Name: 原來我們都跟「成吉思汗」有血緣關係？就連白人也是？！ (Are We All Related to Genghis Khan?)
Uploaded: 2024-07-31T21:01:20.000Z
Duration: 9 min 45 s

By all accounts, Genghis Khan got around.

從各方面來看，成吉思汗的足跡遍佈各地。

程度副詞

Not just around Eurasia, which he conquered and ruled for decades.

不僅僅是歐亞大陸，他征服並統治了歐亞大陸數十年。

We don't know for sure how many children he had, but historians suggest it was a lot.

我們不清楚他有多少個孩子，但歷史學家認為有很多。

So many, in fact, that some studies, and pretty much all of the internet,

事實上，有些研究和幾乎所有網路上都存在這樣的問題，

have claimed that a huge number of people in Central and East Asia today are his direct descendants.

聲稱今天中亞和東亞的大多數人都是他的直系後裔。

But before you go around telling everybody you know who you're great, great, great, add, like, 25 more great-great-grandfather was,

但在你到處告訴別人你是誰之前，你得先加上 25 位先祖父，

let's do a deeper dive into how this idea came about and how likely it really is.

讓我們更深入地探討這個想法是如何產生的，以及它到底有多大可能性。

Genetic change within a population typically happens a few ways.

種群內的基因變化通常有幾種方式。

Natural selection and random chance both juggle the frequency of gene variants

自然選擇和隨機機會都會影響基因變異的頻率

and how likely they are to show up in a given individual.

以及它們在特定個體中出現的可能性。

Certain genes could also turn up more frequently,

某些基因也可能出現得更頻繁，

thanks to a prolific breeder passing on their DNA at a high rate,

由於多產的育種者以高速率傳遞它們的DNA，

much like Genghis Khan was suspected to be doing.

就像人們懷疑成吉思汗正在做的事情一樣。

So if we want to know how many of his descendants are running around today,

所以如果我們想知道他的後代現在有多少人還在世，

we have to trace the source of genetic changes in human populations.

我們必須追蹤人類群體基因變化的源頭。

The Y chromosome would be a great place to start with this,

because it's passed on by a single parent and does not swap its DNA with its paired X chromosome.

因為它是由單親遺傳下來的，並且不會與配對的 X 染色體交換 DNA。

That makes it an exception compared to autosomes, or non-sex chromosomes,

這使得它與常染色體（非性染色體）相比成為例外，

which like to trade bits of genetic material with their matching counterparts

它們喜歡與配對的同類交換遺傳物質

just to keep things spicy when those genes are passed on to offspring.

只是為了讓這些基因在傳給後代時保持新鮮感。

So unlike others, the Y chromosome stays intact over many generations,

因此與其他染色體不同的是，Y 染色體在許多世代中都保持完整，

making it relatively easy to use to trace its ancestral origin.

使其相對容易用來追溯其祖先起源。

A 2003 paper looked at the DNA variation in the Y chromosome of thousands of individuals from Central Asia to the Pacific.

2003 年的一篇論文研究了從中亞到太平洋地區數千人的 Y 染色體 DNA 變異。

And their results showed that about 8% of their participants had the same Y chromosome haplotype.

他們的研究結果顯示，大約 8% 的參與者俱有相同的 Y 染色體單倍型。

This means they belong to the same broad group.

這意味著他們屬於同一大群體。

Their Y chromosomes might not be totally identical, but they all come from the same ancestor.

他們的 Y 染色體可能不完全相同，但都來自同一個祖先。

8% is a lot, especially across such a large area.

8% 是一個很大的數字，尤其是在這麼大的區域內。

It's something the researchers would be more likely to see if they were working with a small, isolated population.

如果研究人員的研究對象是小規模的孤立人群，他們更有可能看到這種情況。

但是，這裡卻和亞洲大部分地區一樣。

And their findings suggested a single lineage was responsible for those 8% of people.

他們的研究結果表明，這 8%的人是由一個單一的血統造成的。

From there, the team used models to consider population dynamics and genetic mutation.

在此基礎上，研究小組利用模型來考慮種群動態和基因突變。

And long story short, they traced this haplotype to a probable common ancestor about a thousand years ago, likely in Mongolia.

長話短說，他們將這種單倍型追溯到大約一千年前的一個可能的共同祖先，很可能在蒙古。

who was incredibly reproductively successful?

After all, reigning from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan is bound to have some lasting influence on civilization,

畢竟，從東歐到日本海的統治必然會對文明產生持久的影響，

not just culturally, but also genetically.

不僅從文化角度，也從基因角度。

He's known to have had many wives and many, many concubines over the years,

眾所周知，他多年來擁有許多妻子和妾，

which some scholars say may have numbered in the hundreds.

一些學者認為其數量可能達數百。

That said, we don't know how many children he actually had,

話雖如此，我們不知道他到底有多少個孩子，

as only four of his sons with his first wife were designated as his heirs.

因為他與第一任妻子所生的兒子中只有四個被指定為繼承人。

And the thing is, we don't have any way of knowing if this Y chromosome haplogroup is actually connected to Genghis Khan,

問題是，我們無法知道這個 Y 染色體單倍群是否真的與成吉思汗有關，

because we don't have access to his DNA, since his remains were buried in secret and have never been found.

因為我們無法獲得他的 DNA，他的遺體被秘密埋葬並且從未被發現。

Basically, the researchers were guessing.

基本上，研究人員只是在猜測。

It was a decent guess, and credit where it's due, it got their work plenty of attention.

這是一個合理的猜測，值得稱讚的是，他們的工作得到了足夠的關注。

Still, their research has been continually referenced over the years as proof of the Great Khan's genetic legacy

儘管如此，他們的研究多年來一直被引用為大汗遺傳遺產的證據

and the likelihood that you may be related to him.

以及你與他有親屬關係的可能性。

But a 2018 study challenged this link to Genghis Khan.

但 2018 年的一項研究對成吉思汗與此種關聯提出了質疑。

They set out to take a closer look at the Y-chromosome group described in the earlier study

他們開始仔細研究早期研究中所描述的 Y 染色體組

and compare it to closely related Y-group lineages.

並將其與密切相關的 Y 組譜系進行比較。

They also ramped up the sample size to over 18,000 from 292 populations,

他們還將樣本量從 292 個群體擴大到 18,000 多人，

collecting new samples from thousands of individuals on top of using previously published Y-chromosome sequences.

在使用先前發布的 Y 染色體序列的基礎上，從數千個個體中收集新樣本。

他們的結果卻說出了一個不同的故事。

They determined this haplotype was older than previously thought,

他們確定這個單倍型比之前認為的要古老，

originating nearly 2,600 years ago, long before Genghis Khan was around.

起源於近 2600 年前，遠早於成吉思汗的時代。

They also showed that people most likely to be the true descendants of Genghis Khan belong to a different haplotype.

他們也表明，最有可能成為成吉思汗真正後裔的人屬於不同的單倍型。

They did this not just using DNA evidence, but historical records that describe

他們不僅利用 DNA 證據，還利用了描述

where Genghis Khan sent his troops, including his kids, but also people he was not related to.

成吉思汗派遣他的軍隊前往那裡，其中有他的子女，也有與他沒有血緣關係的人。

And the 8% haplogroup corresponded with the not-related folks.

而 8% 的單倍群與無血緣關係的人相對應。

They concluded that the big Y haplogroup instead represents the ancestral expansion of the Mongolic-speaking peoples.

他們得出的結論是，大的 Y 單倍群代表了蒙古民族的祖先擴張。

So, as one of the founder Y-chromosome lineages in Mongol peoples,

因此，作為蒙古族的創始 Y 染色體譜系之一，

its success is due more to overall expansion of Mongol populations than one guy having a lot of kids.

它的成功更多歸功於蒙古人口的整體擴張，而不是一個人有很多孩子。

But also, while the Y-chromosome can help us determine direct lineage, it does have its drawbacks.

不過，Y 染色體雖然可以幫助我們確定直系血統，但也有其缺點。

Y-chromosome studies only trace ancestry via a single parent lineage,

Y 染色體研究僅透過單親血統追溯祖先，

leaving out the other genetic half completely, so it can paint an incomplete picture of relatedness.

完全忽略了另一半基因，因此它只能描繪出不完整的親緣關係圖景。

That said, when we're not focused solely on sex chromosomes,

也就是說，當我們不只關注性染色體時，

our genetic material can be harder to track because chromosomes recombine all over the place.

由於染色體在各處重新組合，我們的遺傳物質可能更難追蹤。

We can also trace ancestry by looking at identical by descent, or IBD, regions.

我們還可以通過血統相同或 IBD 地區來追溯祖先。

IBD 區域是指從共同祖先那裡流傳下來的、

that is passed down from a common ancestor without being fully genetically reshuffled.

它是由共同祖先遺傳下來的，沒有經過完全的基因重組。

These IBD fragments get smaller and more mixed up over generations

這些 IBD 碎片隨著世代的推移變得越來越小，而且更加混亂

as they get split up and combined back together in offspring.

因為它們會分裂並在後代中重新結合。

In the end, we are all made up of a patchwork of IBDs.

歸根結底，我們都是由各種 IBD 組成的。

And they can tell a tale of common distant ancestors as we look for shared patterns.

在我們尋找共同模式的過程中，它們還能講述共同遠祖的故事。

A 2020 study rather ambitiously attempted to trace the interrelatedness of all humankind using this technique.

2020 年的一項研究雄心勃勃地試圖利用這一技術追溯全人類的相互聯繫。

They compared about 17 million IBD fragments tracing common ancestors across 200,000 years.

他們比較了約 1700 萬個 IBD 片段，追溯了 20 萬年來的共同祖先。

And what they found were nine distinct human genetics regions.

他們發現了九個不同的人類遺傳學區域。

East and West Africa, Northern Europe, the Arctic, East Asia,

東非和西非、北歐、北極、東亞、

Oceania, South Asia, the Middle East, and South America.

大洋洲、南亞、中東和南美洲。

And these populations shared way more IBD bits with each other than with neighbors from other regions.

而這些人群之間的 IBD 位數共享程度遠遠高於與其他地區的鄰居之間的共享程度。

They also found that the center of Eurasia is the most genetically mixed geographic region in the world.

他們還發現，歐亞大陸中心是世界上基因最混雜的地理區域。

For thousands of years, this central region was a hotspot for extensive trading and migration,

數千年來，這個中部地區一直是廣泛貿易和移民的熱點，

as well as conquests between otherwise distant and remote regions.

以及遙遠和偏遠地區之間的征服。

So even though gene flow is relatively limited by geography,

因此，儘管基因流動相對受到地理環境的限制，

we still interbreed wherever we cross paths and our genes move around.

無論我們走到哪裡，我們都會進行雜交，我們的基因也會四處傳播。

These researchers did specifically look for genetic evidence of the Mongol Empire through this Middle Eurasia region

這些研究人員確實專門透過中歐亞地區尋找蒙古帝國的基因證據

as well as other areas they occupied at length.

以及他們長期佔領的其他地區。

They compared the DNA of Tatars, who they describe as the likely descendants of Mongols,

他們對比了韃靼人的 DNA，認為韃靼人可能是蒙古人的後裔，

to people living in the Middle East, Russia, and Europe.

居住在中東、俄羅斯和歐洲的人們。

And despite these regions having been bordered or directly occupied by the Mongols at some point or another,

儘管這些地區曾經與蒙古接壤或被蒙古直接佔領，

modern Tatars were more closely related to European populations than those in East Asia.

現代韃靼人與歐洲人的關係比與東亞人的關係更為密切。

Now, using modern Tatars as their Mongol DNA sample gets complicated,

現在，使用現代韃靼人的蒙古 DNA 樣本變得複雜起來，

because even though the term Tatar has historically been linked directly with the Mongol Empire,

儘管韃靼人這個詞在歷史上與蒙古帝國有著直接的聯繫，

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原來我們都跟「成吉思汗」有血緣關係？就連白人也是？！ (Are We All Related to Genghis Khan?)

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