This issue touches on complex topics like biology and fairness in sports and the meaning of categories in athletics.

本期內容涉及複雜的話題，如體育運動中的生物學和公平性，以及競技體育中分類的意義。

I'll break down the key facts for you and explain why this matters for the future of women's sports.

我將為您分析關鍵事實，並解釋為什麼這對女子體育的未來至關重要。

So two Olympic boxers, Ameen Khalif from Algeria and Lin Yuting from Taiwan are at the center of the storm.

是以，阿爾及利亞的阿米恩-哈利夫和臺灣的林玉婷這兩位奧運拳擊手就成了風暴的中心。

Both have competed in women's boxing for years but recently their eligibility has been questioned.

兩人多年來一直參加女子拳擊比賽，但最近她們的參賽資格受到了質疑。

The International Boxing Association says that tests show they don't meet criteria for women's competition however the International Olympic Committee is still allowing them to compete.

國際拳擊協會表示，測試表明她們不符合女子比賽的標準，但國際奧委會仍允許她們參加比賽。

This has caused confusion and heated debate.

這引起了混亂和激烈的爭論。

Some people have wrongly assumed that these athletes must be transgender but that is not the case.

有些人錯誤地認為這些運動員一定是變性人，但事實並非如此。

Instead this controversy is about a complex topic called disorders of sex development or DSD.

相反，這場爭論涉及一個複雜的話題，即 "性發育障礙 "或 "DSD"。

To understand this issue we need to talk about biology.

要理解這個問題，我們需要談談生物學。

In most people biological sex is straightforward. 2x chromosomes mean that you are female and xy chromosome means that you are male but nature isn't always that simple.

在大多數人看來，生物性別是簡單明瞭的。2x 染色體意味著你是女性，xy 染色體意味著你是男性，但自然界並不總是那麼簡單。

Some people have conditions called disorders of sex development or DSD.

有些人的情況被稱為性發育障礙或 DSD。

In sports the most relevant DSDs affect individuals who are genetically male but appear female at birth.

在體育運動中，最相關的 DSDs 會影響那些在基因上是男性但在出生時看起來是女性的人。

The two important types are 5-alpha reductase deficiency 5ARD and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome PAIS.

兩種重要類型是 5-α 還原酶缺乏症 5ARD 和部分雄激素不敏感綜合徵 PAIS。

People with these conditions have xy chromosomes.

患有這些疾病的人有 xy 染色體。

They have internal testes instead of ovaries.

它們體內有睪丸而不是卵巢。

They produce testosterone in the normal male range however they often appear female at birth and are raised as girls but they do experience male-like changes during puberty.

她們產生的睪丸激素在正常男性範圍內，但出生時通常表現為女性，並作為女孩長大，但在青春期會出現類似男性的變化。

Testosterone is crucial in this debate because it's incredibly powerful for athletic performance.

睪酮在這場爭論中至關重要，因為它對運動表現有著難以置信的強大作用。

Testosterone affects muscle mass and strength, bone density and the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

睪酮會影響肌肉品質和力量、骨密度以及血液的攜氧能力。

The difference in testosterone levels between typical males and females is huge.

典型男性和女性的睪酮水準差異巨大。

Adult males have about 10 to 30 times more testosterone than adult females.

成年男性的睪酮含量是成年女性的 10 到 30 倍。

There's no natural overlap.

沒有自然重疊。

Even females with the highest testosterone levels will not have more testosterone than males with the lowest levels.

即使是睪酮水準最高的女性，其睪酮水準也不會高於睪酮水準最低的男性。

This is why sports are divided by sex.

這就是體育運動按性別劃分的原因。

Without this division very few women would be competitive in sports at elite levels.

如果沒有這個部門，很少有女性能在精英體育運動中具有競爭力。

The IOC's current approach is to use a passport test.

國際奧委會目前的做法是使用護照測試。

If an athlete's passport says they're female they can compete in women's events.

如果運動員的護照上寫著她們是女性，她們就可以參加女子項目的比賽。

This might seem simple but it ignores the biological realities we've just discussed.

這看似簡單，但卻忽略了我們剛剛討論過的生物學現實。

A passport doesn't tell us about an athlete's chromosomes, hormone levels or physical advantages and this creates problems for fairness and competition.

護照並不能告訴我們運動員的染色體、激素水平或身體優勢，這就給公平性和競爭帶來了問題。

This actually isn't a new issue.

這其實不是什麼新問題。

Women's sports have dealt with questions about intersex athletes for decades.

幾十年來，女子體育一直在處理有關雙性人運動員的問題。

A famous example is Caster Semenya, a runner with 5 ARD who won Olympic gold medals in Rio and London.

卡斯特-塞門亞（Caster Semenya）就是一個有名的例子，她是一名患有 5 ARD 的長跑運動員，曾在里約和倫敦奧運會上奪得金牌。

Semenya identifies as female but has XY chromosomes and testosterone in the typical male range.

塞門亞的身份是女性，但她有 XY 染色體，睪丸激素在典型的男性範圍內。

It's They are playing by the rules.

他們是在按規矩辦事。

They've identified as female their whole lives but their biological advantages raise questions about competitive fairness.

她們一生都認定自己是女性，但她們的生理優勢卻讓人質疑競爭的公平性。

The situation no doubt creates huge ethical challenges.

這種情況無疑給倫理道德帶來了巨大挑戰。

On the one side we have athletes who have always identified as women and who want to compete.

一方面，我們的運動員一直都認為自己是女性，並希望參加比賽。

On the other side we have concerns about fairness for athletes who do not have disorders of sex development.

另一方面，我們也擔心對沒有性發育障礙的運動員是否公平。

There's no easy answer that makes everyone happy.

沒有一個簡單的答案能讓所有人都滿意。

Some experts suggest using chromosome testing as the first step.

一些專家建議將染色體檢測作為第一步。

This wouldn't automatically disqualify athletes with XY chromosomes but it would be an important first step in ensuring fairness.

這不會自動取消 XY 染色體運動員的資格，但這將是確保公平的重要的第一步。

Others propose creating new categories for athletes with disorders of sex development but this would pose its own challenges of course.

還有人建議為患有性發育障礙的運動員設立新的類別，但這當然會帶來自身的挑戰。

As we've seen the issue is complex.

正如我們所看到的，這個問題很複雜。

It involves biology, ethics and the very nature of sports categories.

它涉及生物學、倫理學和體育類別的本質。

The current controversy shows that we need clearer science-based guidelines that prioritize fairness for female athletes.

目前的爭議表明，我們需要更明確的、以科學為基礎的指導方針，優先考慮女性運動員的公平性。

The passport test is not fit for purpose.

護照測試不符合目的。

As fans and supporters of sports however it's important to approach the topic with empathy for everyone involved but we do need to maintain meaningful competitive categories in the Olympics.

然而，作為體育迷和支持者，我們必須以同情所有相關人員的態度來對待這個話題，但我們確實需要在奧運會中保留有意義的競技項目。

Thank you for watching.

感謝您的收看。

If you found this helpful please like and subscribe for more explainers on complex topics.

如果您覺得這篇文章對您有幫助，請點贊並訂閱，以獲取更多關於複雜主題的講解。

Thank you. you

謝謝。