼養員被野蠻撕咬致死。

Killed by his 13 pit bulls.

被他的 13 頭鬥牛犬殺死。

You've probably seen a lot of stories about pit bull attacks and anecdotes about how dangerous they are.

你可能已經看過很多關於鬥牛犬襲擊事件的報道，以及關於它們有多危險的軼事。

And when movies need to show a vicious dog, it's often a pit bull.

而當電影需要表現一隻惡犬時，往往是鬥牛犬。

Why is that?

為什麼會這樣？

Is there something about these dogs that makes them inherently more dangerous?

這些狗身上是否有某種特質，讓它們天生更危險？

America has a long history of demonizing certain dogs.

美國妖魔化某些狗的歷史由來已久。

The first dog that caused a public outcry was this.

第一隻引起輿論譁然的狗就是它。

The Spitz.

斯皮茨。

A type of dog we'd most likely now call a Pomeranian.

我們現在很可能稱這種狗為博美犬。

They got their reputation as women's dogs.

它們被譽為 "女人的狗"。

With one doctor essentially saying that women deserve whatever consequences come from having dogs instead of babies.

有一位醫生基本上是在說，婦女養狗而不是生孩子，無論會產生什麼後果，都是活該。

Articles said that these dogs were aggressive and deadly.

有文章稱，這些狗具有攻擊性和致命性。

And called them treacherous beasts.

並稱他們為奸詐的野獸。

Meanwhile, pit bulls were once thought of as a great family dog.

與此同時，鬥牛犬曾被認為是一種優秀的家犬。

They really were just seen as the Honda Civic of dogs.

它們真的被視為狗中的本田思域。

This is Bronwyn Dickey.

這位是 Bronwyn Dickey。

She spent over seven years researching and writing a book about pit bulls.

她花了七年多的時間研究並撰寫了一本關於鬥牛犬的書。

The kind of Horatio Alger, plucky, everyman dog.

霍雷肖-阿爾傑（Horatio Alger）是那種勇敢的常人狗。

A pit bull was the lovable sidekick of the little rascals.

鬥牛犬是小淘氣們可愛的夥伴。

And they were even used in military posters to advertise patriotism.

它們甚至被用於軍事海報，以宣傳愛國主義。

So what changed?

有什麼變化？

In the 1960s and 70s, the cultural landscape started to shift dramatically.

1960 及 1970 年代，文化格局開始發生巨大變化。

Crime rates rose across the country, especially in America's largest cities.

全國犯罪率上升，尤其是在美國最大的城市。

It made people believe that they were in danger all the time.

這讓人們相信，他們一直處於危險之中。

And what you see is a lot of people getting those dogs.

你看到的是，很多人都養了這種狗。

To acquire like a small, medium, smooth-coated dog with a big head, whatever you want to call it, it's always been easier to acquire that type of dog than again your $3,000 to $5,000 champion Labrador.

要想飼養一隻小型、中型、毛色光滑、頭大的狗，不管你怎麼稱呼它，飼養這種狗總是比飼養一隻價值 3,000 到 5,000 美元的拉布拉多冠軍狗要容易得多。

One New York Times article from 1971 said that residents of the Bronx got guard dogs to take care of themselves.

《紐約時報》1971 年的一篇文章說，布朗克斯區的居民養看門狗是為了照顧自己。

Since the city wasn't doing it for them.

因為城市沒有為他們做這些。

The 1980s also ushered in a new era of rap music, which directly confronted the deterioration of inner cities and featured many references to pit bulls.

1980 年代還開創了饒舌音樂的新時代，說唱音樂直接面對內城的惡化，並多次提到鬥牛犬。

Once these dogs became associated with urban poverty and the plight of Black youth, they became proxies for human prejudice and racism.

一旦這些狗與城市貧困和黑人青年的困境聯繫在一起，它們就成了人類偏見和種族主義的代名詞。

News stories associated these dogs with drug dealers and criminals.

新聞報導將這些狗與毒販和罪犯聯繫在一起。

You would see comments like, "We have enough of 'those people' here, they don't need to bring their dogs here."

你會看到這樣的評論：「我們已經受夠『這樣」的人，他們沒必要把狗帶到這裡來。」

A stereotype of pit bulls had emerged in the media.

媒體上出現了對鬥牛犬的刻板印象。

They had gone from family-friendly to national foe.

他們從家庭友好型變成了國家公敵。

But let's back up for a second.

不過，讓我們倒退一下。

What even is a pit bull?

什麼是鬥牛犬？

The term pit bull is a lot like the term hound.

鬥牛犬一詞很像獵犬。

It's a breed group.

這是一個品種組。

It's a generalized shape.

這是一個概括的形狀。

It's not a specific breed.

這不是一個特定的品種。

Within that category, there are four pure breeds.

在這一類別中，有四個純種。

The American Pit Bull Terrier, the American Staffordshire Terrier, the American Bully, and the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

美國比特鬥牛梗、美國斯塔福德郡梗、美國鬥牛梗和斯塔福德郡鬥牛梗。

They were bred down from the British Bull and Terrier dogs, which were in turn descendants of English Bulldogs.

它們由英國鬥牛犬和梗犬繁衍而來，而英國鬥牛犬和梗犬又是英國鬥牛犬的後代。

Because of this, a lot of people use the term pit bull-shaped dog.

正因為如此，很多人都使用鬥牛犬這個詞。

But for the sake of simplicity, I'll be saying pit bull in this video.

但為了簡單起見，在這段視頻中我還是說鬥牛犬。

Pit bulls' reputation has led them to being included in the more than 700 U.S. cities' breed-specific legislation, also known as BSL.

比特鬥牛犬的名聲使它們被納入美國 700 多個城市的特定犬種立法（也稱為 BSL）。

Breed-specific legislation is an attempt to restrict or ban ownership of a dog based purely on, essentially, their breed, right? What they look like.

針對特定犬種的立法是試圖限制或禁止人們養狗，其依據純粹是狗的品種，對嗎？它們長什麼樣？

You have this unfortunate perception that they're aggressive dogs who are born to fight and dangerous.

你們有一種不幸的看法，認為它們是天生好鬥的狗，很危險。

To justify BSL, pit bull opponents often cite legal rulings, such as the 2012 Court of Appeals ruling from Maryland, which says that pit bulls are inherently dangerous.

為了證明 BSL 的合理性，鬥牛犬反對者經常引用法律裁決，例如 2012 年馬里蘭州上訴法院的裁決，該裁決稱鬥牛犬本質上是危險的。

The way that we as a society sometimes treat dogs is what makes them dangerous.

我們這個社會對待狗的方式有時會讓它們變得危險。

I don't think there's a breed that's inherently dangerous.

我不認為有哪個品種天生就是危險的。

The dissenting judge from the 2012 case pointed out a lack of proof to support the inherently dangerous designation, and highlighted that dog bite statistics are unreliable.

在 2012 年的案件中，持反對意見的法官指出缺乏證據來支持 "固有危險 "的稱謂，並強調狗咬人的統計數據並不可靠。

We don't have good numbers on which dogs bite the most in general because of reporting biases.

由於報告的偏差，我們沒有關於哪些狗咬人最多的準確數據。

Smaller dogs or other dogs bite and it just doesn't get reported the same way it does if it were a pit bull.

體型較小的狗或其他狗咬人，不會像鬥牛犬那樣被報告。

I think pit bull attacks make for good news just like shark attacks do, right?

我認為鬥牛犬襲擊事件和鯊魚襲擊事件一樣，都是好消息，對嗎？

We know that not a lot of people die from shark attacks every year, but when one does, it's on the news.

我們知道，每年死於鯊魚襲擊的人並不多，但一旦發生，新聞上就會出現。

Even just determining a dog's breed is incredibly difficult.

即使只是確定一隻狗的品種也非常困難。

People see a large dog and think pit bull automatically, unless it's a breed that they can readily identify.

人們看到大型犬就會自動聯想到鬥牛犬，除非它的品種他們很容易就能辨認出來。

But it's almost impossible to judge what breed a dog is by sight.

但要通過視覺判斷狗的品種幾乎是不可能的。

Most dogs are a mixed breed, with some being a mixture of several different kinds.

大多數狗都是混種狗，有些還是多種狗的混種。

A study found that nearly 90% of dogs in shelters that were labeled as a particular breed were misidentified, and dogs were labeled as pit bull type dogs almost half the time, even without DNA evidence.

一項研究發現，收容所中近 90% 被標註為某一品種的狗都被誤認，即使沒有 DNA 證據，也有近一半的狗被標註為鬥牛犬。

Which means that a lot of dogs that may look like pit bull mixes, don't actually have any pit bull in them.

也就是說，很多看起來像鬥牛犬混血兒的狗，實際上並沒有鬥牛犬的血統。

And then there's just their sheer population.

還有就是他們的人口數量。

They're one of our most popular dogs.

它們是我們最受歡迎的狗狗之一。

So if you're looking at just straight numbers, there are always going to be more bites reported from popular breeds than there are from dogs who are not as popular.

如果只看直接的數字，受歡迎的犬種被咬傷的報道總是多於不那麼受歡迎的犬種。

For this reason and more, the American Veterinary Medical Association cautioned in 2001 that dog bite statistics are not really statistics, and they do not give an accurate picture of dogs that bite.

美國獸醫協會在 2001 年警告說，狗咬人的統計數據並不是真正的統計數據，它們並不能準確反映狗咬人的情況。

We know that BSL doesn't work, and that's sort of the bottom line, is even in places where these laws exist, they haven't prevented bites and attacks.

我們知道，BSL 並不起作用，這也是底線，因為即使在有這些法律的地方，它們也沒有防止咬人和襲擊。

Denver spent $5.8 million over 30 years enforcing their pit bull ban, with little measurable impact on public safety.

丹佛市在 30 年裡花費了 580 萬美元來執行鬥牛犬禁令，但對公共安全的影響卻微乎其微。

Similarly in Denmark, pit bulls were banned in 2010, and the country didn't see any significant changes in dog bite hospitalizations.

同樣，在丹麥，2010 年禁止飼養鬥牛犬，但該國被狗咬傷住院治療的人數並沒有明顯變化。

So what does this mean for these dogs and their owners?

那麼，這對這些狗和它們的主人意味著什麼呢？

There are many, many, many rental properties where you cannot live if you have a dog that is considered a pit bull.

有很多很多的出租房，如果您養的狗被認為是鬥牛犬，您就不能住在那裡。

It was either a size thing, like no dogs over 30 pounds, or if they did accept large dogs, they said that caveat, no pit bulls.

要麼是體型的問題，比如狗的體重不能超過 30 磅，要麼是如果他們接受大型犬，他們會說注意事項，不能有鬥牛犬。

This is Lauren, a friend at Vox who has a pit bull named Dilly.

這是勞倫，她是 Vox 的一位朋友，養了一隻名叫 "迪利 "的鬥牛犬。

She said many landlords simply don't allow pit bulls.

她說，很多房東根本不允許養鬥牛犬。

It's very difficult.

這是非常困難的。

I think a lot of people agree that they're misunderstood.

我想很多人都認為他們被誤解了。

When we first got him, I was afraid he was going to shred our apartment, and the worst he did was nibbled on the side of my hat once.

我們剛養它的時候，我還擔心它會把我們的公寓撕成碎片，而它做的最糟糕的事就是咬了我帽子的一側。

Anytime I have to fill out any paperwork for him, I say, just to be safe.

每當我需要為他填寫任何文件時，我都會說，為了安全起見。

I see so many people come through and they'll absolutely fall in love with a dog, and then they'll say, "Is it a pit bull?"

我看到很多人過來，他們絕對會愛上一隻狗，然後他們會說：「這是鬥牛犬嗎？」

And I'll say, "Well, we don't really know."

我會說：「我們真的不知道。」

And then they move on to another dog.

然後，他們又換了一條狗。

It's a really sad moment for me when that dog who is awesome, and those people who are really interested in taking him home, and they can't because of restrictions.

對我來說，這是一個非常悲傷的時刻，因為那隻狗非常棒，而那些非常想把它帶回家的人卻因為種種限制而無法帶它回家。

I think people want an easy answer to preventing dog bites, and they think that that easy answer is, if we can focus on this one breed that is known for fighting.

我認為人們想要一個簡單的答案來防止狗咬人，他們認為這個簡單的答案就是，如果我們能把重點放在這一個以打架著稱的犬種上。

But the answer is that we need to really look at the way that we treat dogs, and are we meeting the needs of these dogs?

但答案是，我們需要真正審視我們對待狗的方式，我們是否滿足了這些狗的需求？

And the answer is, we're not always.

答案是，我們並不總是這樣。

Dogs left alone for large periods of time in a backyard with no socialization and no training, those dogs aren't getting their needs met, and they're not having a good life.

狗被長時間單獨留在後院，沒有社交活動，沒有訓練，這些狗的需求得不到滿足，它們的生活也不會好。

And if we can empower people to help those dogs, then we can prevent bites and attacks from happening.

如果我們能讓人們有能力幫助這些狗，就能防止咬人和襲擊事件的發生。