By the time I arrived at the airport, the plane had already left.

當我到達機場時，飛機已經起飛了。

In this example, had left is the past perfect tense.

在這個例子中，had left 是過去完成式。

The structure for the past perfect tense is had plus a past participle.

過去完成式的結構是 had 加上過去分詞。

There are two past actions, arriving at the airport and the plane leaving.

有兩個過去的動作，一個是到達機場，另一個是飛機起飛。

But which of these happened first?

但究竟是哪種情況先發生呢？

The clue is the past perfect tense.

線索是過去完成式。

The action in the past perfect is the action that always happens first.

過去完成式中的動作總是先發生的動作。

Because the verb leave is in the past perfect, had left, we know that this action happened first.

因為動詞 leave 是過去完成式，had left，所以我們知道這個動作是先發生的。

The action that happens second is often in the past simple tense.

第二個發生的動作通常用過去式。

In this example, I arrived.

在這個例子中，我到了。

When you want to talk about two past actions, one which happened before the other, remember to use the past perfect for the first action and the past simple for the second.

當你想談論兩個過去的動作（其中一個發生在另一個之前）時，請記住第一個動作使用過去完成式，第二個動作使用過去式。

Thanks for joining us for This English In A Minute.

感謝收看《一分鐘讀懂英語》。

Let's learn thought.

讓我們學習思想。

It's not just a past form of the verb think, it's also a noun, and this is where it gets interesting.

它不僅是動詞 think 的過去式，也是一個名詞，這就是有趣的地方。

Unsurprisingly, it's all to do with things in our head.

不出所料，這一切都與我們頭腦中的想法有關。

As a countable noun, a thought can be an idea or a plan.

作為一個可數名詞，"思想 "可以是一個想法，也可以是一個計劃。

I've just had a thought.

我剛想到一個問題。

We should go to the beach.

我們應該去海邊。

As a thought, let's order pizza.

想了想，還是叫披薩吧。

As a plural noun, it can refer to our opinions or beliefs.

作為一個複數名詞，它可以指我們的觀點或信念。

Here are my thoughts on how to run a business.

以下是我對如何經營企業的看法。

What are your thoughts on the right age to give a child a phone?

對於給孩子手機的合適年齡，你有什麼看法？

As an uncountable noun, it can refer to considering something carefully.

作為一個不可數名詞，它可以指仔細考慮某事。

This is a difficult problem.

這是一個難題。

We need to give it some thought.

我們需要好好考慮一下。

Sorry, this just doesn't work.

對不起，這行不通。

It needs more thought.

這需要更多的思考。

Thoughts happen in your brain.

思想是在大腦中產生的。

They can be ideas, opinions or beliefs.

它們可以是想法、觀點或信仰。

We also use it to refer to considering a problem.

我們也用它來指考慮問題。

It's easy to remember, you just have to give it some thought.

這很容易記住，你只需要花點心思。

Sometimes we want to talk about something we thought would happen in the future at a point in the past.

有時，我們想在過去的某個時刻談論一些我們認為會在未來發生的事情。

We'll look at how to do this now.

我們現在就來看看如何做到這一點。

To do this, we use past versions of future forms.

為此，我們使用了未來式的過去版本。

Will becomes would.

意志變成了意願。

Yesterday I said I would go to the park.

昨天我說我要去公園。

Going to becomes was going to.

Going 就變成了 was going to。

Like this.

就像這樣。

The last time I saw you, you were going to start a new job.

我上次見你時，你正要開始一份新工作。

What's it like?

它是什麼樣的？

The present continuous becomes the past continuous.

現在進行式變成了過去進行式。

Last week you were visiting your family the day after I saw you.

上週我見到你的第二天，你就去探親了。

How did it go?

進展如何？

So to recap, will becomes would, going to becomes was going to and the present continuous becomes the past continuous.

概括地說，will 變成了 would，going to 變成了 was going to，現在進行變成了過去進行。

At the start, I said we'd look at how to talk about the future in the past.

一開始，我說我們要看看如何在過去談未來。

And now we have.

現在我們有了。

Bye!

再見！

Hi, I'm Sam from BBC Learning English and today we are looking at the difference between no, not any and none.

嗨，我是 BBC Learning English 的 Sam，今天我們來看看 no、not any 和 none 之間的區別。

Let's have a look.

讓我們一起來看看。

Imagine you ask me this question.

假設你問我這個問題：

Do you have any change?

有零錢嗎？

I have zero change.

我沒有任何零錢。

And I can say this in three different ways.

我可以用三種不同的方式來表達這個意思。

Sorry, I have no change.

對不起，我沒有零錢。

Where we use the verb have with no followed by a noun.

在這裡，我們使用動詞 have，後面跟名詞 no。

Sorry, I don't have any change.

對不起，我沒有零錢。

Where we use the negative don't followed by the verb followed by any followed by the noun.

在這裡，我們使用否定句 don't 後接動詞，any 後接名詞。

Or I can say, sorry, none at all.

或者我可以說，對不起，根本沒有。

Where we use none without a verb or a noun, so it's a short answer.

在沒有動詞或名詞的情況下，我們使用 "無"，所以這是一個簡短的答案。

So now you shouldn't have any problems with this.

所以，現在你應該不會有任何問題了。

Hi, I'm Phil and I'm going to tell you the difference between "all together" and "altogether."

嗨，我是菲爾，我要告訴你「一起」和「總共」之間的差異。

Yes, they sound the same, but they're not.

是的，它們聽起來一樣，但其實不一樣。

Altogether, that's two words, and two L's means everything or everyone being or doing something together with everything or everyone else.

合起來就是兩個詞，而兩個 L 的意思是所有的人或事都與所有的人或事一起存在或一起做某事。

Let's sing all together or put the vegetables in the bowl and mix them all together.

讓我們一起唱，或者把蔬菜放進碗裡一起攪拌。

Altogether that's one word and one L is an adverb and it means completely or entirely.

總共是一個單詞，一個 L 是副詞，意思是完全或全部。

My brother has an altogether different personality to me.

我弟弟的性格和我完全不同。

He's nothing like me.

他一點都不像我。

So if you have altogether as one complete word, it means completely or entirely.

如果把 "完全"（altogether）作為一個完整的詞，它的意思就是完全或徹底。

And if we have altogether as two words, together, then that means everything or everyone together.

如果我們把 "共 "和 "在一起 "這兩個詞放在一起，那就意味著所有的東西或所有人都在一起。

Hi, I'm Sam from BBC Learning English and today let's look at how we can change adjectives into nouns when talking about groups of people in general.

嗨，我是 BBC Learning English 的 Sam，今天讓我們來看看在談論一般人群時，如何將形容詞變為名詞。

I'm from England and I can talk about people from my country in two ways.

我來自英國，我可以從兩個方面來談論我國家的人。

English people talk about the weather a lot, where I use the adjective English to describe the noun people, or I can take the adjective English and turn it into a noun with the.

英國人經常談論天氣，我可以用 English 這個形容詞來描述名詞 people，也可以用 the 把 English 這個形容詞變成名詞。

The English talk about the weather a lot.

英國人經常談論天氣。

You can use this rule to talk about other groups of people as well.

你也可以用這條規則來談論其他人群。

For example, the rich have more than the poor, but be careful, yes, the groups of people are plural and yes, the verb is plural, but we don't add S to the end of these words.

例如，富人比窮人擁有更多，但要注意，是的，人群是複數，是的，動詞是複數，但我們不會在這些詞的末尾加上 S。

Hi everyone, welcome back to English in a Minute.

大家好，歡迎回到《一分鐘學英語》。

Today we're going to look at how to use modal verbs when making a deduction.

今天我們來看看在進行推理時如何使用情態動詞。

That's when we make guesses about what is happening.

這時，我們就會猜測發生了什麼。

Let's look at some examples.

讓我們來看幾個例子。

Use must when you are certain or almost certain that something is true.

當你確定或幾乎確定某事屬實時，使用 "必須"。

For example, Phil's hair is wet, it must be rainy.

例如，菲爾的頭髮是溼的，那一定是下雨了。

Use can't to say when you are certain something is not true.

當你確定某些事情不屬實時，用 "不能 "來表示。

For example, Phil's hair is wet, it can't be sunny.

例如，菲爾的頭髮是溼的，不可能是晴天。

We can use might, may or could to talk about possibility.

我們可以用 might、may 或 could 來談論可能性。

Let's look at some examples.

讓我們來看幾個例子。

Sam is late for work.

薩姆上班遲到了。

We don't know why Sam is late, but we can make a guess.

我們不知道薩姆為什麼遲到，但我們可以猜測一下。

For example, her car could be broken.

例如，她的車可能壞了。

Another possibility is, she might still be asleep.

另一種可能是，她可能還在睡覺。

One final possibility now, there may be a lot of traffic.

現在還有最後一種可能，那就是可能會有大量客流。

Well, it must be time to finish now.

好了，該結束了。

Thanks for joining us, bye!

感謝你的參與，再見！

Hi guys, Tom here from BBC Learning English and...

大家好，我是來自 BBC Learning English 的 Tom...

I would rather be in bed today than be in the office.

我今天寧可躺在床上，也不想待在辦公室裡。

We use would rather plus a verb to say what we would ideally prefer to do.

我們用 "寧願 "加動詞來表示我們最想做的事情。

We can also use than to introduce a contrasting idea.

我們還可以用 "比 "來引入一個對比性的概念。

So, for example, I would rather drink tea than drink coffee.

例如，我寧可喝茶，也不喝咖啡。

And I would rather watch TV than do my homework.

我寧願看電視，也不願做作業。

So, practice time, what are you doing now?

那麼，練習時間到了，你現在在做什麼？

And is there anything that you would rather be doing?

有什麼是你更想做的嗎？

Let us know your ideas in the comments underneath the video.

請在影片下方的評論中告訴我們你的想法。

Let's look at how to avoid confusion between me and I.

讓我們看看如何避免 me 和 I 之間的混淆。

Now, the main difference is simple.

現在，主要區別很簡單。

Use I when you're the subject of the clause and use me when you're the object.

當你是分句的主語時用 I，當你是受詞時用 me。

Now, that's easy enough, but here's where it starts to get more complicated.

現在，這已經很簡單了，但這裡就開始變得複雜了。

If you've got two people, say Sam and me, or should that be Sam and I?

如果你有兩個人，要說 Sam and me ，還是 Sam and I？

Well, this question is most important in formal language, writing rather than speaking.

嗯，這個問題在正式語言、寫作而不是口語中最為重要。

If you're using formal language, you need to think whether you're the subject or the object.

如果你使用的是正式語言，你需要考慮自己是主詞還是受詞。

Sam and I are making a video.

山姆和我在拍影片。

Tom and I are getting coffee.

湯姆和我在喝咖啡。

If you've got a problem, talk to Sam or me.

如果你有問題，可以找薩姆或我。

You're going to be working with me and Tom.

你將與我和湯姆一起工作。

An easy way to check is to take out the other person.

一個簡單的檢查方法就是取出對方。

Sorry, Sam.

對不起，山姆。

Now, it should be easy to see that I should say, I'm making a video, or if you have a problem, talk to me.

現在，大家應該很容易明白，我應該說，我正在製作影片，或者，如果你有問題，請跟我說。

So, just remember that you and I are subjects while the objects are me and you.

所以，請記住，你和我是主詞，而受詞則是我和你。

Hi everybody, I'm Sam and in this lesson, I'm going to talk about need.

大家好，我是山姆，這節課我將談談 "需求"。

Do you know the difference between needn't and not need to?

你知道 "不需要 "和 "不需要 "之間的區別嗎？

Look at these two sentences in the present.

看看這兩個現在時句子。

Is the meaning the same or different?

含義相同還是不同？

You don't need to worry about the exam, you've studied lots.

你不需要擔心考試，你已經學了很多。

You needn't worry about the exam, you've studied lots.

你不用擔心考試，你已經學了很多。

They're the same, right?

它們是一樣的，對嗎？

Maybe needn't is a little bit more formal, but the meaning is that there is no necessity for you to worry.

也許 needn't 更正式一點，但意思是你沒有必要擔心。

Now, look at these two sentences in the past.

現在，請看這兩個句子的過去式。

He didn't need to worry about the exam, he had already passed the course.

他不需要擔心考試，他已經通過了課程。

He needn't have worried about the exam, it was really easy.

他不必擔心考試，考試真的很簡單。

These are different.

這些是不同的。

In the first sentence, he had already passed the course, so he knew he didn't need to worry.

第一句話，他已經通過了課程，所以他知道他不需要擔心。

In the second sentence, he didn't know the exam was going to be easy, so he was worried, but he needn't have been.

在第二句中，他不知道考試會很容易，所以他很擔心，其實他大可不必擔心。