Name: 普京為何難以被推翻 (Why Putin is so hard to overthrow)
Uploaded: 2024-08-06T10:40:53.000Z
Duration: 14 min 44 s

On June 24, 2023, this man was all over the news.

2023 年 6 月 24 日，這個人成為新聞焦點。

Yevgeny Prigozhin was the leader of a private militia that's been fighting alongside the Russian military in Ukraine.

葉夫根尼-普里戈金是一個私人民兵組織的領導人，該組織一直在烏克蘭與俄羅斯軍隊並肩作戰。

轉承詞

The problem, however, on June 24 was that he was going the wrong way.

然而，6 月 24 日的問題是，他走錯了路。

That morning, his troops stormed Russian military headquarters in the Russian city of Rostov-on-Don.

當天上午，他的部隊攻入俄羅斯頓河畔羅斯托夫市的俄羅斯軍事總部。

Armored vehicles and military helicopters in Russia's Rostov region.

俄羅斯羅斯托夫州的裝甲車和軍用直升機。

By that afternoon, he was leading his troops toward the Russian capital, Moscow.

當天下午，他率領部隊向俄羅斯首都莫斯科進發。

Wagner vehicles that are heading towards Moscow.

Prigozhin was suddenly the most serious threat

普里戈金突然成為最嚴重的威脅

Russian President Vladimir Putin had ever faced.

俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾-普京曾經面對過。

The real surprise, though, was where he came from.

不過，真正令人驚訝的是他的來歷。

This was a threat coming from inside the house.

This was someone close to him who he had trusted, was really seen as a political ally.

這是他的親信，他信任的人，真正被視為政治盟友的人。

For more than 20 years, Putin has constructed a seemingly impenetrable wall of secret police, intelligence agencies and military groups around himself and used it to eliminate anyone who challenged his power.

20 多年來，普京用祕密警察、情報機構和軍事組織在自己周圍築起了一道看似堅不可摧的牆，並利用這道牆消滅任何挑戰他權力的人。

That is, until one of them threatened to bring it all down.

直到他們中的一個人威脅要毀掉這一切。

So who are the ones that keep Putin in power?

Its products are riots, terror and mass murder.

其產物就是暴亂、恐怖和大屠殺。

Its tools are lies, deceit, blackmail, sabotage, war and revolution.

它的工具是謊言、欺騙、訛詐、破壞、戰爭和革命。

The Committee for State Security was the Soviet Union's notorious intelligence service.

國家安全委員會是蘇聯臭名昭著的情報機構。

The KGB consisted of hundreds of thousands of agents, whose mission was to spy both in foreign countries and inside the Soviet Union.

克格勃由數十萬名特工組成，其任務是在外國和蘇聯境內從事間諜活動。

It monitored Soviet dissidents, media organizations and even members of the ruling Communist Party, all in service of one main goal, keeping the top leaders of the Soviet Union in power.

它監視蘇聯持不同政見者、媒體組織，甚至是執政的共產黨員，所有這些都是為了一個主要目標，那就是讓蘇聯最高領導人繼續掌權。

The KGB even spied on the military, the other major force keeping these leaders in power.

克格勃甚至監視軍方，而軍方是維持這些領導人權力的另一支主要力量。

By pitting the KGB against the military, the Soviet leaders had maintained a firm grip on power for decades.

通過讓克格勃與軍方對抗，蘇聯領導人幾十年來一直牢牢掌控著政權。

Through the trappings of totalitarianism in Russia are falling away.

俄羅斯極權主義的外衣正在逐漸脫落。

It was the Communist Party itself, the backbone of the Soviet state.

它就是共產黨本身，蘇維埃國家的中流砥柱。

When the Soviet Union fell, so did the KGB.

蘇聯解體後，克格勃也隨之解體。

And the new Russian president, Boris Yeltsin, broke it up into several smaller agencies with distinct responsibilities.

俄羅斯新總統鮑里斯-葉利欽將其拆分為幾個職責分明的小機構。

The Federal Counterintelligence Service was to prevent threats within Russia.

聯邦反間諜局負責防止俄羅斯境內的威脅。

The Foreign Intelligence Service was in charge of spying in other countries.

外國情報局負責在其他國家進行間諜活動。

The Federal Protective Service was to protect the president.

聯邦保護局是用來保護總統的。

And others were responsible for things like border control, electronic eavesdropping and even Russia's many secret underground bunkers.

還有一些人負責邊境管制、電子監聽，甚至俄羅斯的許多祕密地下掩體。

In the 1990s, they were dysfunctional and weak, while around them new factions were on the rise.

20 世紀 90 年代，他們功能失調、軟弱無力，而在他們周圍，新的派別正在崛起。

Rival politicians and a new class of ultra-wealthy businessmen called oligarchs were battling for power under a weakening Yeltsin.

在日益衰弱的葉利欽上司下，對立的政客和被稱為寡頭的新的超級富商階層正在爭奪權力。

In the midst of all of this, a young Vladimir Putin had risen to the right place at the right time.

在這一切之中，年輕的弗拉基米爾-普京在正確的時間站到了正確的位置。

Hey everybody, welcome back to Search Party.

大家好，歡迎回到 "搜索派對"。

Today's video is sponsored by a company that I'm really proud to work with.

今天的視頻由一家公司贊助，我很榮幸能與這家公司合作。

BetterHelp is making online therapy more affordable and more accessible to everyone.

BetterHelp 讓在線治療變得更加經濟實惠，讓每個人都能更方便地接受治療。

I'll be the first to admit that stress and anxiety has gotten the best of me before.

我會第一個承認，壓力和焦慮曾經讓我變得最糟糕。

Sometimes it's just everyday issues, other times it's the work involved in starting a brand new YouTube channel.

有時只是日常問題，有時則是開設一個全新 YouTube 頻道所涉及的工作。

Whatever the case, I've actually found therapy to be a great solution.

無論如何，我發現治療其實是一個很好的解決方案。

But I've also found that it's hard to get started.

Finding one that's affordable can be really difficult, especially when I'm limited to just the options in my area.

要找到一家經濟實惠的餐廳真的很難，尤其是當我的選擇僅限於本地區時。

Thankfully, BetterHelp is a platform that makes finding a therapist easy.

值得慶幸的是，BetterHelp 是一個可以讓您輕鬆找到治療師的平臺。

Because it's online, it's remote, and by answering just a few questions, it'll set you up with a therapist in just a few days.

因為它是在線的、遠程的，只需回答幾個問題，它就能在短短几天內為你安排一位治療師。

And to make getting started even easier, there's a link in my description below, betterhelp.com slash searchparty.

為了讓您更容易上手，我在下面的描述中有一個鏈接：betterhelp.com slash searchparty。

Using it will not only help the channel, but it'll get you 10% off your first month with a licensed therapist through BetterHelp.

使用它不僅能幫助頻道，還能讓您在通過 BetterHelp 向持證治療師諮詢的第一個月享受九折優惠。

And because not every therapist is a good fit,

因為不是每個治療師都適合你、

BetterHelp makes it easy to switch at no additional cost, and there's no need to worry about insurance or who's in your network or anything like that.

BetterHelp 可以讓您輕鬆轉換，無需額外費用，也無需擔心保險或誰在您的網絡內之類的問題。

So whether you're struggling with anxiety or stress or depression, or just think it's time to talk to someone,

是以，無論你是在焦慮、壓力或抑鬱中掙扎，還是覺得是時候找人傾訴、

I really do encourage you to try online therapy with BetterHelp.

我非常鼓勵您嘗試 BetterHelp 的在線治療。

And we've made it really easy to get started with the link below, betterhelp.com slash searchparty.

通過下面的鏈接（betterhelp.com slash searchparty），您可以非常容易地開始使用。

Thanks again to BetterHelp for supporting Search Party.

再次感謝 BetterHelp 對搜索黨的支持。

In the 1980s, Putin was a KGB officer in East Germany.

20 世紀 80 年代，普京曾在東德擔任克格勃官員。

Then in the 90s, he went from a mid-level bureaucrat to the head of the FSK, since renamed the FSB.

上世紀 90 年代，他從一名中層官僚晉升為 FSK（後更名為 FSB）的負責人。

Then to be head of Russia's Security Council, where he coordinated with all of Russia's security services.

之後，他成為俄羅斯安全委員會主席，負責協調俄羅斯所有安全部門的工作。

Next, he became Yeltsin's prime minister.

Then when Yeltsin suddenly resigned, he chose the 47-year-old Putin to succeed him.

後來，葉利欽突然辭職，他選擇了 47 歲的普京繼任。

Putin immediately set out to consolidate power.

And he started by calling on the only people he knew and believed he could trust.

他首先找到了他唯一認識並相信可以信任的人。

The FSB was the security service that most resembled the old KGB.

聯邦安全局是最像老克格勃的安全部門。

Quickly after becoming president, Putin pulled the FSB directly under his command, then expanded many of its responsibilities, and had it absorb other security services.

普京就任總統後，很快就將聯邦安全局直接劃歸他指揮，然後擴大了它的許多職責，並讓它吸收了其他安全部門。

He then directed it to arrest oligarchs that didn't pledge loyalty to him and investigate rival politicians.

隨後，他訓示該機構逮捕不效忠於他的寡頭，並調查競爭對手的政客。

The FSB also trumped up fake charges against countless human rights activists, journalists, and dissidents.

聯邦安全局還對無數人權活動家、記者和持不同政見者提出莫須有的假指控。

This is how Putin captured so much power in the early 2000s.

普京就是這樣在本世紀初攫取了如此大的權力。

He then elevated the other security services to create a new layer in the Russian state, alongside the military and the sprawling interior ministry, the MVD.

隨後，他提升了其他安全部門的級別，使其與軍隊和龐大的內務部（MVD）並列，成為俄羅斯國家的一個新層級。

Putin was pulling Russia's thousands of spies, police officers, and soldiers onto his side.

普京把俄羅斯成千上萬的間諜、警察和阿兵哥拉到了自己一邊。

And like bricks in a wall, they blocked anyone from rising up against him.

他們就像牆壁上的磚塊，阻擋著任何人反抗他。

You have a leader in Putin who really grew up with that KGB background and has a sense of how to use these security services to his own ends.

普京是一位真正在克格勃背景下成長起來的領導人，他知道如何利用這些安全部門來達到自己的目的。

This is Katrina Doxey, an expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

我是戰略與國際研究中心的專家卡特里娜-多克西。

They purposefully operate in the shadows.

Members and former members of these services were known as the Solovki, and Putin elevated several of them into his inner circle, along with some trusted politicians and military leaders.

這些部門的成員和前成員被稱為 "索洛夫基"（Solovki），普京將他們中的一些人提升為自己的核心圈子成員，還有一些值得信賴的政治家和軍事領導人。

This was a collection of close confidants who Putin gave power and wealth to in exchange for their total subordination and loyalty.

普京將權力和財富交給了這些親信，以換取他們的完全服從和忠誠。

Those influential members of the inner circle were the Solovki who worked with Putin before he was president, like the head of the Security Council, Nikolai Petrushev, who worked with Putin in the KGB back in the 70s, the same as the head of the FSB, Alexander Bortnikov, and the head of the SVR, Sergey Naryshkin, worked with Putin in the 1990s.

這些有影響力的核心圈子成員是在普京擔任總統之前就與他共事過的索洛夫基，比如安全委員會主席尼古拉-彼得魯舍夫，他早在上世紀 70 年代就與普京在克格勃共事過，同樣的還有聯邦安全局局長亞歷山大-博爾特尼科夫，以及上世紀 90 年代與普京共事過的蘇聯高級情報局局長謝爾蓋-納雷什金。

Since they owed their positions to Putin, they helped keep this wall of security services and military firmly on Putin's side, as he continued to eliminate challengers well into the 2010s.

由於他們的職位都是普京的，是以他們幫助普京牢牢站在安全部門和軍隊這道牆的一邊，直到 2010 年代，普京還在繼續消滅挑戰者。

The Russian leader doesn't even try to be subtle anymore.

俄羅斯領導人甚至不再試圖含蓄。

Opposition leader Boris Nemtsov is murdered steps from Red Square.

反對黨領袖鮑里斯-涅姆佐夫在距離紅場幾步之遙的地方被謀殺。

Alexei Navalny survived poisoning from a nerve agent that CNN helped trace back to Russian intelligence and the FSB.

阿列克謝-納瓦爾尼（Alexei Navalny）因神經毒劑中毒而倖存，CNN 協助追查到俄羅斯情報部門和聯邦安全局。

Navalny is now in solitary confinement in one of Russia's most brutal penal colonies.

納瓦爾尼現在被單獨監禁在俄羅斯最殘酷的刑罰殖民地之一。

With all his challengers defeated, the only factions left that could hypothetically threaten his power were in this wall.

在所有挑戰者都被擊敗之後，唯一能威脅到他權力的派系就只剩下這堵牆了。

So Putin has developed some tactics to coup-proof it.

是以，普京制定了一些防止政變的策略。

Putin and various Russian leaders before him have always harbored this fear of the threat from within.

普京和他之前的多位俄羅斯領導人一直對來自內部的威脅懷有恐懼。

First, Putin gives the security services overlapping responsibilities.

首先，普京賦予安全部門重疊的職責。

For example, the SVR, FSB, and military all have formed units in charge of spying in other countries.

例如，蘇聯高級情報局、俄羅斯聯邦安全局和軍方都組建了負責在其他國家從事間諜活動的組織、部門。

And Putin has created a new service in charge of protecting himself, a responsibility long held by the FSO and MVD.

普京還成立了一個負責保護自己的新部門，而這一職責長期以來一直由聯邦安全局和國防部承擔。

He's forcing the services to compete against each other for his favor.

他迫使各服務部門相互競爭，以獲得他的青睞。

Just like under the Soviet Union, the FSB has many agents inside the military.

就像蘇聯時期一樣，聯邦安全局在軍隊內部也有許多特工。

And FSB agents are often arrested by other FSB agents.

俄聯邦安全局特工經常被其他俄聯邦安全局特工逮捕。

Finally, Putin frequently purges personnel in these services.

最後，普京經常清洗這些部門的人員。

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普京為何難以被推翻 (Why Putin is so hard to overthrow)

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