Research published in the journal Nature Aging examined age-related changes in the molecules of more than 100 adults between the ages of 25 and 75.

發表在《自然-衰老》（Nature Aging）雜誌上的研究對 100 多名 25 至 75 歲成年人分子中與年齡有關的變化進行了研究。

It found that two bursts of cellular changes related to aging occur at two very specific times in our lives: the ages of 44 and 60. Dr. Michael Snyder joins us now.

研究發現，與衰老有關的兩次細胞突變發生在我們生命中兩個非常特殊的時期：44 歲和 60 歲。邁克爾-斯奈德博士正在接受我們的採訪。

He is the co-author of that study.

他是這項研究的共同作者。

He is also the director of the Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine.

他還是斯坦福大學基因組學和個性化醫學中心主任。

Doctor, thanks for being here.

醫生，謝謝你能來。

Great to be here.

很高興來到這裡。

So I'm a journalist.

所以我是一名記者。

I am not a doctor.

我不是醫生。

In journalist terms, layman's terms, what are the molecular changes that occur at these particular ages?

用記者的話，通俗地說，在這些特定年齡段發生的分子變化是什麼？

Yeah, well, what happens, obviously, we're aging throughout our entire life, but at these two periods, there seem to be a lot of bursts of activity. So in the 40s and 60s, actually, you see changes in muscle, you see changes in skin, cardiovascular disease.

是的，很明顯，我們的一生都在衰老，但在這兩個時期，似乎有很多突發的活動。是以，在40多歲和60多歲時，實際上，你會看到肌肉的變化，皮膚的變化，心血管疾病的變化。

But in your 40s, you also see changes in your lipids.

但到了 40 多歲，血脂也會發生變化。

These are things like your cholesterol, things that lead to fat deposition, stuff like that.

比如膽固醇、導致脂肪沉積的物質等等。

And then in your 60s, you'll see a decline in your immune system, carbohydrate metabolism, kidney function, quite a few changes, and many of these are very health-related. So are these cellular changes behind the health issues that we tend to see in older people?

到了 60 多歲，你會發現免疫系統、碳水化合物代謝、腎功能都在下降，發生了很多變化，其中很多都與健康息息相關。那麼，這些細胞變化是否就是我們經常在老年人身上看到的健康問題背後的原因呢？

They are, and some are obvious, like wrinkles and muscle loss is very clear.

它們確實存在，而且有些很明顯，比如皺紋和肌肉流失就非常明顯。

We know that already, but I think ours shows us at a molecular level, and then we find additional changes as well, shifts in carbohydrate metabolism, like I say, kidney function, things that you really should pay attention to as you reach these ages. Did the study find any differences in aging based on gender?

我們已經知道這一點，但我認為我們的研究從分子水準上向我們展示了這一點，然後我們還發現了其他變化，碳水化合物代謝的變化，就像我說的，腎功能的變化，這些都是你到了這些年齡後應該注意的。這項研究有沒有發現基於性別的衰老差異？

Sorry, doctor.

對不起，醫生。

Oh, no, I was going to say the ones in the 40s was kind of unexpected.

哦，不，我想說的是，40 多歲的人有點出乎我的意料。

I don't think we expected that burst, and there were some very useful things to find.

我想我們也沒有預料到會有這麼大的爆發，而且還找到了一些非常有用的東西。

As far as gender is concerned, yeah, you might have thought this is all due to women entering menopause, but first of all, that's a little bit later on average.

就性別而言，是的，你可能認為這都是由於女性進入更年期造成的，但首先，更年期平均來說要晚一些。

And second, we find these changes both in men and women.

其次，我們在男性和女性身上都發現了這些變化。

So we think these are general universal changes that are happening in everyone. Why is the burst in the 40s surprising to you as a scientist?

是以，我們認為這些是發生在每個人身上的普遍變化。作為一名科學家，為什麼 40 年代的爆發會讓你感到驚訝？

Yeah, I don't think we expected it.

是的，我想我們都沒想到。

Intuitively, you might say it makes sense.

憑直覺，你可能會說這是有道理的。

People often pull muscles and things like that as they hit their 40s, they enter their midlife crisis.

人到了 40 多歲，進入中年危機，經常會出現肌肉拉傷之類的情況。

But I think to see this in molecular terms was, it just hadn't been described before.

但我認為，從分子角度來看，這是以前從未描述過的。

It's something new.

這是新東西。

And then seeing the exact processes that are changing, we think is pretty powerful because, as I say, some of this information is actionable.

然後看到正在發生變化的具體流程，我們認為這是非常強大的，因為正如我所說，其中一些資訊是可操作的。

You might, for example, take statins as you're starting to get into your 40s and seeing your lipid shifting. What else can we do?

例如，當您開始步入 40 多歲，血脂開始發生變化時，您可以服用他汀類藥物。 我們還能做些什麼？

Because I don't want people to walk away with their head in their sand saying, there's nothing I can do.

因為我不希望人們把頭埋在沙子裡，說 "我無能為力"。

I'm just going to get old.

我就這樣老去。

Is there anything that we can do to sort of prevent any of these changes that we see in these bursts?

我們能做些什麼來防止我們在這些爆發中看到的這些變化？

Yeah, just the opposite.

是啊，正好相反。

There's a lot you can do.

你可以做很多事情。

So first of all, exercise.

是以，首先要鍛鍊身體。

I know this sounds cliche, but exercise, building muscle mass.

我知道這聽起來很老套，但鍛鍊身體，增加肌肉品質。

I would argue weight training and strength training has a lot more benefits for your health than perhaps long-distance running.

我認為，重量訓練和力量訓練對健康的益處要比長跑多得多。

And so we think muscle mass is important.

是以，我們認為肌肉品質很重要。

That helps you, we think, in your 40s and in your 60s.

我們認為，這對 40 多歲和 60 多歲的人都有幫助。

I mentioned statins before for lipid control.

我之前提到過他汀類藥物可以控制血脂。

In your 60s, I think you want to do immune boosters, things anti-inflammatories, things like turmeric, garlic.

到了 60 多歲，我認為你應該服用免疫增強劑、消炎藥，如薑黃、大蒜等。

I would argue drink lots of water to improve your kidneys.

我認為多喝水可以改善腎臟。

So really working on your lifestyle should help you get a longer and healthier lifespan.

是以，真正從生活方式上下功夫，應該能讓你的壽命更長、更健康。